St.

Jude College Dasmariñas Cavite

Carlos Trinidad Avenue, Salitran IV, City of
Dasmariñas Cavite

The Utilization of Patola (Luffa cylindrica) Fiber as a Raw

Material for Producing as Writing Paper

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

In

Practical Research 2

Submitted by:
Calunia, Jeremie
Cañete, Emmanuelle John
Capus, Johnlaire
Mercado, Raymond Joseph
Perez, Gerrico
Demapeles, Ariza Alliana
Garma, Alexandra
Montallana, Monique Aizzel

December 2020

Submitted to:
Mrs. Salve D. Samoya
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………...…...2

Chapter 1: Introduction

A. Background of the Study……………………………………………………………4

B. Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………...…5

C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………..5

D. Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………...6

E. Scope and Limitation…...…………………………………………………………..7

F. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………..7

G. Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………..…9

H. Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………10

I. Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………..11

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

A. Foreign Literature………………………………………………………………….12

B. Local Literature……………………………………………………………………13

C. Foreign Study……………………………………………………………………...13

D. Local Study………………………………………………………………………..14

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Chapter 3: Methodology

A. Research Design…………...………………………………………………………15

B. Sampling…………………………………………………………………………...20

C. Research Instrument……………………………………………………………….20

D. Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………21

Chapter 4: Results, Analysis and Interpretation…………………………………………...22

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

A. Summary of Results………………………………………………………………28

B. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………29

C. Recommendation…………………………………………………………………..31

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….32

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 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Papers are one of the most prominent inventions of humans that are now widely

used around the world. It is used for all sorts and types of printed materials, writing, art,

and many more. According to uibk.ac.at, the paper is made of a network of plant fibers laid

down as a flat sheet. It is composed of numerous interlocking fibers obtained from the

suspension of plant tissues in water, known as pulp. The main examples of the source to

get pulp are from wood and other plant sources, such as cotton, sugar canes, and bamboo.

According to history, the first paper is invented by a Chinese court official in AD

105. It is made from slurry of paper mulberry fibers in water. Using different plants vary

the characteristics of the paper produced. As the years go by, people innovated many ways

on how to make paper. They used different materials and different methods to produce a

different kind of paper.

In addition to the scarcity of materials for making quality paper, the cost of these is

high depending on the market price set on it. All these set aside, the question on

everyone’s mind is: “What can be a good alternative for making paper with low-cost prices

and shorter production time?”

Patola (Luffa cylindrica) is a common plant that can be grown both by farmers or

garden lovers. According to DOA (Department Of Agriculture), when it matures, the dried

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fruit is observed to consist of a stiff, dense network of cellulose fibers. Those fibers are

commonly used as shower accessories that are used for cleaning and exfoliating the skin.

Along with other ingredients like cornstarch, okra, and baking soda, will patola be feasible

as an alternative material to produce paper?

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study ascertains the possibility of the utilization of patola fibers as a

raw material for producing writing paper. Specifically, this study aims to answer the

following questions:

1. Can the product be classified as a writing paper?

2. How appropriate is the paper made of patola fiber as a writing material?

3. Is there a significant difference between the degrees of writing the appropriateness

of the paper made out of patola fiber considering having different treatments?

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to discover new raw material for

paper, which is the patola fiber, and determine its appropriateness as a writing paper

product.

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 The specific objectives are the following:

1. To discover a new way of using patola.

2. To identify the quality of the product as a new writing paper product.

3. To reduce the cutting trees that is to be used for producing paper.

Significance of the Study

The study will focus on the utilization of patola fiber as a material for producing

writing paper. Moreover, the result of this study will benefit the following:

Environment. The experiment will help the environment since producing paper is

massively made by trees. The result of this study can be a way to lessen or stop the cutting

down of trees.

Future Researchers. The future researchers can use this study as reference or be a

steer to innovate this experiment.

Patola Farm. The patola farm will benefit on this study as to they will be the main

source of raw material by use in making a writing paper.

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Scope and Limitations

The investigatory project assesses the utilization of patola fiber as a raw

material for producing paper.

The researchers will use patola as a primary variable that will be involved

in this study. They will also only examine the quality of patola fiber paper as a new writing

paper product. The time frame of the experiment will take starting November 19 to

December 6.

Theoretical Framework

Paper is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from several sources

including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees.

According to Swayne (2007), wood as a papermaking raw material is a

relative newcomer. For the following 1700 years paper was made exclusively from

non-wood fibers, such as cotton, hemp, flax, and grass. Also as affirmed by Mudit

Chandra (1998), over the last few years, a technological breakthrough in almost all

the fields of papermaking has made non-wood more competitive with wood as a raw

material for papermaking.

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 Most modern paper is made from trees, but that hasn't always been the case.

Paper can be made from any form of cellulose that can be broken down into fibers.

Because cellulose is what gives all plants their structure, most plants can be used to

make paper. Since the Chinese produced the first true paper around the year 100

A.D., people have made paper with rags, old fishing nets, grass, tree bark, and a

variety of other plants. The reason cellulose molecules in paper stick together after

they're wet is that they are made of long strings of glucose molecules one of the

components of common table sugar. When cellulose is beaten into a watery pulp,

some of the glucose molecules dissolve in the water. Then, when the pulp is spread

in a sheet to dry, the glucose re-bonds with the cellulose molecules to hold the paper

together. (ULIN, 2010)

Luffa cylindrica fibers contain about 60–63% alpha-cellulose. The pure

white, alpha-cellulose is insoluble and can be filtered from the solution and washed

before use in the production of paper. The most important characteristic of fiber that makes

it suitable for papermaking is that cellulose fiber develops physical and chemical bonding

with other fibers when it changes from wet to dry condition.

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Conceptual Framework

This framework shows all the overall outline of the study. It can be

expressed by using the input-process-output framework (IPO).

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Gathering of 1. Doing the actual The outcome of the

materials needed for experiment that experiment which is
the experiment. includes 5 trials. the writing paper
made out of Patola
2. Forming different 2. Data Gathering Fiber.
processes for trials.
3. Data Analysis An analysis about the
3. Creating questions quality of the paper
that to be answered 4. Data Interpretation
product.
for the data analysis.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Input (I) comprises of gathering of the materials needed for the experiment

to be used by the researchers; forming and making different processes for the experiment

as the researchers wanted to try for different trials and; creating questions that to be

answered for the data analysis.

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 Process (P) indicates the methodology used to meet the objectives of the

experimental study through doing the actual experiment that has 5 different trials,

gathering of data, analysis of the data, and the data interpretation.

Output (O) pertains to the outcome of the experiment which is the writing

paper made out of Patola fiber and the analysis about the quality of the paper product.

Hypothesis

The following are the null hypothesis of this research:

 The fiber from patola can be a source in producing paper.

 The more fiber we use, the better the quality of paper it can produce.

 The paper out of patola fiber is inedible.

 If the product is capable as a writing paper.

 The ink from pen doesn’t bleed on the paper.

The following are the alternative hypothesis of this research:

 The fiber from patola cannot be a source in producing

 Even if we use more fiber, it won’t make any difference in paper’s quality that can

be produced.

 The paper made from patola fiber is edible.

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  The product is not capable as a writing paper.

 The ink of the pen bleeds on the paper product.

 The paper made out of patola fiber can be used as a beautification instead of

writing sheet.

Definition of Terms

Paper. It is the thin sheet material produced by mechanically and/or chemically

processing cellulose fibers from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources.

Patola (Luffa cylindrica). Also goes with the scientific name Luffa aegyptiaca, a

sponge gourd which is known as Egyptian cucumber or Vietnamese luffa.

Plant Fiber. It is used as a component of composite materials or matted into sheets

to make products such as paper of felt.

Pulp. A soft wet mass of fibers derived from rags, grasses or woods which are used

for paper making.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discusses foreign and local literature and studies

that are closely related to the present research. The information in this chapter was sought

to support this study and lead the researchers in discovering the utilization of Patola (Luffa

cylindrica) fiber as a raw material for producing writing paper.

Foreign Literature

It is said by Rojas (2008) that paper is one of the most important inventions

in the history of civilization which it is an essential commodity to all the people around the

world. Paper was invented around 100 CE during the Han dynasty in China; this is when

the national civil service was set up.

The first paper was made from rags, and then later, plants were used such

as bark, hemp, and bamboo. As civil-service officials needed lots of paper to do their work,

paper was then mass-produced which is slowly spread across the world, reaching Europe

in the 1100s.

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Local Literature

Ridged gourd (Luffa acutangula) and smooth gourd (Luffa cylindrica) are

Patola, which is commonly called by the Tagalogs and kabatiti among Ilocanos and

Ibanags, it is a tropical member of the Cucurbitaceae. It is mostly known as the loofah

sponge once the fruit matures and dries.

While it is common in the Philippines to use it as body scrubs, or eat it

when it is not mature, it can be used as a pesticide which is commonly done in China. As

for fibers, it can be used as a weaving material for making hats.

The fruit is known for a lot of benefits. According to a website’s article that

was released in November 2019, Patola is rich in a vast array of essential components like

dietary fibers, water content, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, magnesium and vitamin B6. This

kind of fruit is naturally low in calorie content, unhealthy saturated fats and cholesterol.

Thus, they abound in potent antioxidants and alkaloid compounds that regulate metabolism

and eliminate toxins from the body.

Foreign Study

According to Hubbe (2009), the manual craft of papermaking has been

practiced for over 2000 years in all over the world with utilizing different techniques. The

main raw materials of pulp and papermaking industry in general can be classified into three

categories, which are wood, non-wood, and non-plant.

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 In these recent years, the total pulp consumption of the world is 63% for

wood pulp, 34% for wastepaper pulp, and 3% for non-wood pulp.

Local Study

A research study that were conducted by Odilon et. Al (2014) wherein they

made writing papers from repulped waste paper and fresh fallen leaves. They show three

types of leaves (which are Mahogany, Talisay, and Acacia) and done with different ratios.

The process of their papermaking is similar on how it is traditionally made.

They prepared paper mold, blender, and a larger basin; they also include the waste paper

and leaves.

For their data gathering procedure, they made a Likert scale questionnaire

for the respondents as the respondents will try out the products.

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 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methodology of the study. It covers the research

design, sampling, research instrument, data gathering procedure and data gathering

method.

Research Design

For this study, the researchers will focus more on the utilization of patola

fiber as raw material for producing writing paper. The researchers will use the quantitative

method and completely randomized design for this study.

There will be two independent variables with five different trials, which the

Patola Fiber will be our independent variable.

A. Gathering of Materials

1. Trial 1

For this trial, we have the following materials:

 Dried Patola fiber

 Blender

 Paper mold

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  Basin that as bigger than the paper mold

 3 used papers

2. Trial 2

For this trial, we have the following materials:

 Dried Patola fiber

 Blender

 Paper mold

 Basin

3. Trial 3

For this trial, we have the following materials:

 Dried Patola fiber

 Paper mold

 Basin

 Soda Ash

 Chopping Board

 Hammer

4. Trial 4

For this trial, we have the following materials:

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  Dried Patola fiber

 Paper mold

 Basin

 Cornstarch

 Soda Ash

 Chopping board

 Hammer

5. Trial 5

For this trial, we have the following materials:

 Okra

 Soda Ash

 Fresh Patola

 Old Cloth

 Blender

 Plastic Cover

 Stone

B. Experimental Procedures

1. Trial 1

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 In this trial, the researchers peeled the skin of the dried patolas and boiled

the fiber in a pressure cooker for 45 minutes and cool it for atleast 5 minutes. While

waiting for the patola to boil, prepare the used papers by cutting them into smaller

pieces and soak them to get the pulp. When the patola is ready and cut into smaller

pieces, blend it with the paper and water. For making the actual paper, prepare the

basin and the paper mold. Place the paper mold on top of the basin and pour the

mixture, the blended paper and patola fiber, on top of the paper mold. After shaping

the paper, lift the mold and dry it to flat surface

2. Trial 2

In this trial, the boiled patola was soaked on the water for 2 days. When the

patola is ready and cut into smaller pieces, blend it with the all purpose flour,

cornstarch and water. For making the actual paper, strain the patola fiber slightly

and place it on the flat surface, using the rolling pin, flatten the paper and dry it.

When the paper is a bit dry, iron it to even the flat shape of the paper and dry it

under the sun.

3. Trial 3

In this trial, the researchers boiled patola fiber with soda ash in 45 minutes

and cool it for atleast 5 minutes. When the patola is ready and cut into smaller

pieces, smash it with using hammer and chopping board to get the fiber smaller and

get the pulp. For making the actual paper, prepare the basin and the paper mold.

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Fill the basin with water. Place the paper mold in the basin and put the patola fiber

on top of the paper mold. After shaping the paper, lift the mold and dry it to flat

surface and wait until it dries.

4. Trial 4

In this trial, the researchers boiled patola fiber with soda ash in 45 minutes

and cool it for atleast 5 minutes. When the patola is ready and cut into smaller

pieces, smash it with using hammer and chopping board to get the fiber smaller and

get the pulp. For making the actual paper, prepare the basin and the paper mold.

Fill the basin with water mixed with cornstarch. Place the paper mold in the basin

and put the patola fiber on top of the paper mold. After shaping the paper, lift the

mold and dry it to flat surface and wait until it dries.

5. Trial 5

For this trial, the researchers boiled the fresh patola fiber with soda ash for

40 minutes, while boiling boil the okra to serve as the paper’s thickener. When the

patola is ready, smash it with using stone to get the fiber smaller and get the pulp.

After smashing, blend the patola with the thickener (the water used to boil okra).

After that, place the blended pulp on the old cloth, put a plastic cover on top of

them and flatten to shape the paper.

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Sampling

This study is designed as convenience sampling; a type of non-probability sampling

since the sample is formed by the researcher selects samples based on the subjective

judgment of the researcher rather than random selection. For convenience sampling, the

samples are only chosen just because they are easy to recruit. However in this study, the

respondents are also the researchers. Since it was hard to get the half numbers of grade 12

STEM-1 students of SJCDC, as this was the original plan, to examine the final outcome of

patola fibers as writing paper since there are still risk and precautions present because of

covid-19.

Research Instrument

The instrument used were researcher-made questionnaire made specifically

for the researchers that undergo the experiment of making paper from patola fiber to gather

the data needed for the research. The questions are about observations of the researchers on

the results of different experimental trials made by selected members of the group. In the

preparation of the instrument, the researchers considered the requirements for a good data

collection instrument. For instance, the questions were considered in terms of the trials,

materials, and results obtained by the researchers, such as the quality of the product, the

usefulness and the appearance. The questions are sent directly through chat, same with the

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response. The researchers did five (5) different trials with different modifications on each

of them. In the 1 st to 4th trials, the researchers used dried patola, and for the 5 th trial, fresh

patola was used.

Data Gathering Procedure

After doing the experiment, the researchers rate the study individually to

find out the quality of the product, the paper. The researchers can't ask for other

respondents as today we are experiencing a pandemic. The survey was created using

suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the

researchers. The survey was comprised of 5 questions which are related to determine the

quality of the experimented products. In the questionnaire, Likert scale was used to

determine if the respondents are satisfied or not using the paper made out from patola fiber.

The Likert scale survey questionnaire consists of the following questions:

1. The paper’s texture is smooth.

2. It has enough thickness to write on it.

3. The paper can withstand the pen pressure.

4. The writing texture is clear.

5. Pen writings cannot be seen through the back of the paper.

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 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered together with the analysis and its

interpretation.

1. The Experimental Outcomes

1.1. Trial 1

Appropriateness and Quality of the

Paper
Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Graph 1. Trial 1’s Appropriateness and Quality

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 The first graph shows the quality and appropriateness of the product which is made

out of patola with used paper. In the first question, researcher stated that the paper’s texture

is not very smooth to be a writing paper. For second and third question, the researcher

rated as 2 indicating that it doesn’t have the enough thickness to write on and the paper

cannot withstand the pen pressure. For the question number 4, it is rated as 1 again telling

that the writing texture is not really clear. Lastly, the researcher rated the fifth question as 5

indicating that the pen writing cannot be seen through the back of the paper.

1.2. Trial 2

Appropriateness and Quality of the

Paper
Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Graph 2. Trial 2’s Appropriateness and Quality

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 The second graph shows the quality and appropriateness of the product which is

made out of patola with cornstarch and all purpose flour. In the first question, researcher

stated that the paper’s texture is not smooth to be a writing paper. For second and third

question, the researcher rated as 5 and 3 respectively indicating that the paper has enough

thickness to write on it and the paper can slightly withstand the pen pressure. For the

question number 4, it is rated as 2 telling that the writing texture is not clear. Lastly, the

researcher rated the fifth question as 5 indicating that the pen writing cannot be seen

through the back of the paper.

1.3. Trial 3

Appropriateness and Quality of the

Paper
Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Graph 3. Trial 3’s Appropriateness and Quality

The third graph shows the quality and appropriateness of the product which is made

out of patola fiber alone. In the first question, researcher stated that the paper’s texture is

not very smooth to be a writing paper. For second and third question, the researcher rated

as 4 and 3 respectively indicating that the paper has quite enough thickness to write on and

the paper can slightly withstand the pen pressure. For the question number 4, it is rated as 3

telling that the writing texture is quite clear. Lastly, the researcher rated the fifth question

as 5 indicating that the pen writing cannot be seen through the back of the paper.

1.4. Trial 4

Appropriateness and Quality of the

Paper
Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Graph 4. Trial 4’s Appropriateness and Quality

The fourth graph shows the quality and appropriateness of the product which is made

out of patola fiber with cornstarch. In the first question, researcher stated that the paper’s

texture is smooth to be a writing paper. For second and third question, the researcher rated

as 4 and 3 respectively indicating that the paper has quite enough thickness to write on and

the paper can slightly withstand the pen pressure. For the question number 4, it is rated as 4

telling that the writing texture is clear. Lastly, the researcher rated the fifth question as 5

indicating that the pen writing cannot be seen through the back of the paper.

1.5. Trial 5

Appropriateness and Quality of the

Paper
Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Graph 5. Trial 5’s Appropriateness and Quality

The fifth graph shows the quality and appropriateness of the product which is made out

of fresh patola with okra. In the first question, researcher stated that the paper’s texture is

smooth to be a writing paper. For second and third question, the researcher rated as 4 and 5

respectively indicating that the paper has quite enough thickness to write on and the paper

can withstand the pen pressure. For the question number 4, it is rated as 4 telling that the

writing texture is clear. Lastly, the researcher rated the fifth question as 4 indicating that

the pen writing slightly cannot be seen through the back of the paper.

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 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions made and the

recommendations offered.

Summary

The purpose of the study was to find a new way to utilize patola (Luffa cylindrica)

to produce writing paper. Paper is one of the most important inventions in human history.

It can be used in different ways like writing and printing. The history of the paper was first

recorded in China in year 105 AD; they are using old rags and clothes turned into

individual fibers to make their papers. Plant fibers are the most important material for

producing paper. The paper’s texture and characteristics depends on the fibers of the plants

being used. The researchers are able to produce writing paper by using alternative

materials, the patola fibers.

The researchers decided to use patola as the main material for the study because the

researchers wants to produce paper by using materials that can be found easily and very

cheap in price. The time period of the experiment will take starting November 19 to

December 6. The study focuses on the use of patola fiber as the raw material for writing

paper processing.

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 There will be two independent variables. The researchers conducted 5 trials using

different materials, including patola fiber as the independent variable.

The research use convenience sampling. In this type of study, the researchers are

also the respondents since the danger and precautions due to COVID 19 are still present.

Researcher-made questionnaire were used for the study. The questions were

considered in terms of the researchers’ experiments, materials, and outcomes such as the

consistency of the product, the usefulness and appearance of the paper.

For the data gathering, the researchers created survey questionnaire, the survey

consisted of 5 questions related to evaluating the consistency of the product being tested.

The Likert Scale was used in the questionnaire to determine if the respondents were

pleased with the paper product made of patola fiber or not. As we are facing a pandemic

today, the researchers can’t ask for other respondents instead the researchers rate the study

individually after doing the experiment to find out the quality of the paper made of patola

fiber.

Conclusions

Our research study is about making paper out of patola fiber. On our experiment,

we made five different trials for making the paper and rated by the researchers for

convenience to gather the data about the quality of the actual products.

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 On the first trial, we blended Patola fiber with used paper. The product’s quality is

so far not good. The thickness is perfect for a writing paper although the paper is not that

smooth because of the threads being visible. The paper also can’t handle the pen's ink and

its pressure.

On our 2nd trial, we used a patola fiber and made a solution which is composed of

all purpose flour, cornstarch, and water as they were combined together in a blender. The

paper’s texture is not that smooth as you can feel the threads on it. As for the paper’s

thickness, it is quite okay but it can’t handle the pen pressure. The writing texture is also

not clear but the pen writing or the ink cannot be seen on the back of the paper.

So then we proceed in our 3rd trial, it's too different to other trials; we only used

pure patola and smashed it to smaller pieces. The researchers can consider this as a fail as

it looks like more a Kraft paper than a writing paper.

In our 4th trial, same procedure, same materials but we reduce its thickness. We

smashed the fiber more so that we can get the pulp mold it with the cornstarch plus water

solution. We can write on the paper with a pen but the writing texture is bad.

For our 5th and last trial we used ripe patola. After boiling, the researchers smashed

the patola and blended. For molding, the water is mixed with boiled okra as thickener of

the paper. Among the trials, this trial is the most successful that the researchers made.

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Recommendations

The researchers had made recommendations based on the conclusions:

1. Future researchers must try same process and materials for the experiment but with

different measurements for each trial.

2. Future researchers must do the experiment earlier or at least one month in order to

have batter results of the product and analyzation of data.

3. Future researchers should find a larger number of respondents for more accurate

data.

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