MK Bioteknologi dan Kosmeseutika Hasil Perairan

Dosen Pengampu : Dr Eng Safrina Dyah Hardiningtyas

FUCOXANTHIN FROM
PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM
NANOENCAPSULATION
Almalia Surya Gustiningrum / C3501231005
Diatoms are ubiquitous microalgae that exhibit a characteristic golden-brown color due to
the high quantity of fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin is a brown pigment molecule that belongs
to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids. Owing to unique chemical properties, this pigment
is known for a variety of biological functions. The microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum
has been identified as a new source for sustainable fucoxanthin production. FX levels in P.
tricornutum (a pennate diatom) were at least 10 times higher than in macroalgae.

doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102735
 Fucoxanthin
biosynthesis
pathway

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102475
 Struktur molekul fucoxanthin

Fucoxanthin has attracted a lot of attention due to many possible health benefits,
seemingly earning it the “nutraceutical” or “functional food”. Several studies have been
conducted to explore the metabolism and properties of fucoxanthin (FX), including its anti-
oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anticancer activities

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102475
Fucoxanthin production and
possible in commercial
application
Approaches for increasing the
fucoxanthin production and
possible application in
pharmaceutical, food, and
cosmetic industries and as a
potential therapeutic and
nutraceuticals.

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102475
 Potential Biological Activities Test

Function Method Reference

Numbers of studies presented the potential antioxidant activities of fucoxanthin based on (Wang, Park, et al.,
Antioxidant Activity several assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant 2018 ; Neumann et
power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), and others al. 2019)

In vitro test, Pre-treated in vitro Hep G2 human liver cancer cells, and another cancer
Anti-cancer Activity (Jang et al. 2018)
cells

In vivo test. Incontrast, dietary supplementation of fucoxanthin and/or low-molecular-

Anti-diabetic weight fucoidan substantially reduces concentrations of plasma insulin, blood glucose, (Wang, Park, et al.,
Activity blood HbA 1C , and resistin levels in high-fat diet-fed C57 BL/6 N mice, diabetic/obese KK- 2018)
Ay mice, and DM2 db/db mice compared to the control group

In vitro test. Inhibition of mRNA expressions of interleukin-6, plasminogen activator

(Wang, Park, et al.,
Anti-inflamatory inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), COX- 2 and iNOS in Raw 264.7 macrophages co-cultures, and in 3 T3-L1
2018)
adipocyte cells
Optimization Phaeodactylum tricornutum

doi : 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102735

doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102475
 Liquefied DME Extraction of Fucoxanthin

Extraction was carried out

using Liquefied DME extraction,
at a temperature of 25 °C and
pressure of 0.59 MPa
According to research by
Kanda et al (2014), the DME
extraction process is a good
method for obtaining
fucoxanthin compared to the
ME and SFE methods.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md12052383
 Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Fucoxanthin

Extraction was carried out using

supercritical CO2 extractionwas
conducted at temperatures of
40–70 °C and pressures of 20–
40 MPa
Supercritical CO2 as known is
attractive extraction method for
food industries because the
solvent is safe, nontoxic and
easily removable, the method is
fast and extraction parameters
https://doi.org/10.3390/md12052383 can be changed in a wide range
of pressure and temperature.
 Fucoxanthin encapsulation
technique

1. Lipid-based delivery systems

2. Gel-based delivery systems
3. Emulsion-based delivery systems
4. Molecular nanocomplexes
5. Biopolymer nanoparticles,

DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02176h
Lipid based delivery system include liposomes and solid lipid cores. Liposomes have been widely
used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to improve chemical solubility and to facilitate
continuous targeted material delivery with improved protective effects and reduced chemical
resistance. Although the biopolymer-coated solid lipid cores in these systems could better
protect fucoxanthin against light, heat, and simulated gastrointestinal environment compared
to the liposomes, the low loading capacity still limits its widespread use in the industry.
DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02176h
Gel-based delivery systems. The nanogel
delivery system for the encapsulation of
fucoxanthin could be constructed by using
ionic gelation method. The release of
fucoxanthin from these beads was
controlled by the swelling and relaxation of
the beads in the simulated digestive
juice, while the stability, bioaccessibility,
and anti-tumor activity of fucoxanthin
were all improved by the nano/micro-
encapsulation. However, the gelation
process usually takes a long time, which
may result in a large number of pores in the
gel beads, which may lead to gel shrinkage
in the subsequent drying step.

DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02176h
 Emulsion-based delivery systems. In Z. Ma, et al, (2019) study have demonstrated that
emulsion-based delivery systems can improve the bioaccessibility of fucoxanthin
compared to direct administration. They are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industries, which refer to emulsion systems with nanoscale dimensions,typically smaller than
1 μm in size. The nanoemulsion could be more easily digested and absorbed by human
body, which could lead to higher bioaccessibility.

sketch diagram used for the generation of

droplets from microchannel array plates
Photographs of droplet generation

DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02176h
Molecular nanocomplexes here refer to the autonomous assembly of host molecules
(biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides) and ligand molecules (functional active
ingredients) bound together by noncovalent interactions between them. Zhu et al. (2019) FT-IR
spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses revealed that fucoxanthin was successfully
encapsulated into the heteroprotein complex coacervates, and the heteroprotein complexes
exhibited a higher loading efficiency compared to the single-protein complexes (82.36%
of whey protein isolate-fucoxanthin-lysozyme, while 55.60% of whey protein isolate-
fucoxanthin) and better protection for fucoxanthin against heating, long-term storage,
and simulated gastrointestinal environments.

Biopolymer nanoparticles. Biopolymer nanoparticles used for the delivery of hydrophobic

bioactive ingredients in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are typically smaller
than 1 μm in size. fucoxanthin from the core–shell nanoparticles were greatly enhanced. In
addition, the existence of calcium ions in the core–shell nanoparticles helps to create a more
compact protective structure, thus reducing the degradation and destruction of
fucoxanthin by light, oxygen, heat, and gastric acid.
DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02176h
 Nanoencapsulation enhances the bioavailability of fucoxanthin in microalga
Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract

https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
 The surface morphologies were
visualized using FE-SEM. Both
nanoparticles were almost
spherical and uniform, and the
surface of CS-A-C-PE was relatively
smoother due to the chitosan
coating.

FE-SEM of Nannoparticles

https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
 FT-IR Result
This phenomenon was clearly observed
in A-C-PE formed from a complex of
alginate and casein, possibly caused by
electrostatic interaction and hydrogen
bonding inside the alginate-casein
complex. The spectrum of CS-A-C-PE
displays the combined absorption peaks
of A-C-PE and chitosan. The above FT-
IR results confirm that FX contained in
PE was successfully encapsulated in
the complex of alginate-casein
regardless chitosan coating.
FT-IR analysis was performed to evaluate the functional
groups and their interactions in P. tricornutum Extract
and the nanoparticles.

https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
 in vivo pharmacokinetic study
A single dose of the sample corresponding to 3 mg FX/kg body weight was administered orally to C57BL/6
mice. Blood analysis was performed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h for FX and its metabolites (FXOH and AXA); and
pharmacokinetic parameters such as Tmax, Cmax, T1/2, AUCt and AUC∞ were calculated.

This graphic shows the concentration of FXOH in the plasma. The highest value was observed for CS-A-C-
PE, followed by A-C-PE and finally PE. the maximum FXOH concentration of A-C-PE and CS-A-C-PE was
higher than that of PE, respectively. Similarly, the maximum AXA concentration of A-C-PE and CS-A-C-PE
was higher that of PE.
https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
 in vivo pharmacokinetic studies more
realistically reflect the bioavailability
of active substances in the living
organism during passage through
the mouth, stomach, and small
intestine, penetrating the intestinal
mucosa, and ultimately entering the
blood through the lymph and blood
circulation. Our pharmacokinetic
data obtained using a mouse model
confirmed that the two
nanoparticles have higher overall
bioavailability than PE.

https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
 Conclution
Two types of nanoparticles were developed to test the hypothesis that
nanoencapsulation in a suitable biopolymer matrix could enhance the stability and
dispersibility of fucoxanthin (FX) in P. tricornutum extract (PE). Both types of
nanoparticles showed controlled FX release under simulated digestive conditions, as
well as improved delivery of FX into intestinal epithelial cell membranes. In vivo
pharmacokinetic study in mice further confirmed that FX contained in the
nanoparticles had better bioavailability in terms of absorption amount and residence
time. Thus, nanoencapsulation technology can enhance the potential of PE derived
from microalga as a functional foo ingredient by improving its stability and
bioavailability.

https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.v9i2.35199
Daftar Pustaka
Jang, E. J., Kim, S. C., Lee, J. H., Lee, J. R., Kim, I. K., Baek, S. Y., & Kim, Y. W. (2018). Fucoxanthin, the constituent of Laminaria
japonica, triggers AMPK-mediated cytoprotection and autophagy in hepatocytes under oxidative stress. BMC
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Kanda H., Kamo Y., Machmudah S., Wayudiono., and Goto M. 2014.Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Raw Macroalgae excluding
Drying and Cell Wall Disruption by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether. Marine Drugs. 12: 2383-2396. doi:10.3390/md12052383
Koo SY., Hwang KT., Hwang S., Choi KY., Park YJ., Chi JH., Truong TQ., Kim SM.2023. Nanoencapsulation enhances the
bioavailability of fucoxanthin in
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Neumann, U., Derwenskus, F., Flister, V. F., Schmid-Staiger, U., Hirth, T., & Bischoff, S. C. 2019. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid derived
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Thankyou