Reproduction

Unit 18 a
 Reproduction
The Special characteristics of living organism by which every living
organism multiplies itself into new individuals of its own kind is called
reproduction.
It is of two types;
a. Asexual reproduction b. Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
The type of reproduction in which The type of reproduction in which fertilization
fertilization does not occurs is called occurs is called sexual reproduction.
asexual reproduction. It involves two parents (male and female).
It involves single parents. Offspring show the mixed characters of
It produces offspring similar to their father and mother.
parents. It takes long duration to complete.
It completes in short duration. It is performed by the process of meiosis
It is performed by the process of cell division (formation of male and female
mitosis cell division. gametes.
 Asexual Reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction:
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation and regeneration
Sporulation
Vegetative propagation

Fission: The type of asexual reproduction in which unicellular organisms directly

divides into two or more new individuals is called fission.
It is of two types: a. Binary fission b. Multiple fission
Binary Fission: The type of asexual reproduction in which a unicellular organism
directly divides into two new individuals is called binary fission.
Example: amoeba, paramecium, euglena
Multiple Fission: The type of asexual reproduction in which a unicellular organism
directly divides into more than two new individuals is called multiple fission.
Example: plasmodium, chlamydomonas
 Asexual Reproduction
Budding: The type of asexual reproduction in which a small out growth is formed in the
organism that develops and separates into new individuals is called budding.
Example: Hydra, yeast
 Asexual Reproduction
Fragmenation and Regeneration: The type of asexual reproduction in which the
organisms breaks into two or more pieces and each piece develops into new individuals is
called fragmentation or regeneration.
Example:
Fragmentation: Spirogyra, Marchantia, fern
Regeneration: Tapeworm, Planaria, Earthworm, Starfish
 Asexual Reproduction
Sporulation: The type of asexual reproduction through the spores
is called sporulation.
Example: Mushroom, mucor, fern
Vegetative Propagation: The type of asexual reproduction
through the vegetative parts of plants like root, stem and leaves is
called vegetative propagation.
Example:
Natural Vegetative propagation
By roots: banana, sweat potato, dahlia
By stem: potato, garlic, onion, ginger
By leaves: Bryophyllum, begonia
 Asexual Reproduction
Vegetative Propagation: The type of asexual reproduction through the vegetative parts of
plants like root, stem and leaves is called vegetative propagation.
Example:
Natural Vegetative propagation
By roots: banana, sweat potato, dahlia
By stem: potato, garlic, onion, ginger
By leaves: Bryophyllum, begonia
Artificial Vegetative propagation
By cutting: rose, sugarcane, orange
layering: litchi, raspberries, apple, pears, lemon
Grafting : guava, apple, orange
Tissue culture : rare plants,
 Sexual Reproduction
The type of reproduction in which fertilization occurs is called sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction in plants:
Pollen Pollination
Male reproductive Organ
(Anther) grains fertilization

Zygote Embryo

Female reproductive Organ Ova

(Ovary)
 Sexual Reproduction in plants
Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
It is of two types: a. Self pollination b. Cross pollination

Self Pollination Cross Pollination

The process of transfer of pollen grains The process of transfer of pollen grains
from anther of one flower to stigma of
from anther to stigma of same flower is another flower is called cross pollination.
called self pollination. It need any agents like air water, animals.
It does not need any agent. It does not preserves the parental
It preserves the parental characters. characters.
It occurs in open, and unisexual or
It occurs in closed and bisexual flower. bisexual flower.
The origin of new species is not It brings variation so the origin of new
possible by it. species is possible by it.
 Sexual Reproduction in animals
Sexual reproduction in Animals:
fertilization
Male reproductive Organ Sperm
(Testes)
Zygote Embryo

Female reproductive Organ Ova

(Ovary)

Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization
The type of fertilization that occurs
The type of fertilization that occurs
inside the body of female is called
outside the body of female is called
internal fertilization.
external fertilization.
It occurs in Reptiles, Aves and
It occurs in Pisces and Amphibians.
Mammals.
It needs water.
It does not need water.
Sexual reproduction in animals

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 Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization: The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called
fertilization.
Gametes: The haploid cells formed by meiosis cell division are called gametes.
Zygote: The diploid cell formed by fusion of male and female gametes is called
zygote.
Embryo: The newly developing organism formed by mitosis cell division of zygote
is called embryo.

Sperm: The male gamete is called sperm. (the haploid cell produced by testes is
called sperm)
It is small in size
They are large in number
They are active and motile
Ova: The female gamete is called ova. (the haploid cell produced by ovary is called
ova)
It is large in size
They are less in number
They are not active.
 Reproduction
Advantages of vegetative propagation:
It is easier, cheaper and short method.
Identical off springs are produced.
It is good for those plants which do not have better quantity and quality of seeds.

Farmers are suggested to cultivate by vegetative reproduction method, why? Write three reasons.
Sugarcane is cultivated by cutting, what type of reproduction is this? Write any three advantages
of this method.
Potatoes are flowering plants but they are cultivated by vegetative propagation, why? Write three
reasons.
Significance of Asexual reproduction:
Identical offspring are produced.
Purity of parental characters is preserved.
Completes in short duration.
Significance of Sexual reproduction:
Offspring have mixed characters of both parents.
It brings variation.
It helps in he evolution of new organisms
 Vegetative Propagation
Types of Artificial vegetative propagation
i. Cutting ii. Layering
iii. Grafting iv. Tissue Culture
Types of Layering
 Vegetative Propagation
Types of Layering
 Vegetative Propagation
Types of Layering (Air Layering)
Vegetative Propagation (Grafting types)
Tongue
 Vegetative Propagation (Grafting)
Types of grafting
a. Whip grafting b. Tongue grafting c. Saddle grafting d. Cleft grafting
Scion : The upper part with better shoot system (that has better fruits)
Stock : The lower part with better root system
Grafting: The method of artificial vegetative propagation in which shoot
system of one plant is joined with the root system of closely related
plant is called grafting.

Types of grafting:
1. Whip grafting
2. Tongue grafting
3. Saddle grafting
4. Cleft grafting
Scion : The upperpart with better shoot system(that has better fruits) is scion.
Stock : The lower part of plant with better root system is stock.
Slides by: Dipika Pandey
 Whip grafting:
It is simple type of grafting in which
the scion and stock of 3.5 cm are
slanted cut and joined together. They
are covered with plastic to make air
tight. After 2-3 months when the
scion and stock are joined properly,
the plastic is removed. This method
is mostly done in apples and pears..

Slides by: Dipika Pandey

 Tongue grafting
it is a type of grafting in which scion
and stock of 3-5 cm long are slanted
cut and both of their nodes are
deeply cut in tongue shaped. Both are
adjusted air tight covering with
plastic. After 2-3 months when scion
and stock are joined properly, plastic
is removed. This method is used in
fruit plants like apple, pear, etc.

Slides by: Dipika Pandey

 Saddle grafting
It is a type of grafting in which
scion and stock is cut in V shape.
The cuts is 2-3 cm long which are
tied by covering in plastic. After
few months when the wound is
joined, plastic is removed. It is used
in apples

Slides by: Dipika Pandey

 Cleft grafting:
In this type of grafting the stock
which has more diameter then the
scion is cleft (split) while the scion
with 3 or 4 buds is cut V shaped and
adjusted on stock. In the cut parts,
soft wax or plastic is applied and left
air tight for 2-3 months. This type of
method is mostly used in avocado.

Slides by: Dipika Pandey

 In this method, the plant is bent and covered in soil
partially then that part is separated from parent
plant and develops into separate plant . Some
methods of layering are mentioned below:
a. Simple layering
b. Compound layering
c. Tip layering
d. Mound/stool layering
e. Air layering
Slides by Saumya Adhikari ALPINE SKI HOUSE
 In this type of layering the tip of branch of mother
plant is buried partially leaving about 20 cm part
of tip out of ground. The branches of mother
plants used must one year older. After 2-3
months these parts starts to grow roots . At the
end of rainy season branch is cut separated from
mother plant and transferred to another place to
grow. This type of layering is popular in lemon,
lime like citrus fruits.

Slides by Saumya Adhikari ALPINE SKI HOUSE

This type of layering is similar to
simple layering but about whole part of
the lower branch is buried in ground
leaving its tip out in it. It is left for some
months and new plants grows from
each of the node of the branch, which
can be separated as a new plant to
transfer at different places. It is popular
in plants like: apple, pear, nut and
Lichi.
ALPINE SKI HOUSE
 In this type of layering the tip of branch of
mother plant is buried. The tip of branches
of mother plants are buried in soil in 5 to 8
cm depth. After 3-4 months these parts
starts to grow roots and it can be
separated from mother plant to grow a
new plant . This type of layering is popular
in raspberries, blackberry etc.

Slides by Saumya Adhikari ALPINE SKI HOUSE

In this type of layering, the tip of mother plant
is cut by leaving only 5-10 cm height . During
the starting of spring various new shoots
develops and that developed shoots when
reached 8-15 cm are covered with the mixture
of soil and saw-dust or dust of wood at height
of 20-25 cm. After 3-4 months roots starts to
develop every shoots. After nearly 1 year the
plants are ready to be separated from the
mother plant . It is applicable in apple, pears,
etc.
ALPINE SKI HOUSE
In this type of layering the branches of plants
are not buried in soil rather, it is provided by soil
and the required nutrients in the air. For this
technique, the branches must be of 2 years.
Leaves present in such branches are removed.
With it 2-3 cm of length of branches are cleared
or removed and the region is tied with soil with
compost fertilizer using a jute bag or plastic. The
region must be kept wet by regularly supplying
water.
Then after with in a week roots of 4-
8 cm grows. One month after the root is grown it
can be grown separately fromALPINE motherSKI
plant.
HOUSE
 Vegetative Propagation
Tissue Culture:
The modern technique of asexual production large number of new plants through cells, tissue or
vegetative parts of plant in an artificial medium.

Callus:
Callus is irregular and unorganized mass of actively dividing cells.

Hormones used
Auxins: It helps in development of roots
Cytokinin: It helps in development of shoot system.

Importance of tissue culture:

i. Large number of plants can be grown in short duration
ii. Healthy and good quality plants can be grown.
iii. It helps to preserve the rare plants.
iv. Identical plants can be produces.

VideoVIDEOS\Tissue Culture.mp4
 Asexual reproduction
7. What is vegetative propagation?
8. Write two examples of vegetative propagation by cutting.
9. Write two advantages of vegetative propagation.
10. Potato is a flowering plant but it is cultivated by cutting, why? Give two
reasons
11. Sugarcane is a flowering plant but it is cultivated by cutting, why? Give two
reasons
12. Write two examples of each of the followings
a. Natural vegetative propagation through roots
b. Natural vegetative propagation through stem
c. Natural vegetative propagation through leaves
 Asexual reproduction
1. Write any two differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Write any two characteristics of asexual reproduction.
3. Write any two advantages of asexual reproduction.
4. Write any two characteristics of sexual reproduction.
5. Write any two advantages of sexual reproduction.
6. Define the followings with two examples
a. Binary fission
b. Multiple fission
c. Budding
d. Fragmentation / Regeneration
e. Sporulation
Sexual Reproduction
13. What is fertilization?
14. Write two differences between internal and external fertilization.
15. What is hermaphrodite?
16. Write two differences between Ova and Sperm.
17. What is zygote?
18. What is embryo?
19. Write two differences between embryo and zygote.
20. Write two differences between self-pollination and cross pollination?
21. Draw a diagram of reproductive part of plant and label the parts pistil
and stamen.
22. Draw a neat diagram of pistil and label the parts stigma, style, ovary
and ova.