If all voltage sources except –Vf” are set to zero and the impedances are

converted to admittances, the power system appears as shown.

For this system, we can construct the bus admittance matrix as

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y1i 

Y Y22 Y23 Y2i 
 21
Ybus  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y3i 
 
   
Yj1 Yj2 Yj3 Yji 


where Y11 in this figure Y11  y12  y14  y1n

And Y12   y12 same procedure for all admittances
For our system the Y-bus is:

j16212 j50 0 j6667 

 j50 j125 j50 j25 
Ybus  
 0 j50 j13333 j50 
 
 j6667 j25 j50 j14167
The nodal equation describing this power system is

Ybus V = I

Dr Audih 42
With all other voltage sources set to zero, the voltage at bus 2 is –
Vf, and the current entering the bus 2 is –If”. Therefore, the nodal
equation becomes
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14   V1   0 
Y Y22 Y23 Y24   V f    I "f 
 21  
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34   V3   0 
    
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44   V4   0 

where V1, V3, and V4 are the changes in the voltages at those
busses due to the current –If” injected at bus 2 by the fault.
The solution is found as
-1
V = Ybus I = Zbus I
Which, in the case considered, is
 V1   Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14   0 
 V   Z Z 22 Z 23 Z 24    I "f 
 f    21  
 V3   Z31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34   0 
    

 4   Z 41
V Z 42 Z 43 Z 44   0 

where Zbus = Ybus-1. Since only bus 2 has current injected at it, the
system reduces to
 V1   Z 12 I "f
V f   Z 22 I "f
 V3   Z 32 I "f
 V 4   Z 42 I "f
Therefore, the fault current at bus 2 is just the prefault voltage Vf
at bus 2 divided by Z22, the driving point impedance at bus 2.

Vf
I 
"
f
Z 22
The voltage differences at each of the nodes due to the fault current
can be calculated by
Z 12
 V 1   Z 1 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
 V 2  V f  V f
Z 32
 V 3   Z 3 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
Z 42
 V 4   Z 4 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
 Assuming that the power system was running at no load conditions
before the fault, it is easy to calculate the voltages at every bus
during the fault. At no load, the voltage will be the same on every
bus in the power system, so the voltage on every bus in the system
is Vf. The change in voltage on every bus caused by the fault
current –If”, so the total voltage during the fault is
 Z12   Z12 
  Z V f  1  Z 
V1  V f   V1  V f     
22 22

V  V   V  V   V f   0 
 2   f    2   f    Z 
Z
V
V3  V f   V3  V f    32 V f  1  32  f
         Z 22   Z 22 
V 
 4   f   4  V f   Z
V V   
  42 V  1  Z 42 
 Z 22 f   Z 22 

Therefore, we can calculate the voltage at every bus in the power

system during the symmetrical fault from a knowledge of the
pre-fault voltage at the faulted bus, and the bus impedance
matrix.
This is the equation as found for symmetrical faults, but for unsymmetrical
faults the only difference is being the added superscripts and subscripts
denoting the negative and positive-sequence components of the phase a as:
The total positive-sequence voltage of phase a at each bus during the fault is:

positive-sequence voltage
For the negative and zero-sequence voltage changes due to the fault at bus k of
the N-bus system are similarly written with the superscripts changed accordingly.
Because the prefault voltages are zero in the negative-and zero- sequence
networks, the voltage changes express the total negative- and zero- sequence
voltages during the fault,

Negative -sequence voltage Zero- sequence voltage

Unsymmetrical System Example using Z-bus

For the generators assume Z+ = Z = j0.2; Z0 = j0.05

For the transformers assume Z+ = Z =Z0 = j0.05
For the lines assume Z+ = Z = j0.1; Z0 = j0.3
Assume unloaded pre-fault, with voltages =1.0 p.u.

Dr Audih 50
 Z impedances are shown in figure as::

10o 10o

1
Y 
z

24 10 10  0.1397 0.1103 0.125

Ybus  j  10 24 10  , Zbus  Ybus   j 0.1103 0.1397 0.125
()()   ()() ()() 1

 10 10 20 0.1250 0.1250 0.175

 1 1 1   1 
 j 0 .2 5  
j 0 . 1 
  j 24      j 2 .2 2
 j 0 .1  j 0 .2 5  j 0 .1  j 0 .1 

Note: Negative sequence is identical to positive sequence

Dr Audih 51
 Zero Sequence Network

1 1 1
Y11 (   ) j16.66
j 0.05 j 0.05 j 0.3 j 0.3

16.66 3.33 3.33  0.0732 0.0148 0.0440

0
Ybus  j  3.33 26.66 3.33  Zbus
0
j 0.0148 0.0435 0.0.292
   
 3.33 3.33 6.66 0.0440 0.0292 0.1866

Dr Audih 52
For a SLG Fault at Bus 3
The sequence networks are created using the pre-fault voltage for
the positive sequence thevenin voltage, and the Zbus diagonals for
the thevenin impedances at bus 3 are (Z33) from matrix:

Positive Seq. Negative Seq. Zero Seq.

-j0.1750 -J0.1750 -J0.1866

1 0 o

The fault type then determines how the networks are interconnected

Dr Audih 53
 at bus 3

 1.0  0 
If   j 1.863
 j ( 0.1750  0.1750  0.1866 )

  0
I f  I f  I f  j 1.863

Dr Audih 54
 V
1 1 1
 
1 a 2 a 
 
1 a a 2 
S in ce n o fa u lt cu rren t fo r p h a se b a n d c th en ;
I f ( b )  I f (c)  0
And th e cu rren t fa u lt fo r p h a se a is :
  Vk (a)
I f ( a )  I of ( a )  I f (a)  I f (a ) 
Zf
Dr Audih 55
N o te s e q u a n c e s c u r r e n t fo r I a
I o 
 f ( a )  1 1 1 1   I f (a) 
2   
 I    1 a a . I f (b )  
 f (a)
 3   
 I f (a) 
 
 1 a 2
a   I f ( c ) 
 
1 1
I of ( a )  ( I f ( a )  I f ( b )  I f ( c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
3 3
 1 1
I f (a )  ( I f (a )  a I f (b )  a I f (c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
2

3 3
1 1
I f ( a )  ( I f ( a )  a 2 I f ( b )  a I f ( c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
3 3

Dr Audih 56
w e o b s erv e th a t

  1 I
I o
f (a ) I f (a ) I f (a )  (I f (a ) )  I o
f (a )  f (a )
or
3 3

****** I f (a )  3I o
f (a ) ******

V ka V ka
a ls o w e w ri t e I f (a )  or I o
f (a )  
Z f 3Z f

V ka I o
f (a ) .3 Z f  I f (a ) .Z f

V
an d Z f  ka
o
or
3I f (a )

******** V ka  3Z f .I o
f (a ) ******
Dr Audih 57
Now if the fault occurred between two bus bar note with (k) and
(n) then;
The impedance between them is Zkn=Znk=Z and this impedance it
has zero, positive and negative sequence as in figure below which
present the equivalent scheme of a fault in phase (a) on bus 3.

Dr Audih 58
Notes :
1- There are no negative- or zero-sequence
currents flowing before the fault occurs ,
and the prefault voltages are zero at all
buses of the negative – and zero- sequence
networks . Therefore, the prefault voltage
between point P and the reference node is
zero in the negative - and zero-sequence
�networks and no electromotive forces
(emfs) appear in their Thevenin equivalents.
2- Since the current flowing from the system
into the fault, its symmetrical components
Io,I+,I- flow out of the perspective sequences
network and the currents changing their
direction to present injected currents into the
faulted

Dr Audih 59
Vkao zkno .Ifo(a) Here negative sign is used as the current flow ,when the
fault occur the current in phase a reversing direction

  o
V Vf z .I
ka kn f (a)
(V since the fault at positive sequances )
f

Vka zkn .If0(a) where I fo (a )  I f(a )  I f(a )

 
Vka V V V 
o
ka ka ka
 o  o
(z .I ) (Vf z .I ) (z .I ) 
o o
kn f (a) kn f (a) kn f (a)

Vf [(z kno z kn z kn ).(Ifo(a) )] 

Vf Z .I o
kn f (a) 3Z I o
f f (a)

Dr Audih 60
 V ka V f  Z kn .I fo (a)  3Z f I fo (a) or

3Z f .I fo (a) V f  (z kn
o
 z kn  z kn )I fo (a) or

[3Z f  (z kn
o
 z kn  z kn )]I fo (a) V f Then;

Vf  
I o
f (a )   I f (a )  I f (a ) and
3Z f  (z kn  z kn  z kn )
o  

I f (a)  3I fo (a)

Dr Audih 61
Example (from the example solved slide 29 for sequences)

With the sequence networks in series we can

solve for the fault currents I f (a) (assume Zf=0).

Dr Audih 62
  
Vf
I f (a) I f (a) I o
f (a)   

3Z f  ( z  z  z )
o
kn kn kn
1 .0 5  0 
 
j (3 Z f  0 .1 3 8 9  0 .1 4 5 6  0 .2 5 )
  j1 .9 6 4
  j1 .9 6 4 
I  A I s  I f ( a )  A   j1 .9 6 4    j 5 .8
 
  j1 .9 6 4 
o r I f(a ) = I of(a ) + I +f(a ) + I -f(a ) = 3  - j1 .9 6 4  - j 5 .8
(o f c o u rse , I f (b )  I f (c )  0 )
Dr Audih 63
Example:-
For two synchronous machines connected through two of three
phase transformers with rating as is figure.

1ooMVA ,2okV
1ooMVA ,2okV 100MVA 100MVA
 
20kV/345kV X  X  X  20%
'
 
X  X  X  20%
'
20kV/345kV
X=8% X0  4%, Xn  5%
X0  4%, Xn  5% X=8%

With the following impedance matrix for zero, negative and positive sequences

Dr Audih 64
  j0.1553 j0.1407 j0.0493 j0.0347
 j0.1407 j0.1999 j0.0701 j0.0493
o
Zbus  
 j0.0493 j0.0701 j0.1999 j0.1407
 
 j 0.0347 j 0.0493 j 0.1407 j 0.1533

 j0.1437 j0.1211 j0.0789 j0.0563

 j0.1211 j0.1696 j0.1104 j0.0789

Zbus 
 Zbus  
 j0.0789 j0.1104 j0.1696 j0.1211
 
 j0.0563 j0.0789 j0.1211 j0.1437

Dr Audih 65
If at bus (3) a fault occurs at phase (a), determine:
a) The subtransient current to ground at the fault location.
b) The line to ground voltage at terminals of machine 2
c) The subtransient current out of phase (c) of machine 2
d) Take Zf=0
Solution:
We chose the base of 100MVA and 345kV, the current base is found by

Sbase 100  10 6
I base    167.35 A
3Vbase 3  345  10 3

Dr Audih 66
a) If we know the value of (I fo(a) ) then we found
the fault of I f (a) since I f (a)  3I fo(a) at buse (3)
  Vf Vf
I o
f (a) I f (a) I f (a)   0  

3Z f  Z 33 Z 33  Z 33  Z 33
10o
  j 1.8549 pu.
j (0.1999  0.1696  0.1696)
 I f (a)  3 j 1.8549   j 5.5648 or

I f (a)   j 5.5648167.35  931270o A 360o-90o=270o

Dr Audih 67
b) since machine (2) is connected at bus (4) and
fault at bus (3)then the voltage at bus (4) is:
V4(o a )  Z43o .I of ( a )   j 0.1407  ( j1.8549) 
 0.2610
V4( a )  V f  Z 43 .I f ( a )  1  ( j 0.1211)  ( j1.8549) 
 0.7754
V4( a )  Z43 .I f ( a )   j0.1211 ( j1.8549) 
 0.2246
To find V at bus (4) we introduce the value above into ;
Dr Audih 68
V4( a )   V4(a)
o
 1 1 1   0.2610
       .  0.7754  
V
 4(b )   A. V
 4( a )   1 a 2
a
 
V4( c )   V4( a )  1 a a   0.2246
 2
   
 (0.26100o )  (0.77540o )  (0.22460o ) 
 
 ( 0.26100o )  (0.7754240o )  (0.2246120o )  
(0.26100o )  (0.7754120o )  (0.2246240o ) 
 
 0.28980o 
 
 1.0187  121.8o  pu.
 1.0187121.8o 
 
Dr Audih 69
If we known the base at bus 4 we can transfer the
per unit value to actual value
VLL(buse4) 20kV
Vbase of sigle phase   11.547kV 
3 3
V4(a)   0.28980o   3.3460o 
   o  o
V 
 4(b)  1.0187 121.8 . 11.547 
 11.763 121.8  kV
V4(c)   1.0187121.8o   11.763121.8o 
     

Dr Audih 70
c) The subtransient current out of phase (c) of machine (2) is :

V 40( a ) V f  V 4( a ) V 4( a )

I c  I ao  aI a  a 2 I a  (  )  a( ''
)  a 2 ( )
jX o jX jX 2
 V 4o(a)    0.2610 
 
since  V4( a )    0.7754  and the reactances are given
 
 V4 ( a )    0.2246 

 
in figure then;
0.2610 1  0.7754 2 0 .2246
Ic  ( )  a( )a ( )
j 0.04 j 0.2 j 0.2
  j 6.524  a (  j1.123)  a 2 (  j1.123) 

Dr Audih 71
  j 6.524  (a  a2 ).( j1.123) 
 ( j 6.524)  ((0.5  j 0.866)  (0.5  j 0.866))  ( j1.123) 
  j5.402 pu.
From table for a+a2
Since we need to find the current of machine 2 then
we need to find the base current of machine 2
S 100,000
I   2886.751 A 
3VLL 3  20,000
I c   j5.402  2886.751  15.594 kA

Dr Audih 72
The second phase most common fault is line-to-line,
which occurs when two of the conductors come in
contact with each other. With out loss of generality we'll
assume phases b and c.
a

b
If(cb)
c

In th is c as e If (a )  0, If (bc )  If (b )  I f (c ) or
If (b )  I f (c ) , I fo  0
A nd V f (b ) V f (c )
Dr Audih 73
Using the current relationships we get
I f0  1 1 1  0  1 1 1   0 
  1  2  1  
I f   3 1 a a I f (b ) or  1 a a2   I f (b ) 
 3 
I f  1 a a   I f (c) 
2
1 a a  I f (b) 
2

I f ( ground )  0 and I f (b )  I f (c )
From matrix above we get ;
(note since no fault zero sequanceat at the line then I fo  0)
a  a    a
2 2
 a
1 1 
I f   0  aI f (b )  a I f (b )   I f (b )  a  a2  
 2

3 3    Vf
 I f =- I f 
1 1
I f   0  a I f (b )  aI f (b )   I f (b )  a  a
 2 2 j  Z 
 Z 

3 3 
Dr Audih 74
Using the voltage relationships w e get
V f 0  1 1 1  V f ( a ) 
  1  2 
V f   3 1 a a  V f (b )  
V f   1 a 2 a  V f (c ) 
Hence V f (b )  V f (c ) and V f (a)  0 w e get :
1 
  0   a  a 2 V f  a  a   (a

2 2
 a)
Vf (b )  
3 
  V f  V f
1
V f   0   a 2  a V f 
(b ) 
3 

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To satisfy LL fault conditions f
I 
  I f

&V f

 V f 


the positive and negative sequence networks must

be connected in parallel .From example befor we have:

 Vf 
I    I
j Z  Z 
f   f

Dr Audih 76
Solving the network for the currents we get
1.050
  3.691  90
j 0.1389  j 0.1456
and noting I f  I f  I f  3.691 90
I f (a)  1 1 1   0   0 
    3.691  90  6.39
I
 f (b )    1 a 2
a
   
I f (c )  1 a a   3.69190   6.39 
2

Dr Audih 77
Solving for the voltages we get
V f  V f  jI f . Z  
 1.05  0   j 0.1389  3.691  90   0.537  0 
V f   jI f . Z    j 0.1452  3.691 90   0.537  0 
V f ( a )  1 1 1   0   1.074 
  
V f ( b )   1 a2 a   0.537     0.5 37 
   
V f ( c )  1 a a   0.537  
2
 0.537 

Dr Audih 78