Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.

com
2022, Vol. 6, No. 3, 175–187

Human Development Index: A Theory

RUBY ABAN-PEREZ
RN LPT MAED PhD (Candidate)
ORCID No. 0000-0002-6917-045X
Cebu Normal University
[email protected]

Abstract
Human Development Index was measured using the United Nation Developmental Plan
tool. Malnutrition rate of a country was the proportion of the frequency malnutrition over
the total population. This study explored what factor can countries be grouped by clusters
and identified which factors had significance to the human development index of a country.
The study made use of data mining to collect data on 15 selected countries out of the 175
countries of the world. Selection criteria was to select countries from each stratum of the
level of human development index. Cluster analysis was used to explore what variable can
group the 15 countries into three clusters. The process or the analysis revealed that among
the five variables human developmental index was the factor that grouped the countries
into clusters. There were similarities and differences of the characteristics of the countries
as the bases to generate propositions that led into a theory. The health status of the people,
the knowledge they learned, and their socio-economic conditions were crucial elements for
human development of a nation, together with the stability of the governing body. The
emergent theory of the study stated the theory on human developmental index based on the
cluster analysis that the development of a country was mainly contributed by the knowledge
of its people and stability of governance with the people’s good health and economic
condition.

Keywords: Human development index, UNDP, malnutrition, cluster analysis

Introduction However, this apprised the highpoints in progress

which was also the insistent deficiencies and
Human Development Index (HDI) of 2022 in its discrepancies. Overall, the global trend was
statistical updates constantly echo key pointing upwards through the categories on
developmental guide consistent with the analysis human development. Above all, among the 189
on human development. It showcases sketches of countries for which the calculations on 59
situations in the present time with leanings that countries were very high in human development
continuously gauge for human development. The group. On the top list among these countries were
2018 latest Human Development Index (HDI) Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland, and
ranking, there were fifteen (15) countries Germany. Contrastingly, 38 nations dropped on
categorized as very high. These lists of countries as the low human development index group that
were the following: Norway, Switzerland, included the countries of Niger, Central African
Australia, Ireland, Germany, Iceland, Hongkong, Republic South Sudan, Chad, and Burundi. These
China (SAR), Sweden, Singapore, Netherland, countries were at the bottommost mark based on
Denmark, Canada, United States, United the nationwide accomplishments of HDI’s
Kingdom and Finland. A widespread numerical measurement (United Nations Development
extension is the statistics, an indicator of the Reports, Global Human Development
development in government all over the world. Indicators).

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Ruby Aban 176

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations measured by expected life span which was
(ASEAN) countries by human development index calculated at birth per country while education
(HDI) classified countries as very high (VH), measured either by mean years where a child was
high (H) and medium (M). ASEAN countries in school and expected years in school where a
like Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore were VH. child at an average age to start for school. The
Thailand is H, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, representation of standard of living, was the
Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam are metric chosen through Gross National Index
classified as Medium (Wikipedia, List of ASEAN (GNP) based on Producer Price Index (PPI) or on
Countries by HDI). the purchasing power parity, which was the
metric used to get the average income.
Human Development Index was short listed into
long term changes, and one was life since it relies Human capital was a propeller for economic
deeply on how high the national wealth was spent growth for countries that were still developing
and the inequality of economic welfare. There and now seen to have a close gap with developed
were factors that caused these limitations: these countries when it comes to attending school.
were war threats, pollution (levels of), Furthermore, research stresses the importance of
accessibility to potable and clean drinking water cognitive skills is to attain growth in the
could greatly affect the economic welfare of a economy. This changed the course especially on
country. HDI, then focused on the individuals’ the issue of quality education in some developing
opportunities to be more ‘liveable’ and the countries that were found to be unsuccessful in
greater opportunity for the provision of basic knitting the gaps with countries who were
resources. It was only through human developed. If the quality of education was
development index when a person could select jeopardized and not improving, it was difficult for
numerous options and choices came from developing countries to outsmart their
national policies. performance at the economic level.

Moreover, to distinguish two countries with equal The younger adults by the year 2030 were those
Gross National Income (GNI), generates a children who entered school in the year 2018.
gigantic difference between outcomes in There were imminent changes because the level
development. With this, it was possible to shake of difficulties was increasingly difficult to fix.
a public scrutiny. Human Development Index Learners need to make up fast cost-effective,
measured the average development from its basic conservational, and collective modifications, for
dimension namely, long, healthy life, knowledge careers that had not been fashioned, for skills that
and standard of living described as descent. Life have not yet been designed, and to unravel
expectancy and birth were the infant’s lifespan. societal teething troubles that have not yet been
Years of schooling (mean); this was the average predicted. Instruction can train students with the
years in school and for people whose ages range agency, the proficiencies and the sense of
from 25 and up; its conversion forms the levels of determination to profile their personal existence
educational attainment, used the standard and add to the lives of others.
duration for each level. Years in school was the
expected years (number); these were the years The major goal of the study was to explore what
where at school entrance, the child’s age was factor can group countries into clusters and
expected when patterns of age in enrolment identify which factors may have significance to
prevails through the life of a child. the human development index of a country.

Therefore, human development index was a Specifically, this study was to find out the
totality of how much progress human population following.
did to develop at a certain degree or level: human 1. What were the factors involved in a stable
development index was measured through the governance?
indexes of knowledge and understanding, healthy 1.1 People’s health
lifestyle, and descent living. Health was 1.2 Economic condition

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177 Journal of Positive School Psychology

1.3 Characteristics, similarities, and The rising universal appreciation of Education for
differences of the countries Sustainable Development as a vital component of
2. What were the relationships between cluster excellence in education and a strategic enabler for
centers? sustainable development. The Sustainable
2.1 Gaps between clusters Development Goals (link is external) (SDGs)
2.2 Distances between clusters implemented by the global community for the
Related Literature next 15 years include ESD. Goal 4.7 of SDG 4 on
education addresses Education for Sustainable
The Learning Framework 2030 Development (ESD) and interrelated
methodologies like Global Citizenship
The Organization for Economic Co-operation Education. UNESCO was accountable for the
and Development (OECD) offered their vision management of the Global Action Programme
through its Learning Framework 2030. This (GAP) on ESD (The Future of Education and
learning framework offered a vision and skills Education 2030; United Nations
underpinned its principles for educational system Educational Scientific Organization, 2021).
in the future. In 2021, shared vision of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and New solutions in a rapidly changing world
Development (OECD), children needed to
abolish from their belief that wealth were The world was speedily and overwhelmingly
unlimited and were misused; they will be shifting. The situation called for its first
necessitated to see the significance for what was challenge, it’s within global environment: climate
in progress, continuity, and healthy lifestyle. transformation and the exhaustion of mother’s
Children needed to be liable and abled, assigning nature requires pressing action and reworking.
cooperation beyond separation, and rationale Climate Action Summit 2019; the focus of the
directly above short-range increase. summit was on the heart of the challenge.
Regions that created the most emissions of
OECD Education 2030 harmful gases and radical elements and the areas
where construction pliability made the biggest
Was this project mandated among those in difference – as well as deliver frontrunners and
representatives in the government and communal partners their break to prove tangible
cohorts, to include the privileged, specialists, environmental action and display their goals. The
school setups and leaders, educators, learners and effect of climate change affected every country
adolescent groups, parents, universities, local on every continent. It was upsetting nationwide
organizations, and social partners. United economies and disturbing life’s survival,
Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural estimating societies, populations, and nations
Organization (UNESCO) aimed to develop profoundly at present and even more the future.
admission to excellence in education on Weather conditions were changing, oceanic
sustainable development at all levels and in all heights were escalating, meteorological events
societal milieus, to change society by reorienting were fetching extremely, and greenhouse fume
education and assist individuals improved radiations are at their peak intensities in history.
awareness, expertise, standards, and behaviors Devoid of action, the world’s average apparent
needed for sustainable development. It was to high temperature is likely to surpass 3 degrees
include sustainable development matters, such as centigrade this century. The underprivileged and
climate change and biodiversity into teaching and most defenseless people were the most affected.
learning. Individuals were fortified to be in Reasonably, mountable answers were now
controlled actors who decide on tasks, respect accessible to empower nation state to spring frog
traditional uniformity, and contribute to create a to the cleanest and a more resilient economy.
more sustainable domain. This was work in
progress and a mutual development of a future- The pace of change was speeding up as more
ready school for all. people were turning to renewable energy and an
array of new processes that diminished

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Ruby Aban 178

emanations and increased adaptation efforts. incomes. Nearly 800 million people agonize from
Nevertheless, climate change was a worldwide famine globally, and immensely held in emerging
defiance that did not respect coast-to-coast nations.
boundaries. It was a concern that requires
resolutions that must be organized at the global First-hand proof remains to indicate the total
level to help emerging countries move toward a number of hungry people in the world was
low-carbon economy (UNESCO, Sustainable increasing, getting 821 million in 2021 or one in
Goals, 2019: Nunez, National Geographic, 2019). every nine people. In the past three years, hunger
is on the rise, recurring to the levels it had a
Good Health and Well-Being decade ago, to the same levels from a decade ago.
This setback progressively propels a strong threat
It was indispensable to safeguard people’s lives that must be done at once if the Zero Hunger Goal
and promote their welfare for development to of the Sustainable Development Goal of is to be
sustain. To increase life expectancy and to realized by 2030. The condition was
decrease some collective killers caused by child deteriorating in South America and most regions
and maternal death, it was to achieve work with a of Africa. Why was it their multitude of hungry
target to lower down 70 maternal deaths per people even with sufficient food to nourish all in
100,000 live births by 2030 will have the need to the planet? The practices in harvesting were
improve the delivery care to be accomplished by poor, in fact wastage in food contributory to the
skilled health workers. Premature deaths caused scared food supply.
by communicable diseases was to lower down by
1/3 in 2030. This will entail more effective A negative impact due to wars like the current
equipment for clean fuel in food preparation and crisis brought about the war against covid-19
in educating on the dangers of tobacco. created a negative effect on why food was not
available and steered to destroy the environment
Voluminous efforts were necessary to wholly by which growing food become critical. It is time
wipe out widespread of diseases and address to rethink how we grow, share, and consume our
diversity and emerging health issues. The focus food. If done right, agriculture, forestry and
was to provide additional resources in the health fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and
systems, upgraded cleanness and hygiene, greater generate decent incomes, while supporting
contact to medical doctor and added tips on people for rural development and protecting the
techniques to lessen pollution, substantial environment. Right now, the soils, freshwater,
improvement to be done to help save millions of oceans, forests, and biodiversity are being rapidly
lives. The rise in HIV/AIDS cases increase where degraded.
dismay and discrimination limit those in the grass
roots capacity in receiving vital health services. Climate change was putting even more pressure
What they need to live and breathe in healthy on the resources we depend on, increasing risks
lifestyle and have useful lives (Wikipedia; associated with disasters, such as droughts and
Sustainable Development, 2019; UNESCO floods. Many rural women and men can no longer
Development Goal 2030). make ends meet on their land, forcing them to
migrate to cities in search of opportunities. Poor
Zero Hunger: The goal was to put hunger into an food security was also causing millions of
end, food safety and nourishment will be children to be stunted, or too short for the ages,
improved and support maintainable agronomy. due to severe malnutrition. A profound change of
Life-threatening starvation and malnourishment the global food and agriculture system was
were obstacles to viable progress and produces a needed if we were to feed the 815 million people
ploy from which the general public effortlessly who were hungry and the additional 2 billion
cannot defy. Food shortage and starvation mean people, it was expected that by 2050, it was going
fewer productive persons, and more predisposed to be this big number of people who were going
to disease and are frequently incompetent to to be hungry.
produce added income and increase their

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179 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Funds for agriculture were critical to increase the sustain system in food productivity were required
size for rural production and it was necessary to to assists and improve the threats of hunger.

Methodology

Figure 1. Flow Chart

Basic Process Flow for Design and Implementation of Data Mining in a Quantitative
Research.

Developing a Theory because the data is huge and bulky, and it is the
reason why data are often coded. Coding enables
To develop a theory, it is common that it comes the research to minimize large quantities of
from patterns of isolated things. It is through information into its form which is easily ran
exploring root causes of the events, and to particularly in computer programs. Since not all
envision things that will occur the next time. The data need coding, there are content computer
seed of a theory in mind are those observable program that can do the analysis.
subjects of a certain idea. The next step is to
gather information and to jot down open-ended In this way, researchers code textual data for
questions. There are links in between causes and qualitative analysis. In the preparation for
effects to be knitted together and this is created coding, it is important to know that programs in
by making connections. A theory is an the computer have limits on way data can be
explanation that describes an observed entered, stored, and retrieved. These limits should
phenomenon. The explanation of this be reflected in the codebook. For example, the
phenomenon is called a theory (Ruff, Wiki How). names of the variables often cannot exceed eight
Coding: Data collection is true to all research. To characters. Use short variable names, preferably
make sense of the data, it needs to be analyzed. all letters. Data are to be stored in many ways.
The labelling of the data is the time where The most common form for variables is numeric
analysis begins. It labels data as to its source, how data, consisting only of numbers. Data can also
it was collected, the information it contains, etc. be stored as letters, called alpha-numeric format.
To work with an original data can be burdensome

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Ruby Aban 180

This allows the variable to be stored as either

letters or numbers or a combination of the two Software packages in statistics were the most
(Cessda Training; PPA, 696 Research Methods). user-friendly statistical analysis and data mining
The study used data mining to collect data on 15 software because of the point-and-click crossing
selected countries out of the 175 countries of the theme that created an easy to construct scripts for
world. Countries coming from each level of an imminent computerization and it moved to
strata in terms of human development index were new areas like text analytics and big data makes
chosen. Six countries were selected from the very it more useful. The statistical software packages
high HDI, four from the high level, three from the output is the best to be used for publication
medium level and six from the low level. quality tables. Relative to the projected statistics
it consented a production of countless back up for
The data of the other four variables were taken making decision, specifically through the
from the United Nations Development Plan statistical simulations generated by the data being
report. To measure human development index, studied, thus it allowed to obtain models whose
the United Nation Development Plan tool is used level of confidence can reach up to 95%.
to measure, and this tool investigated the
malnutrition rate of any country. Malnutrition Data Analyzing Tools
rate is the proportion of the frequency
malnutrition over the total population of a certain Statistical software packages were used in this
country while literacy rate is the total number of study because it offered an excellent end user
populations; whose skills in reading and writing experience in the analysis methods. It helped
are developed with competence in since it explained doubts that covered in the
comprehension. The denominator is the study. The results provided by the software
population age seven years or more. package were intended for capability analysis or
hypothesis testing interpretation. It was very
Poverty incidence is the percentage of households useful because it investigated the process and
living in poverty over the number of households. reported on the improvements based on any
Political stability is measured through the socio- change. The data were easy to input because of
political environment. It is a hallmark sign of the several different options were essential in
transformed growth and reduced poverty level. ‘auto-analyzing’ the data through huge kinds of
The relationship between a stable political arena tools for statistic that was already in the program.
and a peaceful condition of the region is
accounted for by the nation’s political Summary, Explication and Structuring
democratization score, and economic
performance are then measured through the Gross Summary statistics were used to condense a set of
Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. observation so that the largest amount of
information is communicated. These
Data Processing Tool observations are commonly described in the
measure of location, or central tendency lime the
This study used statistical software packages and arithmetic mean, statistical dispersion, and the
these enabled bulk of data processed through shape of distribution, example, standard
analysis. These tools were first-rated software for deviation.
managing bulked sized data because it agrees to a
simple technique without countless Explication was data analysis and in quantitative
methodological information. It was implemented research data analysis, it included calculating for
from simple numerical calculations, descriptive frequencies in variables and to look for the
figures, data justification to inferential or differences between variables. In this study a
analytical measurements. This was deliberated in qualitative approach was applied to find evidence
a simple and user-friendly approach since it did to support or reject hypotheses formulated in the
not require to practice intricate understanding to research process.
put it into code through quantitative data.

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181 Journal of Positive School Psychology

Structuring in quantitative research used large the results of the different questions from the
sets of data and data analyses were published with various information gathered from sets of data
their data and software code. In this case, others done by means of data mining. The results were
validate the findings of these data. Interpreting numerically displayed in percentile form in the
text or data in this research was done by studying data table (Wikipedia; Investopedia).

Study Limitation: Data mining in qualitative choices, how two countries with the same level of
research study was compared to sports, was not Gross National Income (GNI) per capita ends up
easy. The menu system was not natural, and with different human development outcomes. It is
selections were elaborated. After many times of a quantified summary of regular attainment in
working with it, it sometimes ended up searching strategic scopes of human development: a long
for the test. The charts and graphs maybe and healthy life, knowledgeable and decent
extensively established in educational journals, standard of living.
books, and magazine, yet it’s far behind those for
commercial media. Tables were reworked to see The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized
if the criteria were essential for a superior indices for each of the three dimensions. The
reporting. These software packages in statistics assessment for health dimension is measured by
did not have a notable look when it comes to the mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25
drawn charts coming from the data. Since it did years and more and feasible years of education
not create an eye-catching data imagining. These for children of school age entrance. The existing
tools helped visualize charts in software packages facet is measured by gross national income per
which were scarce, so when drawing a chart, one capita. The Human Development Index uses the
needs to reproduce the table of an analysed data logarithm of income, to expose dropping income
from the software package to excel before with increasing Gross National Income. The
drawing the chart scores for the three HDI dimension indices are
then collected into a merged index using a well-
Results and Discussions organized mean. It does not reflect on inequities,
In the creation of Human development index shortage, human security, empowerment, etc. A
(HDI), it was clear for people and their packed picture of a country's level of human
competencies are the definitive benchmarks used development call for analysis of other gauges and
to assess the development of a country and not figures presented in the numerical annex of the
solely on economic growth. Human development report.
index is used to inquire for national policy

Cluster
1 2 3
N=6 N=3 N=6
HDI .944 .275 .682
Malnutrition .01 .25 .08
Literacy .99 .41 .80
Poverty incidence .02 .25 .11
.77 .99 .85

Table 1 Initial cluster centers

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Ruby Aban 182

Initial Cluster Centers: Moreover, similarities and differences of the

characteristics of these huge number of countries
Clustering is a Machine Learning method that are the bases upon which will generate
comprises the grouping of data points. Given a set propositions that become the definitive process
of data points, a clustered algorithm is used to for theory generation. Dendrogram: The
classify each data point into an explicit set. In Horizontal axis of the dendrogram signifies the
theory, data points that are in the same group distance or dissimilarity between clusters. The
should have comparable properties and/or Vertical axis represents the objects and clusters.
features, while data points in different groups It is simple to interpret the dendrogram. It is in
should have highly dissimilar properties and/or the similarity and clustering. When it joins in
features. Clustering is a method of unsupervised (fusion), the two clusters are represented on the
learning and is a common technique for statistical graph splits the line into two horizontal lines. The
data analysis used in many fields (Seif Robert, horizontal position of the split, shown by the
2019). short vertical bar gives the distance
(dissimilarity) between the two clusters.
The theory on human development index (HDI)
is based on the cluster analysis and the The three clusters as three branches occurs at
development of a country is largely contributed about the same horizontal distance. Two outliers
by the knowledge of its people. In addition, the are fused randomly at a higher distance, and this
stability of governance will depend more on the is the interpretation. One compares the
people’s good health and economic condition. interpretation with an actual plot of the data.
Cluster analysis was used to explore the variable Unfortunately, this usually will not be possible
that can do tremendous segregation to a huge because the data will consist of more than two
group of countries into clusters and define their variables (NCSS Hierarchical Clustering
characteristics according to groupings. Dendrograms).

Dendrogram
*******************HIERARCHICALCLUSTER ANALYSIS*****
**************
Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups)
CASE 0 5 10 15 20 25
Label Number +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

1 ─┐
14 ─┤

2 ─┼─────┐
3 ─┤ │
4 ─┤ ├─────────────────────────────────────────┐
5 ─┘ │ │
9 ─┐ │ │

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183 Journal of Positive School Psychology

10 ─┼─────┘ │
6 ─┤ │
7 ─┤ │
8 ─┘ │
13 ─┬─────────────────┐ │

Figure 2. The Dendrogram

Clustering is also possible using Dendrogram: or clusters, it represents the difference. The
this figure shows that in the beginning, cases 1, 2, greater the height, the greater the difference.
3, 4, 5 and 14 were clustered. Figure 1. Is a Dendrogram tells only a few stories on what is
Dendrogram and this process of clustering uses similar or different from these countries. But
the hierarchical cluster analysis, it utilizes the provides more information about which countries
average links between groups. It is called are better analysed from the point of the one who
dendrogram, when it identifies the countries draws a significant conclusion. With this, it could
comparable to each other, then, this is the X axis. provide, support or contradict several or more
In the process of clustering, Y axis is a measure hypothesis regarding what is similar and
of closeness to that of the individual data points different.

Distances between Final Cluster Centers

Cluster 1 2 3

*1 *.862 .306

*2 *.862 .566

.566
3 .306

Table 2 Presents Distances between Final Cluster Centers

Table 2 presents distances between the final clusters and variables increase. The following
cluster centers. Based on the result, the finding propositions can be created from the results:
tells when there are great gaps on the distances
between clusters, these correspond to a greater Proposition1. A healthy population could help
disparity. Clusters 1 and 2 are identified as most in the development of a country
different (.862). In cluster 3 is, it shows an
approximate equal distance which is not different World Health Organization (WHO) defines
to clusters 1 and 2. There is a relationship health as, ‘is the absence of disease, a status or a
between the clusters, as it is intuited from the condition of wellbeing, both complete mentally
final cluster centers, however, it becomes more and physically’. Better health equates to
challenging when and only if the number of happiness, a greater sense of well-being, and it
contributes to economic progress. If the

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Ruby Aban 184

populations are healthy, they live a longer life, the family’s finances, the resources from mother-
they are more productive, the cost is less nature as well. Malnutrition undermines the
expensive, and it saves more. It is the country's budget on education and investments if it will
ability to implement and is consistent with quality continue to repel its course (The Role of Nutrition
health services for its people. The health in Social and Economic Development 2019).
departments are important lead, other
government agencies and departments, and non- Proposition 2. Knowledge acquisition is a basic
government resource linkages such as factor on nation’s development
benefactors and donors, societies, and
communities. The government is a vigilant A status when the basic unit of the society,
counterpart to service; for faster transport of families in communities when they are well
goods, it oversees that the construction of roads is supported, develop their members into becoming
of greater Investment because it could better healthy learners. They are identified as ready to
improve and make health services accessible for participate and learn. The homes where they
all. belong must create healthy condition of living in
safe place, the provision of protection against the
A roller coaster ride of inflation episodes can negative elements, where gender sensitivity is
cause an eye sore and constrain health spending. present, and the availability of comfort in the
Civil service continually helps give in to facilities.
opportunities or limits to hiring more health
workers. Health as well as development amplify Curriculum content should be relevant and align
healthy citizenry, and poverty reduction, creates with the instructional materials for the reason of
a big impact on development policies, and the acquiring basic skills along language literacy,
achievement of health goals. numeracy and life skills. The challenges in
gender sensitivity, health and wellness,
The target is to invest more in health, and health nutritional concerns, prevention and cure of
is a priority over and above all other economic HIV/AIDS and peace are resonated overtime.
and development plans. 'Health and development'
support health policies and responds to the needs Along these avenues, the Department of
of the marginalized sector of a society. Once Education inculcated in the hidden curriculum on
communities produce abundant supplies on food areas considered are factors to have caused
sources, good nutrition is realized and sustained. societal and classroom problems. These are taken
into consideration; the emphasis is on the
The measure of health condition of a person is his implementation of this curricula in schools.
nutritional status. It is the healthy state of an Teachers are trained and adopt the child-centred
individual that responds with food intake and teaching strategies and learning approaches if you
utilization of its nutritional values. When the mean what precisely is happening in well-
workforce becomes well-nourished, it could managed classrooms and schools. It is important
sustain tremendous challenges in the health care. to possess skilful assessment in order that
It plays a critical role in human resource effective and active teachers could facilitate
development; when the diet is poor it means poor learning efficiently. In this manner, challenges
health and eventually can cause poor could be reduced or not eliminate them over time.
performance.
Furthermore, when a child is hungry and Outcomes result to the acquired knowledge,
malnourished, the child may suffer from mild to developed skills and modified attitudes, and are
serious learning disabilities, this could result to all linked to the national goals for education. A
performing poorly in school. If an individual is positive and active participation in nation
sick, he/she is classified under the category of building, start with the vision and ends with an
either undernourished or malnourished, this action. A quality higher education intertwines
individual does not respond well to treatment, with all functions, teaching and academic
long hours will be lost and can gradually eat up programmes, doing research, earning

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185 Journal of Positive School Psychology

scholarship, hiring, and training staffs and feeding young children and created rice and soil
learners, putting up buildings, purchasing and improvement projects. The observable benefits of
updating facilities and equipment, enhancing these projects were income generation and
community and the academic services. Creating household food security. When dryness spells the
standards of quality with due recognition land, there were more activities in Thailand like
internationally, are to be defined. The department village fishponds and safe water sources. There
in tertiary education is to generate students’ were areas that was drastically given more
international academic relationships or students’ attention, these were raising of birds and other
network. New information technologies are the lucrative projects to bring home the bacon for
new tools included as an instructional material, family’s income.
and it is necessary because it gives impact to the
delivery of knowledge acquisition (Philippine Also, what was utmost here was to help the rural
Education for all 2015). poor, afforded them better health facilities, clean
water supplies and other projects that centrally
Proposition 3. The socio-economic condition leaned on towards the rural poor who were in dire
reveals much on the development of a nation need of help. Thus, the aim was to improve
economic situation and not to neglect that food
A well-nourished, healthy workforce have more must be brought on the table. There were services
to sustain towards progress. Malnutrition freezes needed by the marginalized in the rural sector of
people, leaving and crippling them with the country and they were those who were in need
undeveloped standards of living, for a nation, it of the following services; health clinics,
means unrealized development goals. Hence, it is municipal and regional hospitals, drinking water
recommended nutrition be at the centre of socio- supplies, literacy and numeracy, nutritional and
economic development plans and strategies of all educational programmes (Tontisirin and
countries (FAO/WHO2019a). Winichagoon 1977, Bilbao-Ubillos, Javier, 2011;
Davison, Kirsten, Krahnstoever, Ford, Earl S. and
In relation to the major objective on programmes Cogswell, Mary, 2002; Inglehart, Ronald and
promoting poverty alleviation, assisting Weizel, Christian, 2005; Anders, Ericsson K. and
communities in meeting their basic needs are the Smith, J. 1999; Rogoff, Barbara, 2003).
focus of its main goal. Those classified under the
marginal sector of the society, food is pointed out Proposition 4. The governance of a country
as the first need identified by the impoverished propels its own growth and development
because food on the table is not served at all. In countries with more advance economic status,
Projects in Nutrition are viewed as a good entry analysts strongly agree to the idea that the main
point in developing and creating poverty drivers of growth and prosperity in a very high
alleviation programmes. and high economies, are the economic players
who use variety of hats on their heads, it helps tell
Thailand is one a country with high success in and describe what ‘functions’ are all about.
their status, as a nation, in terms of earning an
excellent nutritional status and poverty reduction Firstly, there are indicators which predict and tell
projects. It all started in Thailand, in 2002: jobs how much in the economy will be spend, produce
were created in the rural setting, at the time when and improve on human capital and could expand
food supply was scarce because rain does not to a more continuous technological innovation.
come in the country during the dry season. So, to Technology, then will depend largely on research
augment the scarcity of household income, and development while investing in human
people remained in their respective homes, this capital with its best result, a higher productivity.
was the time when Thai people stay put in their
communities because they participate in Secondly, the existence of the policies and
developmental community activities. This was legislations that allow offices both to purchase
the involvement in the agricultural programmes inputs and to produce goods and services with
where the production of nutritious crops was for

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Ruby Aban 186

stability, in turn are competitively driven, as well measure of closeness to that of the individual data
as provide for a transparent framework. points or clusters, it represents the difference.

When the economy is good and development is The greater the height, the greater the difference.
progressive, prosperity is where progress readily It tells only a few stories on what is similar or
redirect and connect to the course of history and different from these countries. But provides more
destiny of a nation, and more importantly become information about which countries are better
the vital outcome for a country’s growth and analysed from the point of the one who draws a
development. Finally, rapid growth development significant conclusion. With this, it could
and financial stability will depend highly on a provide, support, or contradict several or more
healthy social environment (Bilbao-Ubillos, hypothesis regarding what is similar and
Javier, 2011; Davison, Kirsten, Krahnstoever, different.
Ford, Earl S. and Cogswell, Mary, 2002;
Inglehart, Ronald and Weizel, Christian, 2005; Based on the result, the finding tells when there
Anders, Ericsson K. and Smith, J. 1999; Rogoff, are great gaps on the distances between clusters,
Barbara, 2003). these correspond to a greater disparity. Clusters 1
and 2 are identified as most different (.862). In
Human Development Index Theory cluster 3 is, it shows an approximate equal
distance which is not different to clusters 1 and 2.
The theory on HDI based on the cluster analysis, There is a relationship between the clusters, as it
that a country’s development is mainly is intuited from the final cluster centers, however,
contributed by the knowledge of its people and it becomes more challenging when and only if the
the stability of governance with the people’s good number of clusters and variables increase.
health and economic condition.
The health status of the people, the knowledge
Conclusion they learned, and their socio-economic conditions
The major goal of the study is to explore what are crucial elements for human development of a
factor can group countries into clusters and nation, together with the stability of the
identify which factors may have significance to governing body. The emergent theory of this
the human development index of a country. study states that the theory on HDI based on the
cluster analysis that when the economy of a
The theory on HDI is based on the cluster analysis country becomes very high or highly developed,
and the development of a country is largely it is mainly contributed by the knowledge of its
contributed by the knowledge of its people. In people and stability of governance with the
addition, the stability of governance will depend people’s good health and economic condition.
more on the people’s good health and economic
condition. Cluster analysis was used to explore Recommendations
the variable that can do tremendous segregation The major weakness or limitation of the study
to a huge group of countries into clusters and using data mining is the downside in privacy and
define their characteristics according to ethical apprehensions. The question on how
groupings. privacy is addressed but Data Mining is believed
as neutrally ethical. However, the manner it is
Moreover, similarities and differences of the utilized at the current pace is a rise of the
characteristics of these huge number of countries eyebrow. Since there are many means on how
are the bases upon which will generate data mining finds middle ground privacy since it
propositions that become the definitive process entails all-encompassing data preparation to
for theory generation. Dendrogram is a process disclose what is earlier unidentified information.
that uses hierarchical cluster analysis. It utilizes The risk is when somebody gets access to the
the average links between groups. It identifies the data, and the inability to identify these specific
countries like each other, and this is called the X individuals. The future direction of research
axis. In the process of clustering, Y axis is a using data mining will be more meaningful, for

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187 Journal of Positive School Psychology

the future is an era. More and more data will be Bank all rights reserved. Published &
generated in every aspect one can think of. So, in Printed in the Philippines in 2012.
everything one needs to research on, there’s data 11. Pelinescu, Elena: Impact on human capital
downloaded. Societies, groups, association and on economic growth, 2015.
governments have their ways of storing, 12. Philippine Education for all: Review Report
processing and analysing data more than any time 2015.
in history and this trend will continue to grow. 13. Philippines Transport Sector Assessment,
Strategy, and Road Map 2012.
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