Practical-6

Design of a Regulated Power Supply to produce an output voltage of 5V

DC.

Regulated Power Supply:

Transformer: The step-down transformer used in the circuit of the regulated power

supply changes the input AC voltage to the desired lower voltage value. Also, this

transformer provides an electrical isolation between two circuits. The reduced output

AC voltage of the step-down transformer is used as the input to the rectifier circuit.

Rectifier Circuit: The rectifier circuit is used to convert the input AC voltage into a
DC voltage. It consists of diodes that perform the rectification process, i.e. conversion
of the AC voltage into the DC voltage. However, the output of the rectifier is a
pulsating direct voltage. In practice, a full wave rectifier is used for the rectification due
to its technical advantages. This full wave rectifier can be a center-tapped full-wave
rectifier or a bridge rectifier. The full wave rectifier converts both positive and negative
cycles of AC voltage into DC voltage.

Filter Circuit: Since the output of the rectifier is a pulsating direct voltage which has
very high ripple content. Hence, the raw output of the rectifier is undesirable. In order
to get a pure ripple free direct voltage, a DC filter circuit is used. We have different
types of filter circuits such as capacitor filter choke input filter, π-filter, and LC filter.
Therefore, the filter circuit converts the pulsating direct voltage into the constant
direct voltage having almost zero ripple content.
 Regulator Circuit:

The voltage regulator constitutes the last block of the regulated power supply. It monitors
and corrects the fluctuations in the output voltage of the power supply. The output voltage
may change or fluctuate due to any change in the input AC voltage or the change in the load
or change in any physical parameters such as temperature of the circuit. Thus, the voltage
regulator takes care of this problem. The voltage regulator maintains the DC voltage
constant at the output terminals.

A zener diode operated in zener region, a transistor series regulator, fixed and variable IC
regulators are commonly used in different regulated power supplies as the voltage
regulator.
Design Procedure:

 IC 7805 requires a line voltage(input) between 7V and 24V.

 But in a FWBR, the voltage drop across the 2 conducting diodes must be
considered, which is about 1.4V.
 Hence, the voltage at the secondary winding must be greater than
7V+1.4V=8.4V. In this example, we will design for a secondary voltage of 10V
 The secondary voltage of a transformer is given by:
 Vs=Vp*(Ns/
Np) Np/Ns
=Vp/Vs=230/
10
 Using the above formula we get the primary-to-secondary turns ratio as 23.
 Use Diode 1n4001 with a maximum forward current rating of 1A and PIV=50V.
 Use a sufficiently large filter capacitor as the line voltage frequency is only
50Hz. Consider 10uF.
 Use a standard value of load resistor(10KΩ).

Circuit Diagram:
Voltages at Various Points:

Input and Output Waveforms:

RedLine Voltage(230Vrms)

GreenOutput Voltage(5Vdc)
Output Waveform of the Rectifier Circuit:

Waveform across the filter capacitor:

. ]
 CONCLUSION:

In conclusion,
we can conclude that a regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that
converts an alternating voltage into a steady direct voltage. The regulated power supply is
also known as a linear power supply.

The output of a regulated power supply does not influence from changes in the circuit
condition like change in load, change in input voltage, change in component temperature,
etc. Therefore, regulated power supplies are commonly used in several applications such in
mobile charges, computer power supplies, testing circuits, control systems and equipment,
etc.
 Practical-7
Design decade up counter using IC 74LS90D , also display the count using
7-segment common anode display. Use IC 7447N for BCD to 7 segment
conversion.
BCD counter / Decade counter: A binary coded decimal (BCD) is a serial digital counter
that counts ten digits and it resets for every new clock input. As it can go through 10 unique
combinations of output, it is also called as “Decade counter”. Up counter means it counts
states upwards i.e. from 0000 to 1001.

IC 74LS90: The 74LS90 integrated circuit is basically a MOD-10 decade counter that
produces a BCD output code. The 74LS90 consists of four master-slave JK flip-flops
internally connected to provide a MOD-2 (count-to-2) counter and a MOD-5 (count-to-5)
counter. The 74LS90 has one independent toggle JK flip-flop driven by the CLK A input and
three toggle JK flip-flops that form an asynchronous counter driven by the CLK B input as
shown. It can be used as a divide by 10 counter by connecting Q with (clock) input2,
A

grounding all the reset pins, and giving pulse at (clock) input1. By connecting Q with input1,
A

7490 can be used for BCD counting whereas by connecting Q with input2, it can be used for
D

bi-quinary counting. Bi-quinary is a system for storing decimal digits in a four-bit binary
number.
7-Segment Displays:

7 Segment display is one of the oldest methods of displaying values in electronic devices.
The combination of 7 LEDs makes the whole display. Every time a single pin gets the
power of a specific range it starts glowing.

In common anode displays, the anode of all the LEDs is tied commonly to Vcc. The
LEDs glow when the input is LOW.

In common cathode displays, the cathode of all the LEDs is tied commonly to GND. The
segments glow when the inputs are high.

IC 7447N:

The 7447N display decoder receives the BCD code and generates the necessary signals to
activate the appropriate LED segments responsible for displaying the number of pulses
applied. As the 74LS47 decoder is designed for driving a common-anode display, a LOW
(logic-0) output will illuminate an LED segment while a HIGH (logic-1) output will turn it
“OFF”.
 In 7447 the segment b does not normally glow for digit 6 and segment e for 9. This is
because some applications require so. Even without the segment b and e, the digits are
clearly recognizable.

Circuit Diagram:

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, this practical exercise included the design and simulation of a BCD counter
using IC74LS90(Decade counter) and IC 7447 which was used to convert the binary
output of the counter to 7 segment compatible outputs. As the outputs of the IC7447 are
active low, a common cathode display had to be used.