CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “Report on Moving Coil Galvanometer” is the bona fide work of him submitted to SALWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC 15(I) (GURUGRAM for consideration in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi. For the award of Senior School Certificate in Science. The original research work was carried out by him under my supervision in the academic year 2017-2018. On the basis of the declaration made by him | recommend report for evaluation. Examiner's Signature Teacher's Signature Page2ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mr. Pankaj Gupta as well as our principal Mrs. Rashmi Malik. Who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Report on Moving Coil Galvanometer”, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I Came to know about so many thing | am really thankful to them, Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame Page3Index no. Title PAGE No. 1. Certificate 2 2. Acknowledgement 3 3. Index 4 4 Introduction 5 5 Principle and 6-7 Construction 6 Theory 8-9 7 Advantages and 10 Disadvantages 8 Sensitivity and Accuracy 11-13 9 Bibliography 14 Page4Introduction A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument for detecting and indicating electric current. A galvanometer works as an actuator, by producing a rotary deflection (of a “pointer”), in response to electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Early galvanometers were not calibrated, but their later developments were used as measuring instruments, called ammeters, to measure the current flowing through an electric circuit. ‘Galvanometers developed from the observation that the needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire that has electric current flowing through it, first described by Hans Oersted in 1820. They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of electric currents. André-Marie Ampére, who gave mathematical expression to Orsted's discovery and named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani, who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope — that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk. Sensitive galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in many fields. For example, they enabled long range communication through submarine cables, such as the earliest Transatlantic telegraph cables, and were essential to discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain, by their fine measurements of current. PagesPrinciple When a current carrying coil is suspended in a uniform magnetic field it is acted upon by a torque. Under the action of this torque, the coil rotates and the deflection in the coil in a moving coil galvanometer is directly proportional to the current flowing through the coil. Construction Fig Moving coll galvanometer ~—Flg-~——Radfal magnetic fletd The suspended type consists of a rectangular coil of thin insulated copper wires having a large number of turns. The coil is suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet by a suspension fibre of phosphor-bronze. A spring is attached to the other end of the coil. The current enters the coil through the fibre and leaves the coil through the spring. Page6‘The upper end of the suspension fiber is connected to a rotating screw head so that the plane of the coil can be adjusted in any desired position. The horseshoe magnet has cylindrically concave pole-pieces. Due to this shape, the magnet produces radial magnetic field so that when coil rotates in any position its plane is always parallel to the direction of magnetic field. When current flows through the coil it gets deflected. translucent scale lens and graticule lamp A soft iron cylinder is fixed inside the coil such that the coil can rotate freely between the poles and around the cylinder. Due to the high permittivity, the soft iron core increases the strength of the radial magnetic field. Asmall plane mirror M is fixed to the suspension fibre. This along with lamp and scale arrangement is used to measure the deflection of the coil. Page7Theory Consider a rectangular coil PORS of single turn having length '’ and breadth ‘b’ suspended in a uniform magnetic field of induction B such that the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Let ‘Il’ be the current through the coil. + The sides PS and QR being parallel to the magnetic field do not experience any force, but the sides PQ and RS being perpendicular to the magnetic field experience force. The force experienced by each side is given by F=Bll + By Fleming's left-hand rule these forces are opposite in direction. As these two forces are equal and opposite they form what is called as a couple and due to which a torque acts on the coil which tries to deflect the coil. The deflection torque is given by, Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance between the forces. T=Fxb eT=BIlxb But IT b = A, the area of the coil aT=BIA PagesIf the coil has ‘n’ turns, then the deflecting torque is given by aT=nBlA + Under the action of this torque, the plane of the coil rotates through an angle 6 before coming to rest. Due to the radial magnetic field, the plane of the coil is always parallel to the direction of magnetic field. Thus at any position, the deflecting torque has constant magnitude. The rotation of the coil produces a twist in the fibre which produces a restoring torque which is directly proportional to the angle of deflection 6. 1x8 aT=kO Where k is the torque per unit twist (or torsional constant) of the suspension fiber. + When the coil comes to rest i.e. when it attains equilibrium, the restoring torque will balance the deflecting torque. So in equilibrium position of the coil, Deflecting torque = Restoring torque. nBIA=k@ k I=| ——|6@ (sea) The quantities in bracket are constant, therefore slag Thus in a moving coil galvanometer current in the coil is directly proportional to the angle of deflection of the coil, PacedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Moving Coil Galuanometers: + They are not affected by strong magnetic field. + They have the high torque to weight ratio. + They are very accurate and reliable. + Their scales are uniform. Disadvantages of Moving Coil Galvanometers: + The change in temperature causes a change in restoring torque. + Restoring torque cannot be easily changed. + There is a possibility of damage to the phosphor bronze fiber or helical restoring spring due to severe stresses. + Such instruments can only be used for measurement of direct current quantities and cannot be used for measurement of alternating current quantities. Pagel0Sensitivity and Accuracy of a Galvanometer Sensitivity of Moving Coil Galvanometer: + The sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is defined as the ratio of the change in deflection of the galyanometer to the change in the current. Sensitivity = dO | di + Agalvanometer is said to be sensitive if it gives larger deflection for a small current. (aa)? o=(284), Differentiating both sides w.rt. i ce (2BA) di { k The current in moving coil galvanometer is given by + Thus the sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer can be increased by Increasing the number turns (n) of the coil, Increasing the area (A) of the coil, increasing the magnetic induction (B) and Decreasing the couple per unit twist (k) of the suspension fiber. Pagel]Limitations to Increase in Sensitivity of Moving Coil Galvanometers + If the turns of the coil are increased the length of wire and hence the resistance of the coil increases. + Increasing the area of the coil beyond limit makes the instrument bulky. + Increase in the number of turns and ar the coil increases the load on suspension fiber. Hence spring higher value of k should be used which decreases the sensitivity of the galvanometer. + Increasing the strength of magnetic induction leads to increase in the weight of the apparatus. + Decreasing the couple per unit twist of the spring leads to decrease in the strength of the spring. Accuracy of Moving Coil Galvanometer: + The relative error in the measurement of current is given by di/i For moving coil galvanometer, the current through it is given by k = ie i (=) snssesceneel 1) Differentiating both sides k) d= 40 (=) caosassccad CO) Dividing equation (2)by (1) a8 19 + Thus the error in the measurement of current depends only on the measurement of the deflection in the galvanometer d@. Pagel2+ For greater accuracy of the galvanometer, the ratio di / i should be small. It is small when the deflection is large. Thus for greater accuracy, the deflection in the galvanometer should be large for small current in it, + Asthe expression of accuracy does not contain the terms n, A, Band k the accuracy is independent of the number of turns of the coil, the area of the coil, the magnetic induction and constant for the spring. Pagel3Bibliography www.google.com/images www.wikipedia.com www.hemantmore.org.in www.brainkart.com Pagel4