What is a sentence?

Sentence is taken from latin word sentential which means

group of words.
Sentence is a word or group of related words which has subject
and verb and always gives a complete meaning called sentence.
Conditions:
Has (Sub – verb)
Gives complete meaning
Made of clauses.
Can be one calause.
Can be a word.
Stop be side.
The car is coming
She goes to Kabul every week on Friday.
They are playing cricket in the play ground with their friends
now.
Basic elements of sentence.
1. Subject
2. Predicate.
Predicate: is a word or group of words which say
something about the subject called predicate.
Verb + complement = predicate.
There are four types of objects.
1. Direct object.
2. Indirect object.
3. Cognate object.
4. Retained object.
What is cognate object?
Is object which has similar or same shape or form as
verb is called cognate object.
She saw a saw.
I dreamed a dream
We sign a song
He recorded a record.
What is retained object?
Is an object which retained or remained in passive voice.
I cooked a dish for Ali.
Ali was cooked dish
A dish was cooked for Ali
What can be object?
1. Pronoun: I teach him.
2. Noun: she likes books.
3. Clause: I love what she said.
4. Phrase: I hate football match.
5. Gerund: he loves swimming.
6. Infinitive: she like to win I hope to get.
7. Ali hates to teach.
What is complement?
Is a word or group of words which completes the
meaning of a subject, verb, an object.
She is a doctor.
She became a nurse.
He was selected as manager.
Types of complement:
Subject + complement.
Object + complement.
Verb + complement.
What is subject + complement?
It is a complement which used to refer to subject or
describe the subject
What is object + complement?
Is a complement which is used to refer to object
describe the object or add something.
What can be a complement?
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Adverb
4. Present participle adjective
5. Past participle adjective
6. Clause
7. Phrase
8. Pronun
9. Infinitive
10. Gerund
Ali is a teacher.
Ali is ugly
Ali works slowly
I found the book interesting.
I became upset.
The chair is broken.
I hate what he sent to me.
I am in the class.
It is time to eat.
I went swimming.
What is subject?
Subject is the door of an action.
Subject is the receiver of an action in passive.
Subject is a noun which is used at the beginning of
a sentence.
1. Ali goes to school.
2. Ali was taught English.
3. Books are expensive.

Kinds of sentence.
1. According to structure.
2. According to meaning.
According to structure.
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence.
3. Complex sentence.
4. Compound complex sentence.
 According to meaning.
1. Declarative sentence.
2. Imperative sentence.
3. Exclamatory sentence.
4. Interrogative sentence.
5. Opetative sentence.
6. Shortened or absolute sentence.
Categorization of tense.
Families of tense
1. Simple
2. Continuous.
3. Perfect
4. Perfect continuous.
Kinds of tense.
1. Past
2. Present
3. Future.
====================================================
Function of tense.
Tense has four function.
As noun: tense means time or area.
She explained tenses.
Tenses are easy topic to learn.
As verb.
As verb tense means to make unhappy or upset, annoy
someone.
She tenses boys at school.
He tensed me by returning the money.
As adjective.
It’s means said, worried, upset.
The book has some tense stories.
Ali is tensed now.
As adverb:
It is used to mean that in sad way.
Stage of tense.
There are three stages.
Syntax stage or structure stage.
Is a stage we study the structure, formation of tense.
Explanatory (theoretical stage)
Is a stage in which we study cases or definations of tenses.
Implementation/ implementing stage.
Is a stage in which we make or form examples and meaning of
them..
Simple present vs present continuous.
1. It does not take (ing)
2. It takes (ing)
3. It show state and action
4. They shows actions.
5. It show long background of action means permanent
action.
6. It shows short background actions or means temporary
action.
7. It shows repetition regularly
8. It shows repetition for short moment.
9. It is used for generalization
10. It is not used for generalization.
We use simple present tense instead of present perfect
tense.
I hear (have heard) that you are going to UK.
‫ما اوریالی دی جی ته امریکا ته څی‬ .
I see (have seen) that you love Ali.
‫زه پوهیږم چی ته د علی سره مینه کوی‬ .
Present perfect tense vs simple past.
Present perfect tense has connection with present time or
the effect of past action is still in present moment.
Example
I have eaten breakfast in the morning.
H ate breakfast in the morning.
‫په اوله جمله کی اوس هم سهار دی او موړ هم یم خو په دوهمه جمله کی ماردیګر دی او موړ نه یم‬

I have gone to Kabul.

Za Kabul ta talale um os ham pa Kabul ke um.
I went to Kabul.
‫ره کابل ته تللی وم اوس بیرته راعلی یم‬

Simple past has connection with past time and the result is
achieved in the past and the effected is not anymore in
present.
Present perfect tense.
It expresses an action or state which happened or not
happened in the past at some unspecified time in the past
and specified time in the past and may or may not go to the
future.
Example
I have worked at the bank for 10 years.
I have cleaned the yeard.
I have been hungry since morning.
‫ره د سهار راهسی وږی یم ددی نه مخکی موړ وم‬

Present perfect VS present perfect continuous tense.

Add number is present perfect.
1. Do not show continuation of an action.
 2. Shows continuation of an action.
3. Emphasize on action.
4. Emphasize on duration.
5. Result is achieved
6. Result is some what achieved or not achieved.
7. Has stop pages/ interruption
8. No stop pages/ intrupption.
9. Show long background action.
10. Show short background an action.
11. it is completed
12. it is going on….
I have written a book.
I have been writing a book.
Past perfect VS past perfect continuous.
1. Shows the completion in the past.
2. Shows continuation of an action in the past.
3. Emphasize on action
4. Emphasize duration of an action.
5. The result was achieved.
6. The result was not achied fully.
Will VS Be going to
1. Is modal auxiliary verb
2. Is semi auxiliary verb
3. Is used to make request.
4. Is not used to make request.
5. Is used for promise.
6. Is not used for promise.
7. Is used for willingness
8. Is not used.
9. Is used for new planned action.
10. Is used for preplanned action.
11. It is weaker
12. It is stronger
13. It show weak possibility
14. It show strong possibility.
15. It is used for warning.
16. It is not used for warning.
Voice
Is the form of a verb which indicates what the subject does
or what happens to the subject..
Or
Voice is the form of a verb which shows whether subject is
the door of an action or it is the receiver of an action.

How to change active voice to passive voice?

1. First of all we should analyze the entire sentence into
subject, verb, object..
2. The object of active voice become the subject of passive
voice.
3. Transitive verbs are changed to passive voice.
4. Third form of the verb is used in passive voice.
5. Been is used for all perfect tense in passive voice.
6. Being is used for all continues tense in passive voice.
7. Auxiliary are used according to the subject tense in passive
8. Be is used with all modal auxiliary.
9. Do/ does/ did are not used in passive voice.
10. By phrase is used at the end position.
11. To be + v3 is used for infinitive
12. Object pronouns are changed.
13. It is no common to change perfect continues tense into
passive voice.
14. By whom is used for (who)
WH question in passive voice.
We must take following steps while changing WH question
to passive voice.
1. Actions auxiliaries are not used (do/does / did)
2. Be forms are used
3. WH is not replaced it is use it’s place.
4. Use the same modal auxiliary if ther any
5. WXSV formula is use except who.
Where do you teach English?
Where is English taught by you?
When do we use active voice?
When ever the subject is vital necessary to be
mentioned.
Karzi is the competent leader.
When it is important to know what is done by the
people.
Students go to university.
Girls get education.
When there a surprise.
Ali came in
Ali got a reward
When do we use passive voice?
When the door is unknown
When the object is more important.
When it is not important to mention the door hide it.
To be more polite we use passive voice.
When door are known by people