KCHSSS/2016-17/Sumbul Chhibber

FIROZABAD

SUBMITTED TO :- PRESENTED BY :-
MR. VISHAL SAXENA SUMBUL CHHIBBER
H.O.D. PHYSICS XIITH "SCI." - B
ROLL NO.
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Certificate
This is certify to that MUSKAN of class XIIth

Sci. "B" has satisfactory completed the Physics

Demonstration File Entitled. The Working is "Logic

Gates" Prescribed by C.B.S.E. Board under my

guidance Mr. Vishal Saxena for the year 2016-2017 and

has submitted in time.

________________ _________________
Sign of Principal Head of Physics Deptt.
 KCHSSS/2016-17/Sumbul Chhibber

Acknowledgement
I am highly indebted to my Physics Teacher "Mr.
Vishal Saxena" For giving me such an interesting
Demonstration file to work on. She has always provided us
with all possible help, without her sympathetic attitude,
Critical and efficient instruction this file could not have been
able to take its final shape.
I convey my special regards, my appreciation of
help and my deep sense to gratitude to Our Principal.
This Project deals with some activities performed by
extra knowledge of student. Finally I extend my appreciation
to our Lab Assistant Mr. Rajesh & all those who helped to
complete this project file.
This project conveys information about "Logic
Gates". I would also like to thank all those who helped me
in preparation of this project directly or indirectly.

-M
 KCHSSS/2016-17/Sumbul Chhibber

Index
1- INTRODUCTION

2- THE NOT GATE

3- THE AND GATE

4- THE OR GATE

5- THE NOR GATE

6- THE NAND GATE

7- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Introduction
" LOGIC GATE "
Logic gates are building blocks of digital
electronics of charge the voltage level in to another
according to same logical statement relating them. So we can
say that logic gate is a digital circuit, which works according
to some logical relationship between input & output voltage.

The relation between the possible values of input

& output voltage are expressed in the form of a table called
truth table or table of combinations.

Truth table of logic gate is a table that shown all

input & output possibilities for the logic gates.

A logical statement can have only 2 values such as

HIGH or LOW ; ON or OFF ; CLOSED or OPEN ; YES or
NO; TRUE of FALSE etc. The logical statement that gates
of the digital electronics called OR gate, AND gate, NOT
gate & NAND Gate.
 KCHSSS/2016-17/Sumbul Chhibber

Logic Gate -
A logic gate is an electronic circuit which makes logic
decisions by relating input and output signals. It contains a circuit of
semiconducting devices like junction diode, transistor etc. These
devices may act as a switch to On or Off the circuit. The switch
which may be opened or closed Is called a 'Gate'. The Gate has two
states: open gate or dosed gate. These open and dosed states of a
gate may be said to be, On and Off states. That is why the electronic
circuits using semi-conductor devices may act as a gate. These states
may also be said to be True or False, Yes or No, Open or Closed,
High or Low, etc. These two states are mathematically expressed as
1 and O. That is for On circuit, the symbol is 1 and for Off circuit,
the symbol is O. The mathematical analysis of logic operators is
done by Boolean algebra which uses only two digits: 1 and 0. That is
why it is also called Binary Algebra.
In digital electronics the two states are represented by levels 0
and 1. The level 0 means that the electronic circuit does not conduct
while level 1 means that the electronic circuit conducts. 0 does not
signify voltage 0 V and 1 does not signify voltage 1 V. The
semiconductor diodes operate at voltage above barrier voltage.
Therefore usually voltage for U level is taken as 0 V and for 1 level
it is taken as +5V.
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The Not Gate

The OR gate has also a two inputs & one input logic
one input & output logic gate. It combines the inputs A with the
output Y following Boolean Expression.
Y=Ā
i.e. y is not equal A. It is also called invertor. The Not gate is
represented. The NOT gate is represented the symbol shown in fig.

REPRESENTATION OF NOT GATE

The circuit diagram of NOT gate is shown as

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NOT GATE

The following inferences can easily drawn from the working of above
electrical circuit :
(a) If the Switch A is Open i.e. A=0 the lamp will glow.
(b) If the switch A is Closed i.e. A=1 the lamp will not glow

A B
0 1
1 0

TRUTH TABLE OF NOT GATE

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KCHSSS/2016-17/Sumbul Chhibber
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The Or Gate
The Or gate has also a two inputs & one input logic gate. In combines
the inputs A & B with the output Y following Boolean expression.
Y=A+B
i.e. Y equals A or B. The OR gate is represented the symbol shown in
fig.

REPRESENTATION OF OR GATE
The circuit diagram of OR gate is shown as

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF OR GATE

The following inferences can be easily drawn from the working of

above electrical circuit.
(a) If both switches A & B OPEN i.e. A=0, B=0 then the
lamp will not glow.
(b) If the switch A is CLOSED i.e. A=1 & B is OPEN i.e. B=0
then the lamp will glow.
(c) If the switch A is OPEN i.e. A=0 & B is CLOSED i.e. B=1
then the lamp will glow.
(d) If the both switches are CLOSED i.e. A=B=1 then the lamp
will glow.
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
TRUTH TABLE OF OR GATE
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The Nor Gate

It is logic circuit in which Or gate is followed by a NOT gate.
The output (y) of Or Gate is connected to the input of NOT gate in
(fig(a)]
The gate is obtained is called NOR gate. The logic symbol of the NOR
gate is as shown in [fig (b)].

REPRESENTATION OF NOR GATE

The truth table or NOR gate can be obtained by combining the truth
tables or OR & NOT gates. It will be as given as [fig (c)].

A B Y' Y A B Y
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0

TRUTH TABLE OR NOR GATE

The same is equivalent to the truth table given in [fig (d)]
Boolean expression for the NOR gate is.

Y=A+B
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The Nand Gate

The NAND gate can be said to be universal gates

since combinations of them can be used to accomplish any

of the basic operations and can thus produce an inverter, an

OR gate or an AND gate. The non-inverting gates do not

have this versatility since they can't produce an invert.

MAKING A NAND GATE

The NAND gate is called a universal gate because

combination of it can be used to accomplish all the basic

functions.
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TEMPLATE : DABLINK

The NAND gate is a digital logic gate that

behaves in a manner that corresponds to the truth

table to the left. A LOW output results only if both the

inputs to the gate are HIGH. If one or both inputs are

LOW, a HIGH output results. The nand gate is a

universal gate in the sense that any boolean function

can be implemented by nand gates.

Truth Table

INPUT OUTPUT
A B A NAND B

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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Bibliography
Arihant Physics XII

NCERT Physics XII

Pradeep Physics XII

Lab Manual XII

Special Thanks to
All those who indebted my by their

valuable support ingraining inbringing out

this project.