Mohiuddin

Linear Differential Equations with

Constant Coefficients
Linear Differential Equations: A differential equation of the form,
dny d n −1 y d n−2 y
+ P + P + ... ... + Pn y =
Q … … .. (1)
dx n −1 dx n − 2
1 2
dx n

where, P1 , P2 , … Pn and Q are functions of x or, constants, is called a linear

differential equation of nth order.
If P1 , P2 , … Pn are all constants (not functions of x) and Q is function of x or
constant, then the equation is called a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients.
If the right-hand term Q (non-homogeneous term) is identically zero, then the
equation reduces to,
dny d n −1 y d n−2 y
+ P + P + ... ... + Pn y =
0 … … .. (2)
dx n −1 dx n − 2
1 2
dx n

and it is called a linear homogeneous differential equation.

The general solution of equation (2) will be,
a). y = c1em x + c2em x + ... ... + cn em x if the roots i.e, m1 , m2 , ... ... mn are real and
1 2 n

distinct.
b). y = ( c1 + c2 x + ... ... + cn x n −1 ) emx if the roots i.e, m1 , m2 , ... ... mn are real and
equal.
=
c). y ( c1 cos bx + c2 sin bx ) eax if the roots are complex ( a ± ib ) and distinct.
d). y = {( c1 + c2 x ) cos bx + ( c3 + c4 x ) sin bx} eax if the roots are complex ( a ± ib ) and
repeated.
d3y d2y dy
Problem-01: Solve 3 − 6 2 + 11 − 6 y =
0.
dx dx dx
OR,
D y − 6 D y + 11Dy − 6 y =
3 2
0

Solution: Given that,

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d3y d2y dy
3
− 6 2
+ 11 − 6 y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m3e mx − 6m 2 e mx + 11me mx − 6e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m3 − 6m 2 + 11m − 6 ) =
0

⇒ m3 − 6m=
2
+ 11m − 6 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m3 − m 2 − 5m 2 + 5m + 6m − 6 =0

⇒ m 2 ( m − 1) − 5m ( m − 1) + 6 ( m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) ( m 2 − 5m + 6 ) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) ( m 2 − 3m − 2m + 6 ) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) {m ( m − 3) − 2 ( m − 3)} =
0

⇒ ( m − 1)( m − 2 )( m − 3) =
0

∴ m=
− 1 0 ; m=
− 2 0 ; m=
−3 0

⇒ m= 1 ; m= 2 ; m= 3

The general solution is,

y =c1e x + c2 e 2 x + c3e3 x

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

d3y dy
Problem-02: Solve 3 − 13 − 12 y =
0
dx dx
OR,
D y − 13Dy − 12 y =
3
0

Solution: Given that,

d3y dy
3
− 13 − 12 y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,

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m3e mx − 13me mx − 12e mx =

0

⇒ e mx ( m3 − 13m − 12 ) =
0

⇒ m3 =
− 13m − 12 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m3 + m 2 − m 2 − m − 12m − 12 =
0

⇒ m 2 ( m + 1) − m ( m + 1) − 12 ( m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1) ( m 2 − m − 12 ) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1) ( m 2 − 4m + 3m − 12 ) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1) {m ( m − 4 ) + 3 ( m − 4 )} =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m + 3)( m − 4 ) =
0

∴ m=
+ 1 0 ; m=
+ 3 0 ; m=
−4 0

⇒ m=
−1 ; m =
−3 ; m =
4

The general solution is,

y =c1e − x + c2 e −3 x + c3e 4 x

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-03: Solve 2
− 4 + 4y =
0
dx dx
OR,
D y − 4 Dy + 4 y =
2
0

Solution: Given that,

d2y dy
2
− 4 + 4y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 2 e mx − 4me mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 4m + 4 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
− 4m + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

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⇒ ( m − 2 )( m − 2 ) =
0

∴ m−
= 2 0 ; m−
= 2 0

⇒ m
= 2 ; m
= 2

The general solution is,

=
y ( c1 + c2 x ) e2 x
where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d4y d3y d2y d y

Problem-04: Solve 4
− 3
− 9 2
− 11 − 4 y =
0.
dx dx dx dx
OR
D 4 y − D 3 y − 9 D 2 y − 11Dy − 4 y =
0

Solution: Given that,

d4y d3y d2y d y
4
− 3
− 9 2
− 11 − 4 y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 4 e mx − m3e mx − 9m 2 e mx − 11me mx − 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 − m3 − 9m 2 − 11m − 4 ) =
0

⇒ m 4 − m3 − 9m=
2
− 11m − 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 4 − 4m3 + 3m3 − 12m 2 + 3m 2 − 12m + m − 4 =0

⇒ m3 ( m − 4 ) + 3m 2 ( m − 4 ) + 3m ( m − 4 ) + 1( m − 4 ) =
0

⇒ ( m − 4 ) ( m3 + 3m 2 + 3m + 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 4 )( m + 1) =
3
0

∴ m −=
4 0 ; m +=
1 0 ; m +=
1 0 ; m +=
1 0

⇒ m=
4 ; m=
−1 ; m =
−1 ; m =
−1

The general solution is,

y = ( c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 ) e − x + c4 e 4 x

where, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are arbitrary constants.

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d2y dy
Problem-05: Solve 2
− 2 + 2y =
0.
dx dx
OR,
D y − 2 Dy + 2 y =
2
0

Solution: Given that,

d2y dy
2
− 2 + 2y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 2 e mx − 2me mx + 2e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 2m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
− 2m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − 2m + 2 =0

2± 4−8
∴ m=
2

2 ± −4
=
2

2 ± 4i 2
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2
= 1± i

The general solution is,

=y c1e(1+i ) x + c2 e(1−i ) x

= c1e x .eix + c2 e x .e − ix

= e x eix + c2 e − ix 

= e x c1 ( cos x + i sin x ) + c2 ( cos x − i sin x ) 

= e x ( c1 + c2 ) cos x + i ( c1 − c2 ) sin x 

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e x [ A cos x + B sin x ] ;
= ( c1 + c2 ) and B =
putting , A = i ( c1 − c2 )

where, A , B are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-06: Solve 2
− 4 + 13 y =
0.
dx dx
OR,
D 2 y − 4 Dy + 13 y =
0

Solution: Given that,

d2y dy
2
− 4 + 13 y =
0 … … … (1)
dx dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 2 e mx − 4me mx + 13e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 4m + 13) =
0

⇒ m 2=
− 4m + 13 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − 4m + 13 =
0

4 ± 16 − 52
∴ m=
2

4 ± −36
=
2

4 ± 36i 2
=
2
4 ± 6i
=
2
= 2 ± 3i

The general solution is,

=y c1e( 2+3i ) x + c2 e( 2−3i ) x

= c1e 2 x .e3ix + c2 e 2 x .e −3ix

= e 2 x e3ix + c2 e −3ix 

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Mohiuddin

= e 2 x c1 ( cos 3 x + i sin 3 x ) + c2 ( cos 3 x − i sin 3 x ) 

= e 2 x ( c1 + c2 ) cos 3 x + i ( c1 − c2 ) sin 3 x 

e 2 x [ A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ] ;
= ( c1 + c2 ) and B =
putting , A = i ( c1 − c2 )

where, A , B are arbitrary constants.

d4y d2y
Problem-07: Solve + 5 + 6y =
0.
dx 4 dx 2
OR,
D y + 5D 2 y + 6 y =
4
0

Solution: Given that,

d4y d2y
+ 5 + 6y =
0 … … … (1)
dx 4 dx 2

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 4 e mx + 5m 2 e mx + 6e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 + 5m 2 + 6 ) =
0

⇒ m=
4
+ 5m 2 + 6 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 4 + 5m 2 + 6 =0

⇒ m 4 + 3m 2 + 2m 2 + 6 =0

⇒ m 2 ( m 2 + 3) + 2 ( m 2 + 3) =
0

⇒ ( m 2 + 2 )( m 2 + 3) =
0

∴ m=
2
+ 2 0 ; m=
2
+3 0

⇒ m2 =
−2 ; m 2 =
−3

⇒ m=
± 2i ; m =
± 3i

The general solution is,

y = c1e 2ix
+ c2 e− 2ix
+ c3e 3ix
+ c4 e− 3ix

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( ) (
= c1 cos 2 x + i sin 2 x + c2 cos 2 x − i sin 2 x )
( ) (
+ c3 cos 3 x + i sin 3x + c4 cos 3x − i sin 3x )
= ( c1 + c2 ) cos 2 x + i ( c1 − c2 ) sin 2 x + ( c3 + c4 ) cos 3x + i ( c3 − c4 ) sin 3x

= A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x + C cos 3 x + D sin 3 x

( c1 + c2 ) ; B =−
putting , A = i ( c1 c2 ) ; C =
( c3 + c4 ) ; D =
i ( c3 − c4 )

where, A , B , C , D are arbitrary constants.

d4y d3y d y
Problem-08: Solve − − +y=0.
dx 4 dx3 dx
OR
D 4 y − D 3 y − Dy + y =0

Solution: Given that,

d4y d3y d y
− − +y=0 … … … (1)
dx 4 dx3 dx

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 4 e mx − m3e mx − me mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 − m3 − m + 1) =
0

⇒ m4 =
− m3 − m + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 4 − m3 − m + 1 =0

⇒ m3 ( m − 1) − 1( m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) ( m3 − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1)( m − 1) ( m 2 + m + 1) =
0

∴ m=
− 1 0 ; m=
− 1 0 ; m2 + m=
+1 0

−1 ± 1 − 4
⇒ m= 1 ; m= 1 ; m=
2

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−1 ± −3
=
2

−1 ± 3i 2
=
2

−1 3i
= ±
2 2

The general solution is,

−
x
 3 3 
( c1 c2 x ) e x + e
y =+ 2
c3 cos x + c4 sin x
 2 2 

where, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are arbitrary constants.

d4y d2y
Problem-09: Solve + 2 +y=0.
dx 4 dx 2
OR
D4 y + 2D2 y + y =0

Solution: Given that,

d4y d2y
+ 2 +y=0 … … … (1)
dx 4 dx 2

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m 4 e mx + m 2 e mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 + 2m 2 + 1) =
0

⇒m
= 4
+ 2m 2 + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m 2 + 1) =
2
0

∴ m 2=
+ 1 0 ; m 2=
+1 0

⇒ m2 =
−1 ; m 2 =
−1

⇒ m=
2
i 2 ; m=
2
i2
⇒ m=
±i ; m =
±i

The general solution is,

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y = ( c1 + c2 x ) eix + ( c3 + c4 x ) e − ix

( c1 + c2 x )( cos x + i sin x ) + ( c3 + c4 x )( cos x − i sin x )

=

= c1 + c3 + ( c2 + c4 ) x  cos x + i c1 − c3 + ( c2 − c4 ) x  sin x

= ( A + Bx ) cos x + ( C + Dx ) sin x
( c1 + c2 ) ; B =
putting , A = ( c3 + c4 ) ; C =−
i ( c1 c2 ) ; D =
i ( c3 − c4 )

where, A , B , C , D are arbitrary constants.

d6y d4y d2y
Problem-10: Solve + 3 + 3 +y=
0.
dx 6 dx 4 dx 2

Solution: Given that,

d6y d4y d2y
+ 3 + 3 +y=
0 … … … (1)
dx 6 dx 4 dx 2

Let, y = emx be the trial solution.

The auxiliary equation of (1) is,
m6 e mx + 3m 4 e mx + 3m 2 e mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m6 + 3m 4 + 3m 2 + 1) =
0

⇒ m6 + 3m 4 =
+ 3m 2 + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m 2 + 1) =
3
0

∴ m 2=
+ 1 0 ; m 2=
+ 1 0 ; m 2=
+1 0

⇒ m2 =
−1 ; m 2 =
−1 ; m 2 =
−1

⇒ m=
2
i 2 ; m=
2
i 2 ; m=
2
i2
⇒ m=
±i ; m =
±i ; m =
±i

The general solution is,

y = ( c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 ) cos x + ( c4 + c5 x + c6 x 2 ) sin x

where, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 , c6 are arbitrary constants.

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Exercise:
1. Solve D 2 y − 3Dy + 2 y =
0 Ans : c1e x + c2 e 2 x

d 2 y dy
2.Solve 2
0 Ans : c1e 2 x + c2 e −3 x
+ − 6y =
dx dx

3.Solve D 2 y − 4 Dy + y =0 Ans : e 2 x ( c1e 3x

+ c2 e − 3x
)
d3y dy
4.Solve 3
0 Ans : ( c1 + c2 x ) e x + c3e −2 x
−3 + 2y =
dx dx

0 An s: ( c1 + c2 x ) e
5.Solve D 4 y − 4 D 2 y + 4 y = 2x
+ ( c3 + c4 x ) e − 2x

d2y dy
6.Solve 2
0 Ans : ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x ) e x
− 2 + 5y =
dx dx

d3y
7.Solve 3 + 8 y =
dx
{
0 Ans : c1e −2 x + c2 cos ( 3x ) + c sin ( 3x )} e
3
x

8.Solve D 4 y − 81y =
0 Ans : c1e3 x + c2 e −3 x + c3 cos 3 x + c4 sin 3x

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Linear Differential Equations with Constant

Coefficients but Right Side non-zero.
Consider a differential equation of the form,
dny d n −1 y d n−2 y
+ P + P + ... ... + Pn y =
Q … … .. (1)
dx n −1 dx n − 2
1 2
dx n

where, P1 , P2 , … Pn are all constants (not functions of x) and Q is function of x

or constant but Q ≠ 0 .
The general solution of equation (1) is,
=
y yc + y p

where yc is known as the complementary function (C.F) and y p is called the

particular integral (P.I).
Working Rules for Finding Particular Integral:
1 −1
1. x m= 1 ± F ( D )  x m .
f ( D)
1 1 ax
2. e ax = e if f ( a ) ≠ 0 .
f ( D) f (a)

cos ax if f ( −a 2 ) ≠ 0 .
1 1 1 1
=
3. sin ax = sin ax ; or , cos ax
f ( D2 ) f ( −a )
2
f ( D2 ) f ( −a 2 )
1 1
4. e axV = e ax V where, V is a function of x.
f ( D) f ( D + a)

Exceptional case:
1 x
1. e ax = ' e ax if f ( a ) = 0 but f ' ( a ) ≠ 0 .
f ( D) f ( D)

Again, if f ' ( a ) = 0 , f ' ' ( a ) ≠ 0 then

1 x2
e ax = ' ' e ax .
f ( D) f ( D)

f ( −a 2 ) =
1 x 1 x
=
2. sin ax = sin ax ; or , cos ax cos ax if 0
f ( D2 ) f (D )
' 2
f ( D2 ) f ( D2 )
'

but f ' ( −a 2 ) ≠ 0 .

Again if f ' ( −a 2 ) =
0 but f ' ' ( −a 2 ) ≠ 0 then

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1 x2 1 x2
= sin ax = sin ax ; or , cos ax cos ax .
f ( D2 ) f (D )
'' 2
f ( D2 ) f ' ' ( D2 )

NOTE:
d 1
1. D = and = ∫ dx .
dx D

2. (1 + x )−1 =1 − x + x 2 − x3 +  

3. (1 − x )−1 =1 + x + x 2 + x3 +  

4. (1 + x )−2 =+
1 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 +  

5. (1 − x )−2 =−
1 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 +  

6. (1 − x )−3 =+
1 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x 3 +   

Problem-01: Solve D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

4x .

Solution: Given that,

D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =
4 x … … … (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =
0 … … … (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 3me mx + 2e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 3m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
+ 3m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 2m + m + 2 =0

⇒ m ( m + 2) + ( m + 2) =
0

⇒ ( m + 2 )( m + 1) =
0

∴ m=
+2 0 ; m
= +1 0

∴ m=
−2 ; m =
−1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − x + c2 e −2 x
=

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The particular integral of (1) is,

1
yp = ( 4x)
D + 3D + 2
2

1
= ( 4x)
 1 3 
2 1 +  D 2 + D  
 2 2 
−1
1 1 3 
= 1 +  D 2 + D   ( 4x)
2 2 2 

1 
2
 1 3  1 3  
= 1 −  D 2 + D  +  D 2 + D  −    ( 4 x )
 2
2 2  2 2  


1  3 
= 4 x −  0 + .4  
2  2 

= 2x − 3

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

= c1e − x + c2 e −2 x + 2 x + 3

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-02: Solve D 2 y + 5Dy + 4 y =3 − 2 x .

Solution: Given that,
D 2 y + 5 Dy + 4 y =3 − 2 x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y + 5 Dy + 4 y =
0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 5me mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 5m + 4 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
+ 5m + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 4m + m + 4 =0

⇒ m ( m + 4) + ( m + 4) =
0

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⇒ ( m + 4 )( m + 1) =
0

∴ m
= + 1 0 ; m=
+4 0

∴ m=
−1 ; m =
−4

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − x + c2 e −4 x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
=yp (3 − 2x )
D + 5D + 4
2

1
= (3 − 2x )
 1 5 
4 1 +  D 2 + D  
 4 4 
−1
1 1 5 
= 1 +  D 2 + D   (3 − 2x )
4 4 4 

1 
2
 1 5  1 5  
= 1 −  D 2 + D  +  D 2 + D  −    ( 3 − 2 x )
 4
4 4  4 4  


1  5 
= 3 − 2 x −  0 −  
4  2 

3 1 5
= − x+
4 2 8
11 1
= − x
8 2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

11 1
= c1e − x + c2 e −4 x + − x
8 2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-03: Solve D 2 y + 2 Dy + y = 2 x + x2 .

Solution: Given that,

D 2 y + 2 Dy + y = 2 x + x 2    (1)

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Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y + 2 Dy + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 2me mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 2m + 1) =
0

⇒=
m 2 + 2m + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m + 1) =
2
0

∴ m=−1 , − 1

The complementary function of (1) is,

y=
c ( c1 + c2 x ) e− x
The particular integral of (1) is,

=yp
1
D + 2D + 1
2 ( 2x + x2 )

=
1
1 + ( D + 2D )
2 ( 2x + x )2

1 + ( D 2 + 2 D )  ( 2x + x )
−1
= 
2

=1 − ( D 2 + 2 D ) + ( D 2 + 2 D )2 −    ( 2 x + x 2 )
 

=  2 x + x 2 − {2 + 2 ( 2 + 2 x )} + 8

= 2x + x2 − 2 − 4 − 4x + 8

= x2 − 2 x + 2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

= ( c1 + c2 x ) e − x + x 2 − 2 x + 2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-04: Solve D 2 y − 6 Dy + 9 y =1 + x + x 2 .
Solution: Given that,
16
Mohiuddin

D 2 y − 6 Dy + 9 y =1 + x + x 2    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y − 6 Dy + 9 y =
0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 6me mx + 9e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 6m + 9 ) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 6m + 9 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m − 3) =
2
0

∴ m=
3,3

The complementary function of (1) is,

y=
c ( c1 + c2 x ) e3 x
The particular integral of (1) is,

=yp
1
D − 6D + 9
2 (1 + x + x2 )

=
 1
1
2 
(1 + x + x )
2

9 1 +  D 2 − D  
 9 3 
−1
1   1 2 2 
= 1 +  D − D 
9   9 3 
(1 + x + x )
2

1 1 2 2  1 2 2  
2

= 1 −  D − D  +  D − D  −    (1 + x + x )
2

9   9 3  9 3  

1 2 2  8
= 1 + x + x 2 −  − (1 + 2 x )  + 
9 9 3  9

1 2 2 4 8
= 1 + x + x2 − + + x + 
9 9 3 3 9

=
1
27
( 3x 2 + 7 x + 7 )
Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,
=
y yc + y p

17
Mohiuddin

= ( c1 + c2 x ) e3 x +
1
27
( 3x 2 + 7 x + 7 )

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-05: Solve D 4 y − 2 D3 y + D 2 y =
x3 .

Solution: Given that,

D 4 y − 2 D3 y + D 2 y =
x3    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 4 y − 2 D3 y + D 2 y =
0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 4 e mx − 2m3e mx + m 2 e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 − 2m3 + m 2 ) =
0

⇒ m 4 −=
2m3 + m 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 ( m 2 − 2m + 1) =
0

⇒ m 2 ( m − 1) =
2
0

∴ m=
0, 0,1,1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc =c1 + c2 x + ( c3 + c4 x ) e x

The particular integral of (1) is,

2 (
x3 )
1
yp =
D − 2D + D
4 3

=
1
(x )
3

D 1 + ( D − 2 D ) 
2 2


( ) ( x3 )
1 −1
= 
2 
1 + D 2
− 2 D 
D 

 x3 − ( 6 x − 6 x 2 ) + ( −24 + 24 x ) 
1
= 2  
D

2 (
x − 6 x + 6 x 2 − 24 + 24 x )
1 3
=
D

18
Mohiuddin

2 (
x + 6 x 2 + 18 x − 24 )
1 3
=
D
1 5 1 4
= x + x + 3 x 3 − 12 x 2
20 2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1 5 1 4
=c1 + c2 x + ( c3 + c4 x ) e x + x + x + 3x 3 − 12 x 2
20 2

where, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise: Try Yourself

1. D 2 y − 2 Dy + y =x2 Ans: y = ( c1 + c2 x ) e x + x 2 + 4 x + 6
x2 5
2. D 2 y + 4 y = x 2 + 3 =
Ans: y c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x + +
4 8
3. D 2 y + Dy − 2 y= 2 (1 + x − x 2 ) Ans: y =c1e x + c2e−2 x + x 2

Problem-06: Solve D 2 y − Dy − 2 y =
ex .

Solution: Given that,

D 2 y − Dy − 2 y =
e x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y − Dy − 2 y =
0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − me mx − 2e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − m − 2 ) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − m − 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − 2m + m − 2 =0

⇒ m ( m − 2) + ( m − 2) =
0

⇒ ( m − 2 )( m + 1) =
0

∴ m=
−1, 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

19
Mohiuddin

yc c1e − x + c2 e 2 x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D −D−2
2 ( ex )

ex
=
12 − 1 − 2

ex
= −
2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

ex
= c1e − x + c2 e 2 x −
2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

e −3 x .
Problem-07: Solve D 2 y + 4 Dy + 3 y =
Solution: Given that,
e −3 x    (1)
D 2 y + 4 Dy + 3 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y + 4 Dy + 3 y =
0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 4me mx + 3e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 4m + 3) =
0

⇒=
m 2 + 4m + 3 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 3m + m + 3 =0

⇒ m ( m + 3) + ( m + 3) =
0

⇒ ( m + 3)( m + 1) =
0

∴ m =−1, − 3

The complementary function of (1) is,

20
Mohiuddin

yc c1e − x + c2 e −3 x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D + 4D + 3
2 ( e −3 x )

=
x
2D + 4
( e −3 x )

xe −3 x
=
2 ( −3) + 4

1
= − xe −3 x
2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1 −3 x
=c1e − x + c2 e −3 x − xe
2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-08: Solve D3 y + y = 3 + e− x + 5e2 x .

Solution: Given that,
D 3 y + y = 3 + e − x + 5e 2 x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D3 y + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m3e mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m3 + 1) =
0

=
⇒ m3 + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m + 1) ( m 2 − m + 1) =
0

∴
= m + 1 0 or , m 2=
− m +1 0

1± 1− 4
⇒ m=
−1 or , m =
2

21
Mohiuddin

1 ± −3
=
2

1 ± 3i 2
=
2

1 ± 3i
=
2

1 ± 3i
∴ m=
−1,
2

The complementary function of (1) is,

x   3   3  
c1e − x + e 2 c2 cos 
yc = x  + c3 sin  x  
  2   2  

The particular integral of (1) is,

=
yp
1
D +1
3 ( 3 + e− x + 5e2 x )

= 3 ( 3) + 3 ( e − x ) + 3 ( 5e 2 x )
1 1 1
D +1 D +1 D +1

5e 2 x
(1 + D3 ) x
( ) 23 + 1
−1
= ( 3) + e −x
+
3D 2

xe − x 5e 2 x
=(1 − D 3 + D 6 −   ) ( 3) + +
3 ( −1)
2
9

1 5
3 + xe − x + e 2 x
=
3 9

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

x   3   3   1 5
= c1e − x + e 2 c2 cos  x  + c3 sin  x   + 3 + xe − x + e 2 x
  2   2   3 9

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-09: Solve D3 y + 3D 2 y + 3Dy + y =e− x .

Solution: Given that,

D 3 y + 3D 2 y + 3Dy + y =e − x    (1)

22
Mohiuddin

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 3 y + 3D 2 y + 3Dy + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m3e mx + 3m 2 e mx + 3me mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m3 + 3m 2 + 3m + 1) =
0

⇒ m3 + 3=
m 2 + 3m + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m + 1) =
3
0

∴ m =−1, − 1, −1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc = ( c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 ) e − x

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D + 3D 2 + 3D + 1
3 ( e− x )

=
x
3D + 6 D + 3
2 ( e− x )
x2
=
6D + 6
( e− x )

x3 − x
= e
6

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

x3 − x
= ( c1 + c2 x + c3 x ) e + e
2 −x

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-10: Solve 2 D3 y − 3D 2 y + y = ex + 1.

Solution: Given that,

2 D 3 y − 3D 2 y + y = e x + 1    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

23
 Mohiuddin

2 D 3 y − 3D 2 y + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

2m3e mx − 3m 2 e mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( 2m3 − 3m 2 + 1) =
0

⇒ 2m
= 3
− 3m 2 + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ 2m3 − 2m 2 − m 2 + m − m + 1 =0

⇒ 2m 2 ( m − 1) − m ( m − 1) − ( m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) ( 2m 2 − m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) ( 2m 2 − 2m + m − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m − 1) {2m ( m − 1) + ( m − 1)} =
0

⇒ ( m − 1)( m − 1)( 2m + 1) =
0

1
∴ m = 1,1, −
2

The complementary function of (1) is,

x
−
( c1 c2 x ) e + c3e
yc =+ x 2

The particular integral of (1) is,

=yp
1
2 D − 3D + 1
3 2 ( e x + 1)

=
x
6D − 6D
2 ( ex ) +
1
2 D − 3D 2 + 1
3

x2
=
12 D − 6
( ex ) + 1

x2
=
12 (1) − 6
( ex ) + 1

1 2 x
= x e +1
6

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

24
Mohiuddin
x
− 1
=( c1 + c2 x ) e + c3e
x 2
+ x 2e x + 1
6

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise: Try Yourself

1
1. D 2 y − 3Dy + 2 y =
e3 x Ans: y =c1e x + c2 e 2 x + e3 x
2
2. D3 y − Dy =e x + e− x Ans: y =c1 + c2 e x + c3e − x +
2
(e + e )
x x −x

( c1 cos x + c2 sin x ) e− x + 2e− x

2e − x Ans: y =
3. D 2 y + 2 Dy + 2 y =
e 2 x 1 2 −2 x
4. D 2 y + 4 Dy + 4 y = e2 x + e−2 x Ans: y =( c1 + c2 x ) e−2 x + + xe
16 2

Problem-11: Solve D 2 y + 4 y =
sin 3x .

Solution: Given that,

sin 3x    (1)
D2 y + 4 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D2 y + 4 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 4 ) =
0

=
⇒ m 2 + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − ( 2i ) =
2
0

⇒ ( m + 2i )( m − 2i ) =
0

∴ m = 2i, − 2i

The complementary function of (1) is,

=yc c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
yp = ( sin 3x )
D +4
2

25
Mohiuddin

1
= ( sin 3x )
−3 + 4
2

1
= ( sin 3x )
−9 + 4
1
= − sin 3 x
5

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1
= c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x − sin 3 x
5

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-12: Solve D 2 y − 2 Dy + 5 y =
10sin x .

Solution: Given that,

10sin x    (1)
D 2 y − 2 Dy + 5 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y − 2 Dy + 5 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 2me mx + 5e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 2m + 5 ) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 2m + 5 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

2 ± 4 − 4×5
∴ m=
2

2 ± −16
=
2

2 ± 16i 2
=
2
2 ± 4i
=
2
= 1 ± 2i

∴ m =+
1 2i,1 − 2i

26
Mohiuddin

The complementary function of (1) is,

=yc ( c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x ) e x
The particular integral of (1) is,
1
yp = (10sin x )
D − 2D + 5
2

1
= (10sin x )
−1 − 2 D + 5
2

1
= (10sin x )
4 − 2D
1
= (10sin x )
2(2 − D)

(2 + D)
= (10sin x )
2 {2 2 − D 2 }

(2 + D)
= (10sin x )
{
2 22 − ( −12 ) }
1
= ( 20sin x + 10 cos x )
10
= 2sin x + cos x

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

= ( c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x ) e x + 2sin x + cos x

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-13: Solve D 2 y − 8Dy + 16 y =

5cos 3 x .

Solution: Given that,

5cos 3 x    (1)
D 2 y − 8 Dy + 16 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y − 8 Dy + 16 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 8me mx + 16e mx =
0

27
Mohiuddin

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 8m + 16 ) =
0

⇒ m 2=
− 8m + 16 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m − 4) =
2
0

∴ m=
4, 4

The complementary function of (1) is,

y=
c ( c1 + c2 x ) e4 x
The particular integral of (1) is,
1
yp = ( 5cos 3x )
D − 8 D + 16
2

1
= ( 5cos 3x )
−3 − 8 D + 16
2

1
= ( 5cos 3x )
7 − 8D

( 7 + 8D ) 5cos 3x
2 ( )
=
72 − (8D )

( 7 + 8D )
= ( 5cos 3x )
49 − 64 D 2
1
= ( 35cos 3x − 120sin 3x )
49 − 64 ( −32 )

1
= ( 35cos 3x − 120sin 3x )
625
1
= ( 7 cos 3x − 24sin 3x )
125

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1
( c1 + c2 x ) e4 x +
= ( 7 cos 3x − 24sin 3x )
125

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-14: Solve D 2 y − 3Dy + 4=

y cos ( 3 x + 5 ) .

28
 Mohiuddin

Solution: Given that,

y cos ( 3 x + 5 )    (1)
D 2 y − 3Dy + 4=

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y − 3Dy + 4 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 3me mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 3m + 4 ) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 3m + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

3 ± 9 − 16
∴ m=
2

3 ± −7
=
2

3 ± 7i
=
2

3 + 7i 3 − 7i
∴ m= ,
2 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

  7   7   32x
=yc c1 cos  x  + c2 sin  x   e
  2   2  

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
=yp cos ( 4 x + 5 ) 
D − 3D + 4 
2

1
= cos ( 4 x + 5 ) 
−4 − 3D + 4 
2

1
= cos ( 4 x + 5 ) 
−12 − 3D 
1
=
− cos ( 4 x + 5 ) 
3( 4 + D) 

( 4 − D ) cos 4 x + 5 
=
−  ( )
3 ( 42 − D 2 )

29
Mohiuddin

( 4 − D ) cos 4 x + 5 
=
−  ( )
{
3 42 − ( −42 ) }
1
=−  4 co ( 4sx + 5 ) + 4sin ( 4 x + 5 ) 
96 
1
=− co ( 4sx + 5 ) + sin ( 4 x + 5 ) 
24 

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

  7   7   32x 1
= c1 cos  x  + c2 sin  x   e − cos ( 4 x + 5 ) + sin ( 4 x + 5 ) 
  2   2   24

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-15: Solve D 2 y + y =
sin 2 x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

sin 2 x sin x    (1)
D2 y + y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D2 y + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 1) =
0

=
⇒ m 2 + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m2 − i 2 =
0

⇒ ( m + i )( m − i ) =
0

∴ m =i, − i

The complementary function of (1) is,

=yc c1 cos x + c2 sin x

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
yp = ( sin 2 x sin x )
D +12

30
Mohiuddin

1 1 
=  × 2sin 2 x sin x 
D +1 2
2

1 1
= ( cos x − cos 3x )
2 D2 + 1

1 1
( cos x ) − 2 ( cos 3x )
1
= 
2  D +1
2
D +1 

1 x
( cos x ) − 2 ( cos 3x )
1
= 
2  2D −3 + 1 

1  xD 1 
2 (
=  cos x ) + cos 3 x 
2  2D 8 

1  xD 1 
=  ( cos x ) + cos 3 x 
2  2 ( −12 ) 8 


1 x
( − sin x ) + cos 3x 
1
= 
2  −2 8 
1
= ( 4 x sin x + cos 3x )
16

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x + ( 4 x sin x + cos 3x )
16

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-16: Solve D 2 y + 4 y =
sin 2 x .

Solution: Given that,

sin 2 x    (1)
D2 y + 4 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D2 y + 4 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 4 ) =
0

31
 Mohiuddin

=
⇒ m 2 + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − ( 2i ) =
2
0

⇒ ( m + 2i )( m − 2i ) =
0

∴ m = 2i, − 2i

The complementary function of (1) is,

=yc c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D +4
2 ( sin 2 x )
1 1 2 
=  × 2sin x 
D +42
2

1 1
= (1 − cos 2 x )
2 D2 + 4

 
 
1 1 1 x
= − ( cos 2 x )
2  4  D2  2D
 1 +  
  4  

1  1  D2  
−1
xD
=  1 +  (1) − ( cos 2 x ) 
2 4  4  2D2 


1  1  D2 D4  xD 
=  1 − + −    (1) − ( cos 2 x ) 
2 4 

4 16  2 ( −2 2
) 

1 1 x 
=  + ( −2sin 2 x ) 
2 4 8 

11 x 
=  − sin 2 x 
24 4 
1
= (1 − x sin 2 x )
8

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

32
Mohiuddin

1
= c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x + (1 − x sin 2 x )
8

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise: Try Yourself

1
1. D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =
cos 2 x Ans: y =c1e− x + c2e−2 x + ( 3sin 2 x − cos 2 x )
20
2. D 2 y − 5Dy + 6 y =
100sin 4 x Ans: y = c1e3 x + c2e2 x + 4 cos 4 x − 2sin 4 x
x
3. D 2 y + 4 y =
sin 2 x Ans: y = c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x − cos 2 x
4
x
4. D2 y + 4 y =cos 2 x Ans: y = c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x + sin 2 x
4
x
5. D2 y + y = sin x Ans: y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − cos x
2
1 1
6. D2 y + y = cos 2 x Ans:=y c1 cos x + c2 sin x + − cos 2 x
2 6
1
7. D 2 y − 5Dy + 6 y = sin x + co x sAns: y = c1e3 x + c2 e 2 x + cos x
5
− y sin ( 3 x + 1)  3x  + c sin  3x   e− x 2
8. D3 y = c1e x + c2 cos 
Ans: y =
  2  3  2  

730 {
+1 27 cos ( 3 x + 1) − sin ( 3 x + 1)}

xe − x .
Problem-17: Solve D 2 y − 4 Dy − 5 y =
Solution: Given that,
xe − x    (1)
D 2 y − 4 Dy − 5 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y − 4 Dy − 5 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 4me mx − 5 =0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 4m − 5 ) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 4m − 5 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − 5m + m − 5 =0

⇒ m ( m − 5) + ( m − 5) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 5 ) =
0

33
Mohiuddin

∴ m=
−1,5

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − x + c2 e5 x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 4D − 5
2 ( xe − x )

1
= e− x ( x)
( D − 1) − 4 ( D − 1) − 5
2

1
= e− x ( x)
D − 2D + 1 − 4D + 4 − 5
2

1
= e− x ( x)
D − 6D
2

1 1
= − e− x ( x)
6 D 1− D ( 6)

( )
1 1 −1
− e− x
= 1− D
6 ( x)
6 D

− e − x 1 + D + D +   ( x )
1 1 2 2
=
6 D 6 36 

=
1
− e− x
6
1
D
x+ 1
6 ( )
1  x2 
− e− x  + x 
=
6
6  2 

− e− x ( x + 3x 2 )
1
=
36

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

e ( x + 3x 2 )
1 −x
= c1e − x + c2 e5 x −
36

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-18: Solve D 2 y − y = ( x + 3) e2 x .
Solution: Given that,
34
 Mohiuddin

D 2 y − y = ( x + 3) e 2 x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D2 y − y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 1) =
0

=
⇒ m 2 − 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 1) =
0

∴ m=
−1,1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − x + c2 e x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
=yp ( x + 3) e 2 x
D −1
2

1
= e2 x ( x + 3)
( D + 2) −1
2

1
= e2 x ( x + 3)
D + 4D + 4 − 1
2

1
= e2 x ( x + 3)
D + 4D + 3
2

1 2x 1
e ( x + 3)
3  4 1 2 
1 +  3 D + 3 D  
  
−1
1  4 1 
= e 2 x 1 +  D + D 2   ( x + 3)
3  3 3 

1 2x   4 
2
1  4 1 
= e 1 −  D + D 2  +  D + D 2  −    ( x + 3)
3   3 3  3 3  

1 2x  4  
= e  x + 3 −  + 0  + 0
3  3  

35
Mohiuddin

1 2x
= e ( 3x + 5)
9

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1
= c1e − x + c2 e x + e 2 x ( 3 x + 5 )
9

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-19: Solve D3 y − 2 Dy + 4 y =
e x cos x .

Solution: Given that,

e x cos x    (1)
D 3 y − 2 Dy + 4 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 3 y − 2 Dy + 4 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m3e mx − 2me mx + 4e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m3 − 2m + 4 ) =
0

⇒m
= 3
− 2m + 4 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m3 + 2m 2 − 2m 2 − 4m + 2m + 4 =0

⇒ m 2 ( m + 2 ) − 2m ( m + 2 ) + 2 ( m + 2 ) =
0

⇒ ( m + 2 ) ( m 2 − 2m + 2 ) =
0

∴=
m + 2 0 or , m 2 − =
2m + 2 0

2 ± 4 − 4× 2
⇒ m=
−2 or , m =
2

2 ± −4
=
2

2 ± 4i 2
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2

36
Mohiuddin

= 1± i
∴ m=
−2,1 + i, 1 − i

The complementary function of (1) is,

c1e −2 x + ( c2 cos x + c3 sin x ) e x
yc =

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 2D + 4
3 ( e x cos x )

1
= ex ( cos x )
( D + 1) − 2 ( D + 1) + 4
3

1
= ex ( cos x )
D + 3D + 3D + 1 − 2 D − 2 + 4
3 2

1
= ex ( cos x )
D + 3D 2 + D + 3
3

x
= ex ( cos x )
3D + 6 D + 1
2

x
= ex ( cos x )
3 ( −1 ) + 6 D + 1
2

x
= ex ( cos x )
−2 + 6 D
1 x
= − ex ( cos x )
2 (1 − 3D )

1 x (1 + 3D )
= − ex ( cos x )
2 {
1 − ( 3D )
2
}
1 x (1 + 3D )
= − ex ( cos x )
2 {
1 − 9 ( −12 ) }
1
− xe x ( cos x − 3sin x )
=
20

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1 x
c1e −2 x + ( c2 cos x + c3 sin x ) e x −
= xe ( cos x − 3sin x )
20

37
Mohiuddin

where, c1 , c2 , c3 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-20: Solve D 2 y − 2 Dy + 2 y =
e x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

e x sin x    (1)
D 2 y − 2 Dy + 2 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

e x sin x    (2)
D 2 y − 2 Dy + 2 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 2me mx + 2e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 2m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
− 2m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

2 ± 4 − 4× 2
∴ m=
2

2 ± −4
=
2

2 ± 4i 2
=
2
2 ± 2i
=
2
= 1± i
∴ m =1 + i,1 − i

The complementary function of (1) is,

=yc ( c1 cos x + c2 sin x ) e x
The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 2D + 2
2 ( e x sin x )

1
= ex ( sin x )
( D + 1) − 2 ( D + 1) + 2
2

1
= ex ( sin x )
D + 2D + 1 − 2D − 2 + 2
2

38
Mohiuddin

1
= ex ( sin x )
D +1
2

x
= ex ( sin x )
2D
xD
= ex ( sin x )
2D2
xD
= ex ( sin x )
2 ( −12 )

1
= − xe x ( cos x )
2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1 x
=( c1 cos x + c2 sin x ) e x − xe ( cos x )
2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-21: Solve D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

e 2 x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

e 2 x sin x    (1)
D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + 3me mx + 2e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + 3m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
+ 3m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 2m + m + 2 =0

⇒ m ( m + 2) + ( m + 2) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m + 2 ) =
0

∴ m =−1, − 2

39
Mohiuddin

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − x + c2 e −2 x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D + 3D + 2
2 ( e2 x sin x )
1
= e2 x ( sin x )
( D + 2) + 3( D + 2) + 2
2

1
= e2 x ( sin x )
D + 4 D + 4 + 3D + 6 + 2
2

1
= e2 x ( sin x )
D + 7 D + 12
2

1
= e2 x ( sin x )
−1 + 7 D + 12
2

1
= e2 x ( sin x )
11 + 7 D

(11 − 7 D ) sin x
2 ( )
= e2 x
(11) − ( 7 D )
2

(11 − 7 D )
= e2 x ( sin x )
121 − 49 D 2

(11 − 7 D )
= e2 x ( sin x )
121 − 49 ( −12 )

1
= (11sin x − 7 cos x ) e2 x
170

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1
=c1e − x + c2 e −2 x + (11sin x − 7 cos x ) e2 x
170

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-22: Solve D 2 y − 2 Dy + y =x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

D 2 y − 2 Dy + y =x sin x    (1)

40
 Mohiuddin

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D 2 y − 2 Dy + y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − 2me mx + e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 2m + 1) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 2m + 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m − 1) =
2
0

∴ m=
1,1

The complementary function of (1) is,

y=
c ( c1 + c2 x ) e x
The particular integral of (1) is,
1
yp = ( x sin x )
D − 2D + 1
2

 
= Imaginary Part of  2
1
 D − 2D + 1
( xeix ) 


 1 
= I . P. of eix ( x )
 ( D + i ) − 2 ( D + i ) + 1 
2


( x ) 
1
= I . P. of eix 2
 D + 2 Di − 1 − 2 D − 2i + 1 


( x )
1
= I . P. of eix 2
 D + 2 Di − 2 D − 2i 

 
 eix 1 
= I . P. of  − ( x )
 2i 1 − 1 D 2 + 2 Di − 2 D 
 
 2i
( ) 




 ieix  1 
−1

= I .P. of  1 − ( D + 2 Di − 2 D )  ( x )
2

 2  2i  

 ieix  1  
1 + ( D + 2 Di − 2 D ) + 2 ( D + 2 Di − 2 D ) +  ( x ) 
1 2
= I .P. of  2 2

 2  2i 4i  

41
 Mohiuddin

 ieix  1 
= I .P. of   x + ( 2i − 2 ) 
 2  2i 

 ieix 
= I .P. of  { x + (1 + i )}
 2 

i 
= I .P. of  ( cos x + i sin x ) {( x + 1) + i}
2 

i 
= I .P. o f {( x + 1) cos x + i cos x + i ( x + 1) sin x − sin x}
2 

1 
= I .P. of  {i ( x + 1) cos x − cos x − ( x + 1) sin x − i sin x}
2 

= {( x + 1) cos x − sin x}
1
2

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

=( c1 + c2 x ) e x +
1
2
{( x + 1) cos x − sin x}
where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-23: Solve D 2 y + Dy =
x cos x .

Solution: Given that,

x cos x    (1)
D 2 y + Dy =

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

0    (2)
D 2 y + Dy =

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx + me mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 + m ) =
0

=
⇒ m 2 + m 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ m ( m + 1) =
0

∴ m =0, − 1

42
 Mohiuddin

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc= c1 + c2 e − x

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
yp = ( x cos x )
D +D
2

 1 
= Re al Part of  2
D + D
( xeix ) 


 1 
= R . P. of eix ( x ) 
 ( D + i ) + ( D + i )
2


 1 
= R . P. of eix 2 ( x )
 D + 2iD + i + ( D + i )
2



( x )
1
= R . P. of eix 2
 D + 2iD − 1 + D + i 

 1 
= R . P. of eix 2 ( x )
 D + ( 2i + 1) D + ( i − 1) 

 
 

( x )
1 1
= R . P. of  e ix


( )
i − 1 
 1 ( 2i + 1) D  

1+  D2 + 
  ( i − 1) ( i − 1)  

   1 ( 2i + 1)  
−1

1 
= R . P. of  e 1 + 
ix
D +
2
D  ( x ) 
 ( i − 1)   ( i − 1) ( i − 1)   
 

   1 ( 2 i + 1)   ( 2 i + 1) 
2
 
1 1
= R . P. o  e f1 − 
ix
D +
2
D+ D +
2
D  −  ( x ) 
 ( i − 1)   ( i − 1) ( i − 1)   ( i − 1) ( i − 1)   
 

 1 ix  ( 2i + 1) 
= R . P. of  e x − 
 ( i − 1)  ( i − 1) 
 1 
= R . P. of  e ix
{( i − 1) x − ( 2i + 1)} 
 ( i − 1)
2


43
 Mohiuddin


( cos x + i sin x ){ix − x − 2i − 1}
1
= R . P. of 
 −1 + 1 − 2i 

 1 
= R . P. of  − ( cos x + i sin x ) {i ( x − 2 ) − ( x + 1)}
 2i 

i 
= R . P. o f {i ( x − 2 ) cos x − ( x + 1) cos x − ( x − 2 ) sin x − i ( x + 1) sin x}
2 

=
1
2
{− ( x − 2 ) cos x + ( x + 1) sin x}

=
1
2
{( 2 − x ) cos x + ( x + 1) sin x}
Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,
=
y yc + y p

= c1 + c2 e − x +
1
2
{( 2 − x ) cos x + ( x + 1) sin x}
where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-24: Solve D 4 y − y =x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

D4 y − y =x sin x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D4 y − y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 4 e mx − e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 4 − 1) =
0

=
⇒ m 4 − 1 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

⇒ ( m 2 − 1)( m 2 + 1) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 1) ( m 2 − i 2 ) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 1)( m + i )( m − i ) =
0

44
 Mohiuddin

∴ m=
−1,1, i, − i

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc = c1e − x + c2 e x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x

The particular integral of (1) is,

1
yp = ( x sin x )
D −1
4

 1 
= Imaginary Part of  4 ( xeix ) 
 D −1 

 1 
= I . P. of eix ( x ) 
 ( D + i ) − 1 
4


( x )
1
= I . P. of eix 4
 D + 4 D i + 6 D i + 4 Di + i − 1 
3 2 2 3 4

sin ce, ( a + b )n =a n + n c1a n −1b + n c2 a n − 2b 2 +  + b n 

 


( x )
1
= I . P. of eix 4
 D + 4 D i − 6 D − 4 Di + 1 − 1 
3 2


( x ) 
1
= I . P. of eix 4
 D + 4 D 3
i − 6 D 2
− 4 Di 

 
 ix 
e 1

= I . P. of − ( x )
 4 Di   1 3 3i   
1 −  D + D + D  
2
 
   4i 2  

 ieix   1 3 3i  
−1

= I . P. of   
1 − D + D 2
+ D  ( x ) 
 4 D   4i 2  

 ieix   1 3 3i   1 3 3i 
2
 
= I . P. o  f 1 +  D + D + D  +  D + D + D  +  ( x ) 
2 2

 4 D   4i 2   4i 2   

 ieix  3i  
= I . P. of   x + 
 4D  2 

 ieix  x 2 3 xi  
= I . P. of   + 
 4  2 2 

45
 Mohiuddin

i  x 2 3 xi  
= I . P. of  ( cos x + i sin x )  + 
4  2 2 

1  x 2 3 xi  
= I . P. of  ( i cos x − sin x )  + 
4  2 2 

 1  x2 3x x2 3 xi 
= I . P. of   i cos x − cos x − sin x − sin x  
4  2 2 2 2 

1  x2 3x 
=  cos x − sin x 
4 2 2 

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

1  x2 3x 
= c1e − x + c2 e x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x +  cos x − sin x 
4 2 2 

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-25: Solve D 2 y − y =x 2 cos x .

Solution: Given that,

D2 y − y =x 2 cos x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D2 y − y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m=
+ 1)( m − 1) 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

∴ m =1, − 1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e x + c2 e − x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

46
 Mohiuddin

yp =
1
D −1
2 ( x 2 cos x )

 1 
= Re al Part of  2 ( x 2 eix ) 
 D −1 

 
= R . P. of eix
1
( )
x 2

 ( D + i ) − 1
2


 
= R . P. of eix 2
1
 D + 2iD + i − 1
2 ( x 2 )


 
= R . P. of eix 2
1
 D + 2iD − 1 − 1
( x 2 )


 
= R . P. of eix 2
1
 D + 2iD − 2
( x 2 )


 
 1 
= R . P. of  − eix
1
( )
x 2

 2 1 −  1 D 2 + iD  
   
 2 

 1 ix   1 2 
−1

= R . P. of  − e 1 −  D + iD   ( x 2 ) 
 2   2  

 1 ix   1 2  1 2 
2
 
= R . P. of  − e 1 +  D + iD  +  D + iD  +  ( x 2 ) 
 2   2  2   

 1 
= R . P. of  − eix { x 2 + (1 + 2ix ) − 2}
 2 

 1 
= R . P. of  − ( cos x + i sin x ) { x 2 + 1 + 2ix − 2}
 2 

 1
 2
{ 
= R . P. of  − ( cos x + i sin x ) ( x 2 − 1) + 2ix 

}
 1
= R . P. of  −
 2
{( x − 1) cos x + 2ix cos x + i ( x − 1) sin x − 2 x sin x}
2 2

=
1
2
{
2 x sin x − ( x 2 − 1) cos x }
= x sin x −
2
( x − 1) cos x
1 2

47
Mohiuddin

Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,

=
y yc + y p

=c1e x + c2 e − x + x sin x −
2
( x − 1) cos x
1 2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Problem-26: Solve D 2 y − y =xe x sin x .

Solution: Given that,

D2 y − y =xe x sin x    (1)

Let, y = emx be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation,

D2 y − y =0    (2)

The auxiliary equation of (2) is,

m 2 e mx − e mx =
0

⇒ e mx ( m 2 − 1) =
0

⇒ ( m=
+ 1)( m − 1) 0 ; sin ce e mx ≠ 0

∴ m =1, − 1

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e x + c2 e − x
=

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D −1
2 ( x 2e x sin x )

y p = ex
1
(x 2
sin x )
( D + 1) −1
2

= ex
1
D + 2D + 1 −1
2 ( x 2 sin x )

= ex
1
D + 2D
2 ( x 2 sin x )

 
= Imaginary Part of e x 2
1
 D + 2D
( x 2 eix ) 


48
Mohiuddin

 
= I . P. of e x eix
1
( x 2 )
( D + i ) + 2 ( D + i ) 
2


 
= I . P. of e(1+i ) x 2

1
D + 2 Di + i + 2 D + 2i
2 ( x 2 )


 
= I . P. of e x eix 2
1
D + 2 (1 + i ) D − 1 + 2i
( x 2 )
 

 1 
= I . P. of  e x eix
1
1 + { D 2 + 2 (1 + i ) D}
( x 2
) 
 ( 2i − 1) 

 ( 2i + 1) x ix 
e e 1 + { D 2 + 2 (1 + i ) D} ( x 2 ) 
−1
= I . P. of  −
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) (1+i ) x   ( x 2 )
{ ( ) } { ( ) }
2
= I . P. o f − e 1 − D 2
+ 2 1 + i D + D 2
+ 2 1 + i D −  
 5   

 ( 2i + 1) x 2 
= I . P. of  − e ( co xs+ i sin x )  x 2 − {2 + 4 (1 + i ) x} + 8 (1 + i )  
 
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) x 
= I . P. of  − e ( cos x + i sin x ) { x 2 − 2 − 4 x − 4ix + 16i}
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) x 
= I . P. of  − {
e ( cos x + i sin x ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 2 ) − 4i ( x − 4 )  }
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) x 
= I . P. of  − {
e ( cos x + i sin x ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 2 ) − 4i ( x − 4 )  }
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) x 2 
= I . P. o  − f {
e ( x − 4 x − 2 ) cos x − 4i ( x − 4 ) cos x + i ( x 2 − 4 x − 2 ) sin x + 4 ( x − 4 ) sin x  }
 5 

 ( 2i + 1) x 2 
= I . P. o  − f { }
e ( x − 4 x − 2 ) cos x − 4i ( x − 4 ) cos x + i ( x 2 − 4 x − 2 ) sin x + 4 ( x − 4 ) sin x 
 5 
( 2i + 1) e x 2 x2 − 4 x − 2 cos x − 4i x − 4 cos x + i x2 − 4 x − 2 sin x + 4 x − 4 sin x
−
5
({ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) }
Therefore, the general solution of equation (1) is,
=
y yc + y p

49
Mohiuddin

=c1e x + c2 e − x + x sin x −
2
( x − 1) cos x
1 2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise: Try Yourself

1
x sin x Ans: y = c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin 2 x + ( 3 x sin x − 2 cos x )
1. D 2 y + 4 y =
9

Linear Differential Equations with variables

Coefficients
An equation of the form
n −1
dny n −1 d y
xn n
+ P1 x n −1
+    + Pn y =
Q    (1)
dx dx

where, P1 , P2 ,   Pn are constants and Q is function of x or constant, is called

the linear differential equation with variables coefficients.
=
NOTE: If we put x e=t
or , t ln x , then the equation (1) is transformed into an
equation with constant coefficients changing the independent variable from x to
t as,
dt 1
=
dx x
dy dy dt
Now = .
dx dt dx
dy 1 dy
⇒ =
dx x dt
dy dy
⇒x =
dx dt
dy d
=
⇒x =
Dy ; taking D
dx dt

d 2 y d  dy 
Again, =  
dx 2 dx  dx 

d 2 y d  1 dy 
⇒ 2 =  
dx dx  x dt 

50
Mohiuddin

d2y 1 dy 1 d  dy 
⇒ =
− 2 +  
dx 2
x dt x dx  dt 

d2y 1 dy 1 d 2 y dt
⇒ =
− + .
dx 2 x 2 dt x dt 2 dx

d2y 1 d y 1 d2y 1
⇒ =
− + .
dx 2 x 2 dt x dt 2 x

d2y 1 d y 1 d2y
⇒ =
− +
dx 2 x 2 dt x 2 dt 2

d2y d2y d y
⇒ x2 = −
dx 2 dt 2 dt

d2y d
⇒ x2 =D ( D − 1) y ; taking D =
dx 2 dt

d3y
Similarly, x3 = D ( D − 1)( D − 2 ) y
dx3
… … ……………………………

dny
x =
n
D ( D − 1)( D − 2 )    ( D − n + 1) y
dx n

From (1) we get,

{ D ( D − 1)( D − 2 )    ( D − n + 1)} + P1 { D ( D − 1)( D − 2 )    ( D − n + 2 )}

+   + Pn y = Q   (2)

The equation (2) is a linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

d2y dy
Problem-01: Solve x 2 2
+ 9 x + 25 y =
0
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
+ 9 x + 25 y =
0    (1)
dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y + 9 Dy + 25 y =
0

⇒ D 2 y − Dy + 9 Dy + 25 y =
0

0  ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y + 8 Dy + 25 y =

51
Mohiuddin

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the equation (2)

Then the auxiliary equation of (2) is,
m 2 e mt + 8me mt + 25e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 + 8m + 25 ) =
0

⇒ m 2=
+ 8m + 25 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

−8 ± 64 − 100
∴ m=
2

−8 ± −36
=
2
−8 ± 6i
=
2
=−4 ± 3i
∴ m =−4 ± 3i

The general solution of (1) is,

=y ( c1 cos 3t + c2 sin 3t ) e−4t
= c1 cos ( 3ln x ) + c2 sin ( 3ln x )  x −4
1
= c1 cos ( 3ln x ) + c2 sin ( 3ln x ) 
x4 

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y
Problem-02: Solve x 2 2
+y=
3x 2
dx

d2y
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
+y=
3 x 2    (1)
dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y + y =
3e 2t

3e 2t    ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y − Dy + y =

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

D 2 y − Dy + y =0    ( 3)

52
 Mohiuddin

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt − me mt + e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 − m + 1) =
0

⇒
= m 2 − m + 1 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

1± 1− 4
∴ m=
2

1 ± −3
=
2

1 ± 3i
=
2

1 3i
∴ m= ±
2 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

  3   3  t 2
=yc c1 cos  t  + c2 sin  t   e
  2   2  
  3   3   ln x 12
= c1 cos  ln x  + c2 sin  ln x   e
  2   2  
  3   3 
= x c1 cos  ln x  + c2 sin  ln x  
  2   2  

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − D +1
2 ( 3e 2t )

=
1
2 − 2 +1
2 ( 3e 2t )

= e 2t

= x2

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

  3   3 
= x c1 cos  ln x  + c2 sin  ln x   + x 2
  2   2  

53
Mohiuddin

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-03: Solve x 2 2
− 2x − 4 y =
x4
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
− 2 x − 4 y =
x 4   (1)
dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y − 2 Dy − 4 y =
e 4t

e 4t   ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y − 3Dy − 4 y =

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

0    ( 3)
D 2 y − 3Dy − 4 y =

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt − 3me mt − 4e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 − 3m − 4 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
− 3m − 4 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 − 4m + m − 4 =0

⇒ ( m − 4) + ( m − 4) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 4 ) =
0

∴ m=
−1, 4

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − t + c2 e 4t
=
= c1 x −1 + c2 x 4
c1
= + c2 x 4
x

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 3D − 4
2 ( e 4t )

=
t
2D − 3
( e 4t )

54
Mohiuddin

=
t
2.4 − 3
( e 4t )

=
5
(e )
t 4t

1 4
= x ln x
5

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

c 1
=1 + c2 x 4 + x 4 ln x
x 5

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-04: Solve x 2 2
− 3x + 4 y =
2 x2
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
− 3x + 4 y =
2 x 2    (1)
dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y − 3Dy + 4 y =
2e 2t

2e 2t    ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y − 4 Dy + 4 y =

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

0    ( 3)
D 2 y − 4 Dy + 4 y =

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt − 4me mt + 4e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 − 4m + 4 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
− 4m + 4 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

⇒ ( m − 2) =
2
0

∴ m=
2, 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

y=
c ( c1 + c2t ) e2t

55
Mohiuddin

= x 2 ( c1 + c2 ln x )

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 4D + 4
2 ( 2e 2 t )

=
t
2D − 4
( 2e 2 t )
t2
=
2
( 2e 2 t )

= t 2 e 2t

= ( ln x ) x 2
2

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

=x 2 ( c1 + c2 ln x ) + ( ln x ) x 2
2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-05: Solve x 2 2
− x − 3y =
x 2 ln x
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
− x − 3y =
x 2 ln x    (1)
dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y − Dy − 3 y =
te 2t

te 2t    ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y − 2 Dy − 3 y =

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

0    ( 3)
D 2 y − 2 Dy − 3 y =

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt − 2me mt − 3e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 − 2m − 3) =
0

⇒=
m 2 − 2m − 3 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

56
Mohiuddin

⇒ m 2 − 3m + m − 3 =0

⇒ m ( m − 3) + ( m − 3) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m − 3) =
0

∴ m=
−1, 3

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − t + c2 e3t
=
= c1 x −1 + c2 x 3
c1
= + c2 x 3
x

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D − 2D − 3
2 ( te 2t )

1
= e 2t (t )
( D + 2) − 2 ( D + 2) − 3
2

1
= e 2t (t )
D + 4D + 4 − 2D − 4 − 3
2

1
= e 2t (t )
D + 2D − 3
2

e 2t 1
= − (t )
3   D2 2 
1 −  + D 
  3 3 
−1
e 2t   D 2 2  
=
− 1 −  + D  (t )
3   3 3 

e 2t   D 2 2   D 2 2  
2

=
− 1 +  + D+ + D  +    ( t )
3   3 3   3 3  


e 2t   D 2 2   D 2 2  
2

=
− t +  + Dt +  + D  t +   
3   3 3   3 3  


e 2t   2 
=
− t +  0 + 3  + 0 
3    

57
Mohiuddin

e 2t  2 
=
− t + 
3  3

x2  2
=
−  ln x + 
3 3

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

c x2  2
=1 + c2 x 3 −  ln x + 
x 3 3

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-06: Solve x 2 2
+ 4 x + 2 y =x + sin x
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 2
+ 4 x + 2 y =x + sin x    (1)
dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt

D ( D − 1) y + 4 Dy + 2 y =et + sin et

⇒ D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =et + sin et    ( 2 )

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

0    ( 3)
D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt + 3me mt + 2e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 + 3m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
+ 3m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 2m + m + 2 =0

⇒ m ( m + 2) + ( m + 2) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m + 2 ) =
0

∴ m=−1, − 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

58
Mohiuddin

yc c1e − t + c2 e −2t
=
= c1 x −1 + c2 x −2
c1 c2
= +
x x2

The particular integral of (1) is,

=yp
1
D + 3D + 2
2 ( et + sin et )

=
1
D + 3D + 2
2 ( et ) + 2
1
D + 3D + 2
( sin et )

=
1
1 + 3.1 + 2
2 ( et ) +
( D + 2
1
)( D + 1)
( sin et )

et
= +
1
6 ( D + 2 )( D + 1)
( sin et )

Now let,
1
( D + 1)
( sin et ) = u

⇒ ( D + 1) u =
sin et

du
⇒ +u =sin et
dt

which is linear equation

Therefore, I= ∫
.F e= et
dt

du t
∴ et +e u =
et sin et
dt

or ,
d t
dt
( e u ) = et sin et

Integrating,
et u = ∫ et sin et dt

= − cos et

−e − t cos et
∴ u=

Again,
1
( D + 2 )( D + 1)
( sin e ) = =
t 1
u
1
( D + 2) ( D + 2)
( −e −t
cos et ) = v ( say )

59
Mohiuddin

∴
1
( D + 2)
( −e − t cos et ) =
v

or , ( D + 2 ) v =
−e − t cos et

dv
or , −e − t cos et
+ 2v =
dt

which is also a linear equation

Therefore, = ∫
I .F e= e 2t
2 dt

dv
∴ e 2t + 2ve 2t =
−et cos et
dt

or ,
d
dt
( ve 2t ) = −et cos et

Integrating,
ve 2t = − ∫ et cos et dt

= − sin et
1
∴ v =− 2t
sin et
e
1
= − sin x
x2

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

c1 c2 1
= + − sin x
x x2 x2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

d2y dy
Problem-07: Solve x 2 2
+ 4x + 2 y =
ex
dx dx

d2y dy
Solution: Given that, x 2 + 4 x + 2 y =
e x    (1)
2

dx dx
d
=
Putting x e=
t
and D in equation (1) we get,
dt
60
Mohiuddin

D ( D − 1) y + 4 Dy + 2 y =
t
ee

ee  ( 2 )
⇒ D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =
t

Let, y = emt be the trial solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation

0    ( 3)
D 2 y + 3Dy + 2 y =

Then the auxiliary equation of (3) is,

m 2 e mt + 3me mt + 2e mt =
0

⇒ e mt ( m 2 + 3m + 2 ) =
0

⇒m
= 2
+ 3m + 2 0 ; sin ce e mt ≠ 0

⇒ m 2 + 2m + m + 2 =0

⇒ m ( m + 2) + ( m + 2) =
0

⇒ ( m + 1)( m + 2 ) =
0

∴ m=−1, − 2

The complementary function of (1) is,

yc c1e − t + c2 e −2t
=
= c1 x −1 + c2 x −2
c1 c2
= +
x x2

The particular integral of (1) is,

yp =
1
D + 3D + 2
2
ee( )
t

( D + 1)( D + 2 ) ( )
1
= eet

 1
=  −
1  et
 D + 1 D + 2 
e ( )
=
1
D +1
ee −
t

( )
1
D+2
ee
t

( )
Let ,
1
D +1
( )
ee = u
t

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 Mohiuddin

or , ( D + 1) u =ee ( ) t

du
+u =
t
or , ee
dt

which is linear equation

Therefore, I= ∫
.F e= et
dt

du t
∴ et +e u =
t
et .ee
dt
d t
( e u ) = et .ee
t
or ,
dt

Integrating,
= ∫=
et
et u t
e .e dt ; as e t
z

= ez

= ee
t

= ex

e − t .e x
∴ u=

= x −1.e x

ex
=
x

Again,
1
( D + 2)
t

( )
ee = v ( say )

or , ( D + 2 ) v =
t
ee

dv
+ 2v =
t
or , ee
dt

which is also a linear equation

Therefore, = ∫
I .F e= e 2t
2 dt

dv
∴ e 2t + 2ve 2t =
t
e 2t .ee
dt
d
( ve 2t ) = e 2t .ee
t
or ,
dt

62
Mohiuddin

Integrating,
ve 2t = ∫ e 2t .ee dt
t

= ∫ et .et .ee d t
t

= ∫=
z t
ze dz ; as e z

= ze z − e z

= xe x − e x

∴ v e −2t ( xe x − e x )
=

= x −2 ( xe x − e x )

ex ex
= −
x x2

ex  ex ex 
∴ P.I = −  − 2 
x  x x 

ex
= 2
x

Therefore the general solution is,

=
y yc + y p

c1 c2 e x
= + +
x x2 x2

where, c1 , c2 are arbitrary constants.

Exercise: Try Yourself:

d2y dy
01: Solve x 2 2
+ 2 x − 2 y= 0 Ans : y = c1 x −1 + c2 x 2
dx dx

d2y dy
02: Solve x 2 2
+ x −9y = 0 Ans : y = c1 x 3 + c2 x −3
dx dx

d2y dy 1 4
03: Solve x 2 2
+ 5x + 4 y = x4 Ans : y = ( c1 + c2 ln x ) x −2 + x
dx dx 36

d2y dy
04: Solve x 2 2
− x + y = 2 ln x Ans : y = ( c1 + c2 ln x ) x + 2 ln x
dx dx

63