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Session8 Rotor Aerodynamics I

This document summarizes the topics that will be covered in Session 8 of the 46110 Basic Aerodynamics course, including: 1) Fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics using one-dimensional momentum theory for helicopters in hover, axial climb, and descent. 2) Deriving equations for propeller and wind turbine performance including efficiency, power coefficients, and Betz limit. 3) Working through two sample exercises on calculating efficiency for propellers in tandem and determining power coefficients for multiple wind turbines. The objectives are to explain rotor aerodynamics, derive relevant equations, and understand performance of rotors, propellers, and wind turbines. Readings are recommended from the textbook.

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81 views

Session8 Rotor Aerodynamics I

This document summarizes the topics that will be covered in Session 8 of the 46110 Basic Aerodynamics course, including: 1) Fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics using one-dimensional momentum theory for helicopters in hover, axial climb, and descent. 2) Deriving equations for propeller and wind turbine performance including efficiency, power coefficients, and Betz limit. 3) Working through two sample exercises on calculating efficiency for propellers in tandem and determining power coefficients for multiple wind turbines. The objectives are to explain rotor aerodynamics, derive relevant equations, and understand performance of rotors, propellers, and wind turbines. Readings are recommended from the textbook.

Uploaded by

srenkjrlarsen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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46110 Basic Aerodynamics - spring 2019

Session 8
Topics: Fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics. One-dimensional momentum theory for rotors.
Helicopter in hover. Induced velocities and loading. Dimension analysis. Helicopter modes: Axial
climb and descent. Propeller states. Introduction to wind turbine aerodynamics.

Programme of lecture:
1. Summary from last time
2. Introduction to rotor aerodynamics:
Axial momentum analysis, hovering, axial climb and descent
3. Solution of exercise 8.1 and 8.2
4. Continuation of assignment 2

Objectives: By the end of the session you should be able to:

 Explain the fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics.


 Derive the basics equations for hovering flight using one-dimensional momentum theory.
 Explain and derive dimensionless number for rotors.
 Derive the basics equations for helicopters in axial climb and descent using one-dimensional
momentum theory.
 Explain the various rotor states.
 Derive and understand the Betz limit and power performance of wind turbines.
Reading: Pages 55-91 in Chapter 2 in the text book ‘Fundamentals of Helicopter Aerodynamics’ by
J. Gordon Leishman.

Exercise 8.
The ideal (Froude) efficiency of an aircraft propeller is given as useful work divided by the
delivered power,
T V m  Vwake  V  V V V 1
i      ,
P m  ½ Vwake  V  ½ Vwake  V  VD 1  a 
2 2

where V is the speed of the aircraft, Vwake is the velocity in the slipstream, VD is the velocity at the
rotor disk, and a denotes axial induction factor.

8.1 Imagine a pair of propellers placed in tandem at a stream-wise spacing sufficient to eliminate
mutual interference. The rear propeller is of such a diameter that it just fills the slipstream of the
front propeller. Assume that the front propeller has efficiency i  0.90 and that both propellers
deliver the same thrust. By using simple one-dimensional momentum theory, determine 1) the
efficiency of the rear propeller and 2) the efficiency of the combined system of propellers.
Fig. 1 An example of system of propellers placed in tandem.

P
8.2 The power coefficient, C P  , expresses how much of the available power that can be
½ AVo3
extracted from a wind turbine. In the equation the denominator expresses the available power in a
stream tube of air with density  , velocity Vo and area A ; and P denotes the extracted power.
Introducing the axial interference factor, a  1 u / Vo , where u is the axial velocity in the rotor
plane, the power coefficient is from 1-D momentum analysis given as follows:

C P  4a(1  a) 2

The optimum value of C P is found by differentiation: a(C P  C P max )  1 / 3  C P max  16 / 27 .

Vo U1 V1 U2

Turbine 1 Turbine 2

Fig. 2 Sketch of the flow through two wind turbine rotors.8


Two turbines are located along a common axis, as shown above. Because of the presence of the first
turbine the air flow is decelerated at turbine 2, such that Vo  u1  V1  u 2 . Assume that
u1  ½(Vo  V1 ) and introduce the axial interference coefficients a1  1  u1 / Vo and a 2  1  u 2 / V1 .

1. Derive an expression for the power coefficient C P  C P (a1 , a 2 ) .

2. Determine the optimum power coefficient for the two rotors.


Fig. 3 Examples of wind turbine and helicopter rotors placed in tandem.

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