Compiled by

KENG ELSON MN
A student engineer at NASPW Yaoundé Cameroon.
INTRODUCTION:
 This document is divided into 2 sections. The first section is based on the
mathematics syllabus and the second section (tutorial section) is based on the
further mathematics syllabus.

 Do well to follow up this lesson well and endeavor to answer all the GCE questions
in Advanced level mathematics as well as Advanced level further mathematics that
you come across with regards to complex numbers

COMPLEX NUMBERS
 A quadratic equation whose discriminant is negative has complex or imaginary
roots
The notion of complex numbers:
Given the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

−4 ± √42 − 20 −4 ± √−4
𝑥= =
2 2
 But we notice that in ℝ, the square root function say 𝑒(𝑥) = √𝑥 is defined only for
𝑥 ∈ [0, +∞[ . Thus √−4 is not defined in ℝ. This hence brings about the notion of
complex numbers were we defined the symbol iota (𝑖) by the identity 𝑖 = √−1

−4 ± √−1 × √4
𝑥= = −2 ± 2𝑖
2
This number 𝑥 = 2 ± 2𝑖, is referred to as a complex number
Consider a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. This form is known as the algebraic form of
representation of a complex number
- 𝑥 is called the real part and represented as 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
- 𝑦 is called the imaginary part and represented as 𝑖𝑚(𝑧)
 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Consider the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑥) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑦)
Examples:
Given that 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖. Find
i. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
ii. 2𝑧2 + 𝑧1
Solution:
i. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (1 + 𝑖) + (2 + 3𝑖) = 3 + 4𝑖
ii. 2𝑧2 + 𝑧1 = 2(2 + 3𝑖) + (1 + 𝑖) = (4 + 6𝑖) + (1 + 𝑖) = 5 + 7𝑖
 SUBSTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Consider the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑖(𝑦 − 𝑏)
Examples:
5 3
Given that 𝑧1 = 1 + 2𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 + 5 𝑖. Find

i. 𝑧1 − 3𝑧2
1
ii. 𝑧 − 𝑧1
2 2

Solution:
5 3 15 9
i. 𝑧1 − 3𝑧2 = (1 + 2𝑖 ) − 3 (2 + 5 𝑖) = (1 − ) + 𝑖 (2 − 5)
2
1 1 5 3 5 3
ii. 𝑧 − 𝑧1 = 2 (2 + 5 𝑖) − (1 + 2𝑖) = (4 − 1) + 𝑖 (10 − 2)
2 2
 MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
Consider the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑏𝑦𝑖 2

Bur note that 𝑖 2 = −1 since √−1 = 𝑖

⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑖(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦)
Examples:
1
Given that 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 + 2𝑖. Find

i. 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧
ii. (𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ) ( 1 )
2

Solution:
 1 3 1
i. 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (3 + 𝑖) (2 + 2𝑖) = (2 − 2) + 𝑖 (2 + 6)
𝑧 𝑧12 𝑧1 𝑧2 (3+𝑖)2 1 3 1
ii. (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) ( 1 ) = +( )= + 2 ((2 − 2) + 𝑖 (2 + 6))
2 2 2 2
 CONJUGATES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
Consider the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. Its conjugate is represented by 𝑧̅ or 𝑧 ∗ and it is
given by 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
Examples:
3 4
Given that 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 + 3 𝑖. Find

i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑧2 + 𝑧1 )
ii. (𝒛𝟐 − ̅̅̅)
𝒛𝟏
Solution:
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7 7
i. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ) = ((2 + 𝑖) + ( + 4𝑖)) = ( + 5𝑖) = − 5𝑖
2 2 2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
3 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 1
ii. (𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
2 − 𝑧1 = (((2 + 4𝑖) − (2 + 𝑖))) = (− 2 + 3𝑖) = − 2 − 3𝑖

 DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

𝑧
Consider the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. Then we can write 𝑧2 as
1

𝑧2 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
= × =
𝑧1 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Example:
Given that 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 𝑖. Find
𝑧1
i. 𝑧2
𝑧2
ii. 𝑧2 +𝑧1

Solution:
𝑧2 2−𝑖 (2−𝑖)(3−𝑖) 1 1
i. = 3+𝑖 = = 10 (5 − 5𝑖) = 2 (1 + 𝑖)
𝑧1 32 +12
𝑧2 2−𝑖 1
ii. (𝑧 ) = (3+𝑖+2−𝑖) = 5 (2 − 𝑖)
2 +𝑧1
 MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
Given the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

- Modulus: |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
- Argument: The argument of a complex number is the angle (𝜃) made by the complex
number with the positive 𝑥 −axis. Generally, −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
 𝑦
First quadrant : 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 )
𝑦
Second quadrant : 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (|𝑥 |)
𝑦
Third quadrant : 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (|𝑥 |)
𝑦
Fourth quadrant : 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (|𝑥 |)
 PROPERTIES OF MODULUS AND ARGUMENT 𝑖𝑚
1. |𝑎𝑧| = 𝑎|𝑧| 𝑥 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦)
2. |𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛
𝑧 |𝑧 |
3. |𝑧2 | = |𝑧2 | 𝑟 𝑦
1 1
𝑧
4. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧1 ) 𝜃
2
𝑅𝑒
5. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 )𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 )) 0
6. 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 𝑧2 )
 EULER’S EXPRESSION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 𝒛
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧)
Examples:
Given the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 2 + 2𝑖 . Write the complex number in the Euler’s form
Solution:
𝑧1 = 2 + 2𝑖

|𝑧1 | = |2 + 2𝑖| = √22 + 22 = 2√2

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
2 4
𝜋
𝑧1 = |𝑧1 |𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) = 2√2𝑒 𝑖( 4 )

Trigonometric expression of a complex number

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Examples:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2√2𝑒 𝑖( 4 ) = 2√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
4 4

 DE MOIVRES THEOREM
Consider a complex number 𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃). Then we can write 𝑧 𝑛 an

𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃))

Basic proofs
1
𝑧𝑛 + = ((𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃))) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃)
𝑧𝑛
1
𝑧𝑛 − = ((𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃))) = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)
𝑧𝑛
Square root of a complex number
Example:
Find the square root of the complex number 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖
Solution
𝜋
𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 = √2𝑒 𝑖( 4 )

𝜋 𝜋
⇒ √𝑧1 = √√2𝑒 𝑖( 4 ) = √√2𝑒 𝑖( 8 )

𝜋 𝜋
= √√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
8 8

TUTORIALS
1. SOUTH WEST MOCK 2021
i. Find all of the roots of the complex equation 𝑧 5 − 1 = 0, for −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
ii. Given also that 𝜔 = cos ( 5 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5 ), and that the structure
{(1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 , 𝜔3 . 𝜔4 ) ×} forms a group. Find the identity element and the inverse of
each element
Solution:

i. 𝑧 5 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 5 = e(0+2𝑘𝜋)𝑖 ⇒ 𝑧 5 = cos(0 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(0 + 2𝑘𝜋)

1 1
⇒ (𝑧 5 )5 = (cos(2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋)5 and hence from De moivres theorem,

1 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋

(cos(2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑘𝜋)5 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) ⇒ 𝑧𝑘 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
5 5 5 5
2(0)𝜋 2(0)𝜋
𝑘 = 0, ⇒ 𝑧0 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )=1
5 5
And thus the conjugate of 𝑧0 is also a root 𝑧3 = −1
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑘 = 1, ⇒ 𝑧1 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑘 = −1, ⇒ 𝑧1 = cos ( ) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
5 5
4𝜋 4𝜋
𝑘 = 2, ⇒ 𝑧2 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
5 5
2𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
ii. Note that 𝜔 = cos ( 5 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5 ) = 𝑒 5 𝑖
2𝜋 5
⇒𝜔 =5
(𝑒 5 𝑖 ) = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 = cos(2𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋) = 1

× 1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4

1 1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4

𝜔 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4 𝜔5 = 1

𝜔2 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4 𝜔5 = 1 𝜔6 = 𝜔5 𝜔 = 𝜔

𝜔3 𝜔3 𝜔4 𝜔5 = 1 𝜔6 = 𝜔5 𝜔 = 𝜔 𝜔7 = 𝜔5 𝜔2 = 𝜔2

𝜔4 𝜔4 𝜔5 = 1 𝜔6 = 𝜔5 𝜔 = 𝜔 𝜔7 = 𝜔5 𝜔2 = 𝜔2 𝜔8 = 𝜔5 𝜔3 = 𝜔3

This structure forms a group because of the following

- Closure: No new element is introduced
- Identity element: 𝑒 = 1 since 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 1, ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑆 where 𝑆 is the set structure
Element 1 𝜔 𝜔2 𝜔3 𝜔4
Inverse 1 𝜔4 𝜔3 𝜔2 𝜔

2. LITTORAL MOCK 2021

1 1
Given that 𝑧 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) and 𝑧 𝑛 = 2𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃). Show that
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∑ =
2𝑛 5 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑛=0

Solution:
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 1 1 1
∑ = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + ⋯
2𝑛 2 22 23
𝑛=0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 𝑖
= 𝑅𝑒 (∑ ( 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃))
2 2
𝑛=0
∞ ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 1 𝑖𝜃 𝑛
⇒∑ = 𝑅𝑒 ∑ ( 𝑒 )
2𝑛 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1
This describes a geometric progression 𝑈𝑛 of 𝑈0 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

∞
1 𝑖𝜃 𝑛 1
⇒ 𝑅𝑒 (∑ ( 𝑒 ) ) = 𝑅𝑒 ( )
2 1 𝑖𝜃
𝑛=0 1 − 𝑒
2
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 2
∑ 𝑛
= 𝑅𝑒 ( )
2 2 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑛=0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 2
∑ 𝑛
= 𝑅𝑒 ( )
2 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑛=0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∑ 𝑛
= 2𝑅𝑒 ( )
2 (2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + sin2 𝜃
𝑛=0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 2(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
∑ 𝑛
=
2 4 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1
𝑛=0
∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 4 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∑ =
2𝑛 5 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑛=0

As required

3. NORTH WEST MOCK 2021

Solve completely the equation
𝑧 4 − 1 =0. The solution set S, of the equation 𝑧 4 = 1 is a Group under multiplication
of complex numbers.
i) State the identity element of the element in this group
 ii) Find the inverse of each element.
Solution:
𝑧4 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 4 = cos(2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑘𝜋)
× 1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
⇒ 𝑧𝑘 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 1 1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖
4 4
𝑖 𝑖 −1 −𝑖 1
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
⇒ 𝑧𝑘 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) −1 −1 −𝑖 1 𝑖
2 2
𝑘 = 0, ⇒ 𝑧0 = 1 −𝑖 −𝑖 1 𝑖 −1

𝑘 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧1 = 𝑖
Element 1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖
𝑘 = −1 ⇒ 𝑧−1 = −𝑖 Inverse 1 −𝑖 −1 𝑖
𝑘 = 2 ⇒ 𝑧2 = −1
𝑆 = { 1, −1, 𝑖, −𝑖}
Hence the identity element is 1

4. GCE JUNE 2020 P2

Given that 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
i) Show that 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
ii) Find in a similar manner an expression for 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2

iii) Show that

1 1
𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 2 − + = 4 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑧 𝑧2
Hence, solve the equation 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 giving the roots in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Solution:
𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
1
(i) 𝑧 + 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃

1 1 2
(ii) 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 = (𝑧 + 𝑧) − 2 = (2 cos 𝜃)2 − 2 = 2 cos 2𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2
 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
(iii) 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 − (𝑧 + 𝑧) + 2 = (𝑧 + 𝑧) − 2 − (𝑧 + 𝑧) + 2 = 0

1 2 1
(𝑧 + 𝑧) − (𝑧 + 𝑧) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 = 0
1 1
𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) = 𝑧 2 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃) = 0

but 𝑧 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 = 0

4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇔ 2 cos 𝜃(2 cos 𝜃 − 1) = 0
1
2 cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 = −1 ⇔ 𝑧 = ±𝑖 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑖, 𝑧 = −𝑖

1 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3
2 cos 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 ⇔ 𝑧 = 2 ± 𝑖 ⇒𝑧 =2+ 𝑖; 𝑧 =2− 𝑖
2 2 2

Exercises
1. The complex number 3. The expression of the complex
𝜋 𝜋 number 𝑧1 = 𝑒 (2−2𝑖)𝜃 in the
2(cos( )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( ))
4 4
𝑧= 1 𝜋 𝜋 written in the trigonometric form is
(cos( )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 3 3 A. 𝑒 2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃)
algebraic form is B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
A. 𝑧 = √2 + 𝑖√6 C. 𝑒 2𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
B. 𝑧 = (√2 + √6) + 𝑖(√2 − √6) D. 𝑒 2𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)
C. 𝑧 = √6 + 𝑖√2 Answer: C
D. (√2 − √6) + 𝑖(√2 + √6)

Answer: B
BEST WISHES MIA
2. Let the complex number
o MIA thanks you for your time and
1
𝑧 = 2 (cos(𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)). We can attention used while reading this
deduce that document.
2(2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
A. ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑧 𝑟 = 5−4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 o MIA will be delight to see you excel
B. ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑧 𝑟 = 3−4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in flying colors in this year’s GCE
C. ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑧 𝑟 = session.
4−5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2(2−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)+2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
D. ∑𝑛𝑟=0 𝑧 𝑟 = 5−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Answer: A
BEST REGARDS; KENG ELSON MN.