Viet formula.

Resolution square trinomials to linear factors

Numbers x1 and x 2 are solutions of square equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 if and only if

b c
x1 + x2 = − and x1 ⋅ x2 =
a a

These two equality are called the Viet formula.

What they serve?

The basic application is to help us, when we have solutions x1 and x 2 , to make square

equation: x 2 − ( x1 + x2 ) x + x1 ⋅ x2 = 0

or may be more precise:

[ ]
a x 2 − ( x1 + x2 ) x + x1 ⋅ x2 = 0 , but usually, we take here a = 1 ,and the formula is:

Example 1: Write square equation whose solutions are:

a) x1 = 3, x2 = −2

b) One solution is x1 = 1 + 2i

Solution:

a) x1 = 3, x2 = −2

x1 + x2 = 3 + (−2) = +1
x1 ⋅ x2 = 3 ⋅ (−2) = −6
[ ]
a x 2 − ( x1 + x2 ) x + x1 ⋅ x2 = 0

 
a  x 2 − ( x1 + x 2 ) x + x1 ⋅ x 2  = 0
  
1



−6 

[ ]
a x 2 − x − 6 = 0 as we usually take a=1 ⇒ x2 − x − 6 = 0

b) One solution is x1 = 1 + 2i

second solution must be: x 2 = 1 − 2i

x1 + x 2 = 1 + 2i + 1 − 2i = 2
x1 ⋅ x 2 = (1 + 2i ) ⋅ (1 − 2i ) = 12 − (2i ) 2 = 1 − 4i 2 =
(because i 2 = −1 ) = 1 + 4 = 5

x 2 − ( x1 + x2 ) x + x1 ⋅ x2 = 0 x2 − 2x + 5 = 0

2 5

Example 2. In equation mx 2 − (3m + 1) x + m = 0 determine the value of the real parameter m

so that is: x1 + x 2 = 5

Solution:

a=m b
x1 + x2 = −
a
b = −(3m + 1)
− (3m + 1) 3m + 1
c=m x1 + x2 = − =
m m

x1 + x 2 = 5 ⇒ 3m + 1
=5
m
3m + 1 = 5m
3m − 5m = −1
− 2m = −1
1
m=
2

Example 3. In equation x 2 − 4 x + 3(k − 1) = 0 determine the value of the real parameter k,

so that is: x1 − 3x2 = 0

Solution:

a =1 b −4
x1 + x 2 = − =− =4
b = −4 a 1
c = 3(k − 1)

x1 + x2 = 4 
 we solve the system
x1 − 3 x2 = 0
_________________

x1 + x2 = 4
− x + 3x = 0
1 2
__________________
4 x2 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x1 = 3

c 3(k − 1)
How is x1 ⋅ x2 = ⇒ 3 ⋅1 = ⇒ k −1 = 1 ⇒ k = 2
a 1

Example 4. In equation x 2 − (m + 1) x + m = 0 determine the value of the real parameter m

so that the solutions x1 and x2 meet equality x12 + x 22 = 10

Solution:

b − (m + 1)
a =1 x1 + x 2 = − =− = m +1
⇒ a 1
b = −(m + 1) c m
c=m x1 + x 2 = = = m
a 1

This expression x12 + x 22 ,often occurs in the tasks.

Move from well-known formula for the square stage: ( x1 + x2 ) 2 = x12 + 2 x1 x2 + x22

x12 + x22 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 2 x1 x2 REMEMBER!

Let's go back to the task:

x12 + x22 = 10 ⇒ ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 2 x1 x2 = 10
(m + 1) 2 − 2m = 10
m 2 + 2m + 1 − 2m = 10
m 2 = 10 − 1
m2 = 9
m=± 9
m1 = 3
m2 = −3
 Resolution square trinomials to linear factors

Square trinom by x is a form of expression: ax 2 + bx + c ,where a, b, c → are numbers (coefficients) and a ≠ 0 .

If x1 and x2 are solutions of square equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , then:

ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 )

Example 1. Square trinom apart on the facts: a) x 2 + 5 x + 6

b) x 2 + 2 x + 2

Solution:

a) x 2 + 5 x + 6

First we solve quadratic equation: x 2 + 5 x + 6 = 0

− b ± D 5 ±1
a =1 D = b 2 − 4ac x1, 2 = =
2a 2
b = −5 D = 25 − 24 x1 = 3
c=6 D =1 x2 = 2

a( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) = 1( x − 3)( x − 2) = ( x − 3)( x − 2)

So: x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x − 2)

b) x 2 + 2 x + 2

x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 1, b = 2, c = 2 D = 4 − 8 = −4

− 2 ± 2i 2(−1 ± i )
x1, 2 = =
2 2
x1 = −1 + i
x 2 = −1 − i

a( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) = 1( x + 1 − i )( x + 1 + i )

So : x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( x + 1 − i )( x + 1 + i )
 3x 2 + 2 x − 8
Example 2: Trim fraction:
12 x 2 − 7 x − 12

Solution:

3x 2 + 2 x − 8 = 0
−b± D
a=3 D = b 2 − 4ac x1, 2 =
2a
b=2 D = 4 + 4 ⋅3⋅8 − 2 ± 10
x1, 2 =
c = −8 D = 4 + 36 6
D = 100 − 2 + 10 8 4
x1 = = =
6 6 3
− 2 − 10
x2 = = −2
6
4
3 x 2 + 2 x − 8 = a ( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) = 3( x − )( x + 2)
3

II

12 x 2 − 7 x − 12 = 0
−b± D
D = b 2 − 4ac x1, 2 =
a = 12 2a
b = −7 D = 4 + 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (−12) − 7 ± 25
x1, 2 =
c = −12 D = 49 + 576 24
D = 625 7 + 25 32 4
x1 = = =
24 24 3
7 − 25 18 3
x2 = = =−
24 24 4

4 3
12 x 2 − 7 x − 12 = a ( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) = 12( x − )( x + )
3 4

Let's go back now in the fraction:

4
3( x − )( x + 2)
3x + 2 x − 8
2
3 x+2
= =
12 x − 7 x − 12 12( x − )( x + ) 4( x + 3 )
2
4 3
3 4 4

4 3
≠0 x− x+ ≠0
3 4
Of course, with the conditions: and
4 3
x≠ x≠−
3 4
 x3 + 1
Example 3. Trim fraction:
x 2 − 2x − 3

Solution:
I
x − 2x − 3 = 0
2

−b± D
a =1 D = b 2 − 4ac x1, 2 =
2a
b = −2 D = 4 + 12 2±4
x1, 2 =
c = −3 D = 16 2
x1 = 3
x 2 = −1

x 2 − 2 x − 3 = a ( x + x1 )( x + x 2 ) = 1( x − 3)( x − (−1)) = ( x − 3)( x + 1)

II

for x 3 + 1 → we have formula: A 3 + B 3 = ( A + B )( A 2 − AB + B 2 )

So : x 3 + 1 = ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)

Let's go back to the fraction:

x3 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x 2 − x + 1
= =
x 2 − 2x − 3 ( x − 3)( x + 1) x−3

x−3 ≠ 0 x +1 ≠ 0
of course with the condition : and
x≠3 x ≠ −1