Master’s Seminar

on
Field efficacy of novel insecticides against
sucking insect – pests of okra [Abelsmoschus
esculentus (L.)Moench.]

Presented to: Presented by

Dr. Rajnish Kumar Ashutosh Saini
Associate Professor & Head Roll No. 2113571100006
Department of Entomology

BABA RAGHAV DAS POST GRADUATE COLLEGE

DEORIA-274001(U.P.), INDIA
2021-22
 Introduction
 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) belonging to the family
Malvaceae, is the one of most popular and commercially cultivated
vegetable crop. It originated from South-Africa.
 The edible portion of the okra crop is immature seed pod ,which quickly
losses its desirable characteristics as it matures.
 It is rich source of minerals (Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium and Iron),
carbohydrate vitamin A, B , C and excellent source of iodine. It has anti-
diabetes , cardioprotective, and digestive medicinal importance , it protects
against cancer due to the presence of flavnoids and phenol compound.

 In India area covered under okra 521 ha and production 6355 MT. (According
to Horticulture Statisic Division DAC and FW ), In Uttar Pradesh production of
okra is 307.29 t(NHB-2017-18).
 72 species of insects have been recorded on okra (Srinivasa Rao and
Rajendran, 2003)
 In which sucking insect-pests are the major constraint which limits the yield
of okra.
 Major pest ravaged the Malvaceae family were viz., BSFB Earias insulana (Boisd),
Earias vitella (Boisd) ; leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) ; leaf roller,
Sylepta dergota (Fab) ; whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) ; aphid Aphis gossypii and
mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd) (Dangi and Ameta., 2005 ; Meena and
kanwat., 2005).
 Krishnaiah (1980) reported about 40 to 56 percent losses in okra due to leafhopper.
Earias spp. alone causes damage ranging from 52.33 to 70.75 per cent (Pareek and
Bhargava, 2003).

 And Shastri and Singh (1974) reported 93.80 per cent yield loss in okra.
 Pesticide as a key component of integrated pest management (IPM), help out an
important role in increasing agricultural production. The sole use of older
chemicals has lead to the problem of residue as farmer is only dependent on the
broad spectrum insecticides which has higher persistency. To overcome this
problem a newer group of insecticide has been introduced like neonicotinoids and
botanicals such as thiamethoxam, betacyfluthrin, imidacloprid, fipronil, lamb
dacyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole , Neem gold and NSKE etc.
 Objectives
1.To evaluate the effectiveness of novel
insecticide against sucking insect-pest of
okra.
2.To study the economics of insect-pests
control of okra.
 Objective- 1
To evaluate effectiveness of novel insecticide against major insect
pests of okra.
 The field experiment to study about evaluate the effectiveness of novel
insecticide against major insects of okra were conducted at Research Farm of
B.R.D.P.G. College, Deoria (U.P.) during Kharif 2021-22.

Detail of Layout
 Experimental design: RBD
 Total no. of replication: 03
 Total no. of treatments: 07
 Net plot size: 2 x 2 square meter
 Variety : Vikrant
 Spacing : 60 x 30 centimeter
Table-1: Details of dosages and rate of insecticides used in experiments.
S.N. Name of insecticides Trade name Amount used Source of
availability
Fipronil 5% SC Regent 2ml/lit Bayer crop
1.
science Pvt. Ltd.
Thiamethoxam 25 WG Tagxone 0.5gm/lit. Tropical agro
2.
company.
Lambda cyhalothrin Ampligo 1ml/lit Syngenta
3.
+chlorantraniliprole 4.6+ insecticide Ltd.
No. of application
9.3% Date of spray application for the

4. Beta Solomon
year 2020-2021 1ml/lit. Bayer crop
cyfluthrin+imidacloprid science pvt ltd.
First spray 24-02-2021
8.49+ 19.81%
5. Second spray 06-03-2021
Neem oil 2% Neemgold 2ml/lit. SPIC Pvt. Ltd.

Neem oil 3% NSKE 3ml/lit. Ambika Biotech

6.
Untreated check
7.
 Observation technique
Observation of major sucking pests.
 The population of major (whitefly, jassid and mealy bug) sucking pests
recorded on three leaves in each plants (top, middle and lower leaves).
 Number of sucking pests were recorded one day before and 3, 7, 10 and 13
days after application of treatments (Each spray) from five randomly
selected plants from each plot .
Observation of shoot and fruit borer .
• For the recording of shoot and fruit borer incidence, all the plants in plots
were considered, separately.
• The shoot damage was recorded at weekly interval while fruit damage
under different treatments after each picking till end to the crop.
Table-2: Efficacy of different insecticides against whitefly during Kharif, 2021-22.

Population of whitefly at days after spraying (DAS)

Treatments Before Spraying 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 13 DAS
Fipronil 5% SC 2 ml/liter 1.75 1.51 1.41 1.43 1.46
(1.32)* (1.22) (1.18) (1.19) (1.20)
Thiamethoxam 25 WG @0.5 g/liter 1.60 1.39 1.28 1.29 1.32
(1.26) (1.17) (1.13) (1.13) (1.15)
Lambdacyhalothrin 1.55 1.42 1.32 1.33 1.39
4.6%+Chlorantraniprole 9.3% @1 ml (1.24) (1.19) (1.15) (1.15) (1.18)
/liter
Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 1.52 1.15 1.05 1.10 1.17
19.81% @ 1ml/liter (1.23) (1.07) (1.02) (1.04) (1.08)
Neem gold @ 2ml/liter 1.63 1.56 1.52 1.52 1.59
(1.27) (1.24) (1.23) (1.23) (1.26)
Neem oil @ 3ml/liter 1.78 1.67 1.60 1.60 1.69
(1.33) (1.29) (1.26) (1.26 (1.29)
Untreated check (Water spray ) 1.50 2.21 2.71 2.93 3.16
(1.22) (1.47) (1.62) (1.68) (1.75)
S.E. (Mean) 0.031 0.060 0.077 0.081 0.081
C.D.(5%) NS 0.186 0.241 0.251 0.254
3.5

2.5

2 B.S.
3 DAS
7 DAS
1.5
10 DAS
13 DAS

0.5

0
Fipronil Thiamethoxam Lambdacyhalothrin + Betacyfluthrin + Neem gold Neem oil Untreated check
chlorantraniprole imidacloprid

Figure – 2: Efficacy of treatments against whitefly (Mean population) in okra

(Pooled) .
 Table -3 Efficacy of different treatments against jassid during Kharif 2021 -22.
Population of jassid at days after spraying (DAS)
Treatments Before Spraying 3 DAS 7 10 DAS 13 DAS
DAS
Fipronil 5% SC 2 1.41 1.39 1.33 1.44 1.50
ml/liter (1.18)* (1.17) (1.15) (1.19) (1.22)
Thiamethoxam 25 WG 1.33 1.27 1.21 1.33 1.40
@0.5 g/liter (1.15) (1.13) (1.10) (1.15) (1.18)
Lambda cyhalothrin 1.50 1.36 1.30 1.36 1.41
4.6%+Chlorantranilipro (1.22) (1.16) (1.141) (1.16) (1.18)
le 9.3% @1 ml /liter

Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + 1.91 1.16 1.08 1.16 1.25

Imidacloprid 19.81 % (1.35) (1.06) (1.02) (1.06) (1.10)
@ 1ml/liter
Neem gold 0.2% @ 1.83 1.61 1.51 1.61 1.66
2ml/liter (1.34) (1.22) (1.22) (1.26) (1.29)
Neem oil 0.3 % @ 1.66 1.63 1.53 1.58 1.59
3ml/liter (1.28) (1.27) (1.23) (1.25) (1.26)
Untreated check 1.54 2.25 2.75 2.98 3.21
(Water spray ) (1.23) (1.48) (1.63) (1.70) (1.77)
S.E. (Mean) 0.101 0.079 0.091 0.104 0.089

C.D.(5%) NS 0.243 0.281 0.325 0.274

3.5

2.5

1.5
B.S.
3 DAS
1
7 DAS
10 DAS
0.5
13 DAS

Fig. 3 Efficacy of treatments against jassid (Mean population) in okra (Pooled) .

 Table-4 : Mean population of mealybug under different treatments .
:
Population of mealybug at days after spraying (DAS)
Before Spraying 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 13 DAS
Treatments
Fipronil 5% SC 2 2.70 2.70 2.09 1.95 1.89
ml/liter (1.64)* (1.53) (1.43) (1.38) (1.36)
Thiamethoxam 25 2.52 2.52 1.86 1.77 1.67
WG @0.5g/liter (1.58) (1.45) (1.36) (1.33) (1.29)

Lambdacyhalothrin 2.60 2.60 1.93 1.81 1.73

4.6%+Chlorantranil (1.61) (1.48) (1.39) (1.34) (1.31)
iprole 9.3% @1 ml
/liter
Betacyfluthrin 2.41 2.41 1.68 1.49 1.39
8.49% + (1.54) (1.36) (1.28) (1.21) (1.16)
Imidacloprid 19.81
% @ 1ml/liter
Neem gold 0.2% @ 2.78 2.78 2.30 2.19 2.11
2ml/liter (1.66) (1.59) (1.50) (1.47) (1.44)
Neem oil 0.3 % @ 2.85 2.85 2.43 2.30 2.22
3ml/liter (1.68) (1.62) (1.55) (1.51) (1.48)
Untreated check 2.63 2.63 4.01 4.14 4.21
(Water spray ) (1.61) (1.89) (1.99) (2.03) (2.04)
S.E. (Mean) 0.089 0.096 0.101 0.101 0.101
C.D.(5%) NS 0.299 0.314 0.315 0.311
3.5

2.5

1.5
B.S.
3 DAS
1
7 DAS
10 DAS
0.5 13 DAS

Figure -4 Efficacy of insecticide against mealy bug (Mean population) in okra(Pooled) .

Table- 5 : Evaluation of insecticides against shoot and fruit borer infestation(%) in okra and yield.
Damage
Insecticides Yield(g/plot)
shoot borer fruit borer

Fipronil@ 2ml/liter 333.60

17.55 17.79
(24.70)* (24.89)
Thiamethoxam 25 WG @0.5 11.94 14.02 392.80
g/liter (20.16) (21.82)

15.23 16.02 356.03

Lambdacyhalothrin
4.6%+Chlorantraniliprole 9.3%
@1 ml /liter (22.81) (23.25)

Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + 10.03 11.03 423.66

Imidacloprid 19.81 % @ (18.35) (19.37)
1ml/liter

Neem gold 0.2%@ 20.07 18.95 271.06

2ml/liter
(26.15) (25.60)
Neem oil 0.3% @3 21.22 20.90 260.63
ml/liter
(27.25) (27.15)
Untreated check ( Water 26.65 23.51 216.79
spray)
(31.04) (28.92)
C.V. (%) 17.71 12.67 19.82
S.E. (Mean) 2.49 1.78 36.86
C.D. (5%) 7.67 5.55 113.60
30

25

20

15

10
Shoot damage %
Fruit damage %

Fig- 5 Shoot and fruit infestation (%) under different insecticides

 Yield (gm)
450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100 Yield (gm)

50

Fig.5 Yield under different insecticidal treatments.

 Objective .2
To study about economics of insect pest control in okra.

The yield under different plots were recorded and the economics of different
treatments were worked
Out. The economics of various treatments were calculated under following heads by
using formula

1.Total cost of treatments application = Cost of insecticide + labour charge

2.Yield increase over control(Kg/ha) = Value – Untreated check value
3.Additional profit (Rs/ha) =Yield increase over control × Sale price of okra.
4. Net profit = Additional profit – Total cost
5.Cost benefit ratio (Rs/rupee invested = Additional profit ÷ Total cost
Table - 6 Economics of insecticides for the control of major insect – pests of
okra during Kharif , 2021-22 :
Insecticides Seed Yield Additional Net I.C.B.R
yield increase profit Cost of plant protection for profit
(q/ha.) over control (Rs/ha.) three spray
(q/ha.)

Cost of Labour Total

insectici charge cost
de

Fipronil@ 2ml/liter 8.25 3.0 13800 4455 2400 6855 6945 1 : 2.01

Thiamethoxam 25 WG 9.75 4.5 20700 1620 2400 4020 16680 1: 5.14

@0.5 g/liter
8.75 3.5 16100 2082 2400 4482 11618 1: 3.59
Lambdacyhalothrin
4.6%+Chlorantraniliprole
9.3% @ 1 ml /liter

Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + 10.50 5.25 24150 2940 2400 5340 18810 1: 4.50
Imidacloprid 19.81s
%@ 1ml/liter

Neem gold 0.15% @ 6.75 1.50 6900 1200 2400 3600 3300 1: 1.91
2ml/liter

Neem oil 0.3% @ 6.50 1.25 5750 900 2400 3300 2450 1: 1.74
3ml/liter
Untrated check 5.25 - - - - - - -
 Summary
 All the insecticides proved significantly superior over untreated check against aphid .
 Among the insecticide beta cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81% and thiamethoxam 25
WG was found most effective.

 The treatment lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3% and fipronil 5 % SC

were found moderately effective, while neem gold @ 2 % and neem oil @ 3 % were
comparatively least effective in population reduction of whitefly , jassid and mealy bug.

 All the treatments significantly increased the yield of okra fruits in comparison to
untreated check.

 The highest yield was recorded in plot treated with betacyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid
19.81% followed by thiamethoxam 25 WG, lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6% + chlorantraniliprole
9.3% and fipronil 5% SC.

 Botanicals insecticides viz; neem gold and neem oil treated plot were comparatively
inferior in producing good yield of okra fruit were significantly over untreated check.
 The highest additional income was recorded from the plots treated with betacyfluthrin
8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81%, followed by thiamethoxam 25 WG, lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6% +
chlorantraniliprole 9.3% and fipronil 5% SC.

 Among the botanicals maximum additional income was observed in neem gold 2 %
followed by neem oil @ 3%.

 The highest net return was recorded with beta cyfluthrin 8.49 % + imidacloprid 19.81 %
treated plots, followed by thiamethoxam 25 WG, lambda-cyhalothrin 4.6 % +
chlorantraniliprole 9.3 % and fipronil 5 % SC.

 Among the botanicals net income return was higher in neem gold @ 2% than neem oil @
3%.

 The cost benefit ratio, rupees per rupee invested was maximum with thiamethoxam 25
WG (1: 5.14) followed by beta-cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid19.81 % (1: 4.5), lambda-
cyhalothrin 4.6 % + chlorantraniliprole 9.3% (1: 3.5) and fipronil 5 % SC (1: 2.01).

 Among the botanicals highest C : B ratio was observed in neem gold 2 % treated plots (1
: 1.91), followed by neem oil 3 % (1: 1.74).
 Conclusion
From the above summarized results following conclusions
can be made.
The insecticides evaluated were significantly superior to untreated
check.
Beta cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.81% and thiamethoxam 25
WG emerged as most promising treatments against whitefly, jassid and
mealy bug.
Application of neem formulations were also comparable in all
respects.
All the insecticidal treatments were found economical.
Thiamethoxam 25 WG emerged as most effective and economical
treatment against insect pests of okra.
 References
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plant extracts against the leaf hopper Amrasca devastance (Distant) on okra. Pest
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Kishnaiah, K. (1980). Methodology for assessing crop losses due to pests of

vegetables “Assessment of crop losses due to pest and disease” .U.S.A Tech.33: 259
267.

Dangi, PR. and Ameta, OP.(2005). Incidence of okra fruit borer, E. Vittella.
National Conference on Applied Entomology, Sept. 26-28, 2005 held at Rajasthan
College of Agriculture, Udaipur 84-85.

Neeraja, M.; Vijaya, C. and Gautham, B. (2004). Screening of Okra Hybrids

Against Pest and Diseases. Indian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 32 : 129-131.

Kanwar, N. and Ameta, OP. (2007). Assessment of losses caused by insect pests of
okra. Pestology 31: 45–47.