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Chapter

Use of Renewable Energy in

Buildings
İzzet Yüksek and İlker Karadağ

Abstract

Owing to factors such as high living standards and digitalization, energy use is grow-
ing. However, the proportion of renewable energy sources is also rising in all energy
consumption. Given this use of renewable energy, global warming and environmental
issues are still rising. Fossil-based energy species are more polluting and resource-
stricken than others. Studies on environmental pollution show that fossil-based
energies are the most important pollutants. Fossil-based energy source is still the most
consumed type of energy. Besides, the renewable energy sources’ consumption is very
low. Therefore, it is important to increase the use of renewable energy, which creates
cleaner and less emissions. Buildings should have the right clean energy use incentives.
The needs such as heating, refrigeration, and lighting can be met by renewable energy.
This research aims to explore and demonstrate how renewable energy can profit when
fulfilling public building functions. Through using both conventional methods and
creative methods together, the rate of use of renewable resources such as solar, wind,
and geothermal resources in buildings can be increased. Therefore, major contributions
to reducing the environmental issues caused by energy consumption can be made.

Keywords: renewable energy resources, sustainable buildings, sustainability,

energy efficiency, renewable energy in buildings

1. Introduction

Since buildings are the major energy-consuming sectors in the world causing
energy inefficiency, they can act as a promising target with the greatest potential
to reach the common goal toward sustainable development. Nevertheless, too high
building energy consumption will raise negative impacts on the environment, such
as air pollution, greenhouse effect, urban heat island effect, and others, which can
even do plenty of harm to human health and social economy development [1].
Fossil-based energies are the most important source of environmental pol-
lutants. However, 84.7% of the total energy consumption in the world is due to
fossil-based energy. Energies from renewable and nuclear sources have a share of
5 and 4% in primary energy consumption alone [2].
In a study conducted among International Energy Agency (IEA) countries,
buildings are seen as an important energy consumer, and of half of the total con-
sumed electricity, one third of natural gas is consumed in buildings. Again in this
study, construction activities are held responsible for one third of the greenhouse
gases generated in the world [3].
One of the effective methods of saving energy in buildings is to use renewable
energy instead of limited resources. In this way, both preserving and protecting our

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Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

resources for future generations and environmental values environmental values

are not damaged.
The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of using renewable energy
in buildings and to investigate the possibilities of using renewable energy. For this
reason, the usage of renewable energy types in buildings and their benefits have
been discussed and appropriate solutions have been proposed.

2. Possibilities of using renewable energy resources in buildings

In the early stage of design, the importance of energy consumption gradually

got into engineering consideration. In addition, as of the first decade of the twenty-
first century, energy conservation is regarded as the most significant element in
system design. Complementing the industrial revolution is certainly the best time
for yet another revolution. This transition is about confronting the effects of the
last century’s exploitation of natural resources. The world must understand that
the use of renewable energies due to harmful environmental effects of greenhouse
gases and a finite supply of traditional energy supplies (fossil fuels) must be taken
seriously. The strategies of reducing energy consumption should also be considered
when replacing the nonrenewable energies with the renewable ones [4].
Energy is used for various reasons throughout the building’s life cycle. 94.4% of
the total energy used in these phases is consumed for heating/ventilation/air condi-
tioning (HVAC) systems that provide comfort conditions during the usage phase [5].
In order to reduce this rate, passive methods and renewable energy sources
should be used instead of mechanical systems to provide comfort conditions. In
this way, more appropriate physical conditions for human health can be established
within the buildings.
Renewable energy sources are the energy obtained from the existing energy
flow in the continuous natural processes. In general, the renewable energy source is
defined as the ability to renew itself at an equal rate to the energy received from the
energy source or faster than the depletion rate of the source [6]. Water energy, wind
energy, solar energy, wave and tidal energy, bio (organic) fuel, geothermal energy,
hydrogen energy, and ocean energy are renewable energy sources.
The possibility of depletion of the most commonly used energies, such as coal
and oil, has led humanity to new energy sources. When selecting energy sources, it
is paid attention that it is safe, clean, economical, and most importantly a renewable
source which does not harm the environment.

2.1 Use of solar systems in buildings

The sun is an unlimited source of light and heat energy. The basic principle in
the designs for using solar energy in buildings is as follows.
The flow of thermal energy of the sun through conduction, convection, and
radiation is used. These natural processes are managed through a building design
that helps to warm up and cool the building.
The sunrays coming to the building surface are reflected, transmitted, or
absorbed by the building material. In addition, the heat generated by the sun
causes predictable air movements within the designed areas. This basic effect of
solar heat leads to the selection of materials and design of building elements that
provide a heating and cooling effect within the building, such as thickness, density
(δ) (g/cm3), heat conduction coefficient (λ) (W/m0K) specific heat (c) (Wh/m3
0
K), surface absorption, and reflection coefficient smoothness or roughness, cav-
ity, and fullness. It is possible to utilize solar energy as active and passive through
the measures taken in architecture design.

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Rezaie et al. determined that the most effective method for reducing carbon
dioxide emissions is mixed systems, where both active and passive systems are
used together [4].

2.1.1 Use of passive solar systems in buildings

The use of a building form and shell to accept, store, and distribute energy
from renewable sources appropriate for buildings is commonly defined as the
passive solar design. passive systems mainly use solar energy and fresh air by
means of space heating, cooling, and lighting without mechanical or electronic
equipment.

• Passive heating

Passive heating systems are most commonly used in passive solar architecture.
With the design applications for passive solar systems, solar heat gains from solar
energy can be increased during the winter months. The fundamental concept of
using solar energy for heating is to design the elements that shape the exterior
of the building for this purpose (the roof, walls, and floor are insulated to a high
level) and to allow as much use as possible of solar radiation. The program employs
three key components. Those are collectors, storers, and distributors. Solar energy
is captured by the collectors and converted into heat. Storages allow heat to be used
when there is no solar power. The role of the distributors is to transfer the collected
energy to the storage elements and appropriate places via the collectors.
The energy obtained depends on the opening size (windows, skylight, greenhouse,
etc.). The conservation of the energy obtained relies on the building envelope’s
thermal insulation and sealage. The storage of energy depends on the location of the
building elements and their thermal performance. The house of philosopher Socrates,
who lived between 470 and 399 BC, is the simplest example of the passive heating
application (Figure 1). His house is opening into the sun, providing optimum produc-
tivity with a compact structure and trapezoidal plan scheme with the long side facing
the sun, when the northern side has been reduced. The eaves on the south of the roof
provide protection when the sun’s orbit is in summer and allows the sun below to enter
the building in winter. The roof slopes down in the back to avoid winter winds [7].

• Natural lighting

Seventeen percent of all energy used in the world is consumed for lighting pur-
poses. With the right design, 70% of the lighting needs can be obtained from the
sun. In ordinary buildings, this rate is 25%. The use of daylight as much as possible
in the illumination of spaces in buildings according to visual comfort needs reduces
the need for artificial lighting. It enables the buildings to consume less energy dur-
ing the usage process [8]. The easiest natural lighting approach is to use the suffi-
cient openings left in the building envelope. Below, window arrangements are seen
in the traditional housing examples providing adequate natural light (Figure 2).
Natural lighting can be provided in places without facades suitable for direct
sunlight, through roof windows or light tubes. The natural illumination can be pro-
vided by opening skylights on the roofs where the roof element covers the interior
space. (Figure 3).
Light tubes are bringing daylight from outside to inside. The components and
operating principle of a light tube are explained in Figures 4 and 5.
A dome-shaped collector sits at the top of the light pipe. The chimney uses light-
reinforcing coatings. The light obtained is carried inside by panels at the side edges
of the chimney.

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Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

Figure 1.
Socrates’s house plan and cross section [7].

Figure 2.
Window arrangements in traditional houses.

Figure 3.
Illuminated interior space with skylight [9].

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Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings
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Figure 4.
Operating principle of a light tube [10].

Figure 5.
Components of a light tube [11].

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Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

2.1.2 Use of active solar systems in buildings

Active solar systems are distinguished from passive systems, which use the fab-
ric of the building, in terms of collection of solar energy, storage of collected heat,
and distribution of heat to spaces. Active systems use components for collection,
storage, and funs or pumps for forced distribution of collected and stored heat.
Active systems using solar energy are the systems consisting of the whole of the
mechanical and/or electronic elements which convert the solar radiation absorbed
by the purpose-produced collectors into the desired form of energy and allow it to
be used in the structure. Through these systems, solar radiation can be transformed
into heat and electrical energy [12]. These systems are converting solar radiation
into energy and according to the energy they produce, they can be divided into two:
solar thermal systems, which produce heat energy, and photovoltaic (PV) systems,
which generate electrical energy. These systems are briefly described below.

• Solar heating systems

By converting the solar radiation into heat energy with collectors, solar heating
systems can heat up water, air, etc. directly with a fluid; or, all mechanical and/or
electronic systems that are used in a storage unit for evaluation and use are called
“Solar Heating Systems.” Solar active heating systems are used in buildings for use/
heating of pool water, preheating of air-conditioning air, and space heating [12].
The general working principle of heating systems is based on the collection of heat
by means of collectors, storage, and distribution of the collected heat energy to the
related areas in order to use it later [13].

• Solar water heating systems

These systems convert solar radiation into heat energy. It uses some elements
which store and distribute heat in the water. All solar water heating systems are
based on the heating, storage and distribution of water. Depending on the char-
acteristics of the system, the hot water produced by the transformation of solar
energy can be used directly to meet the user needs such as washing or it can be used
to support the traditional heating system [12].

• Photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are all components that generate electricity from
solar radiation through collectors and allow the use of this energy. PV systems are
used for the production of electricity in many different fields such as road lighting,
lighthouses, vehicles, buildings, and power plants, with different or simple con-
figurations. A photovoltaic system generates electrical energy, stores the generated
energy when necessary, and reliably transfers it to the fields of use. Photovoltaic
batteries are placed in the facades and roofs of buildings and convert the solar
energy coming to these surfaces into electrical energy (Figure 6). The solar cells
used for domestic purposes are connected to the electricity grid via an inverter, thus
saving the storage of the generated electricity in the batteries.

2.2 Use of wind energy in buildings

The wind has been used as an energy source for a very long time, and it is an
important source of environmental-friendly energy and has become more and more
important in the recent years [15].

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Figure 6.
Solar panels cover the building’s south, west, and top surfaces [14].

It is possible to benefit from wind energy by using passive and active systems.
These methods are described below.

2.2.1 Use of wind energy with passive systems in buildings

Passive cooling: By using passive systems, it is possible to provide comfort

conditions required for human health and work efficiency in the building in
certain proportions without requiring energy use. Especially, the effect of ventila-
tion provided by natural methods is important in creating thermal comfort and
indoor air quality.
The basic concept of passive cooling is to prevent the building heat gain.
Planning in conjunction with this purpose should be included in the design phase of
the house. For preventing building heat gain, high thermal mass and thick sectional
structural elements such as a mudbrick or stone and shading elements may be
provided.
Different methods of passive cooling were developed for different types of
climate, such as the following.
Shading, reflection of solar heat, insulation of building element, ground cooling,
wind cooling, water cooling, evaporative cooling, dehumidification, night radiant
cooling, night cooling of thermal mass in buildings, exotic passive cooling methods,
and seasonal cold storage [16].
Accordingly, passive cooling differs in various locations and conditions. The
methods employed depend on the location and environment in question. In any
application and set of conditions, not all methods will be useful. Depending on the
location, environment, available materials and skills, and economic considerations,
different methods of achieving passive cooling can be used separately or com-
bined [16].
Wind catchers are the simplest example of cooling the building with natural
ventilation. Thermal chimneys operate as a collector that draws in fresh air outside
the building. In this method, the entrance of air from the external environment into
the building is accelerated by means of a hot or warm region with an outflow. The
use of wind chimneys called “badgir” is very common especially in the examples of
traditional architecture of Middle Eastern countries (Figure 7).

7
Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

Figure 7.
Traction and suction in wind catcher [17].

Figure 8.
A traditional tai house providing natural ventilation by taking advantage of pressure differences around the
building [18].

The main strategy for passive building cooling in hot humid climates is to
provide natural ventilation. The use of openable windows for natural ventilation is
the most common (Figure 8).

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Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings
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Figure 9.
Plan and section with inner courtyard showing natural ventilation through convection [19].

In addition, an atrium can be designed in the direction of the prevailing wind

in the building during the design phase. While the spaces surrounding the atrium
fill with cold air through the windows, the atrium collects the hot air and circu-
lates out (Figure 9).

2.2.2 Use of wind energy with active systems in buildings

Wind energy is the conversion of kinetic energy of air mass into mechanical
energy. Wind energy is natural, inexhaustible, does not produce waste during use,
has no radioactive effect and therefore has no negative impact on nature and human
health, and is a rapid energy source of technological development [18].
It is possible to obtain electricity from wind on the Earth’s surface. In 2040, it is
predicted that 40% of the energy of the world will be obtained from the wind [8].
Active wind energy use systems are wind turbines. Medium- and small-scale wind
turbines are used in the buildings. These turbines can be placed in a suitable spot in
the garden or on the roofs. In multistory high-rise buildings, there are examples of
use of wind turbines integrated into the building (Figure 10).

2.3 Use of geothermal energy in buildings

Geothermal energy is obtained by the fact that the heat accumulated in

the underground is released from the cracks to the earth. Sometimes, it can

9
Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

be extracted from the underground as hot water, hot water and water vapor
mixture, or steam.
Geothermal energy is used in the heating and cooling of houses, greenhouses,
and agriculture. According to the application methods of geothermal fluid, geother-
mal energy systems are applied in three different ways such as heat pumps, in-well
heat exchangers, and heat pipes. Common use in buildings is in the form of heat
pipes. Heat can also be extracted from the ground at “normal” temperatures using a
device called a heat pump.
Another use of geothermal energy is the methods of using soil temperature. The
temperature is also between 45 and 75 F (7.22–23.88 C), depending on the latitude
of the earth at some level [22]. This soil temperature can be used by water or by air.
The air taken through the opened chimneys is transferred to the system at different
depths of the soil and the internal volume is brought to the same amount as the soil
temperature. Such technology is useful in the context of winter heating and sum-
mer cooling (Figure 11).

Figure 10.
Wind turbines integrated into the building [20, 21].

Figure 11.
Operation of the ground source heat pump [23].

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2.4 Use of hydrogen energy in buildings

Hydrogen energy can be used for heating the houses, supplying hot water,
cooking, and meeting electricity needs. In order to use hydrogen, it must first be
produced, stored, and transported. Hydrogen can be produced from renewable
energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, wind, and geothermal.
Today, among the renewable energy sources, the solar-hydrogen hybrid system
stands out as the most efficient system. In such a system, components such as
photovoltaic panels, electrolyzer, fuel cell, Hydrogen (H2) storage tank, battery
group, and inverter (converter) are needed. The operation of the system in the
solar-hydrogen house energy system is as follows [24]:

• PV panels generate electricity from solar energy,

• H2 and O2 are produced by electrolyzer,

• gases are taken to the storage tank for ground and water heating,

• heating the air in the ventilation system by burning hydrogen flameless with
catalytic hydrogen burner (1.5 kW) in winter,

• the fuel cell is activated if additional electricity is needed, and

• some of the heat released in the fuel cell is also used to heat the water.

2.5 Use of biomass energy in buildings

Bioenergy can also be called vitality energy. All living things use solar
energy. For this reason, all kinds of biological materials contain energy, which
is released when burned. Plants convert and store solar energy into chemical
energy by photosynthesis, thus forming a source of biological mass and organic
matter, called biomass [25]. Within the scope of biomass energy technology;
wood (energy forests and tree residues), oilseed plants (sunflower, rapeseed,
soy, etc.), carbohydrate plants (potato, wheat, corn, beet, etc.), fiber plants
(flax, kenaf, hemp, sorghum, etc.), vegetable residues (branches, stalks, straw,
roots, bark, etc.), animal wastes, and urban and industrial wastes are evalu-
ated. Biomass is a renewable, strategic source of energy that can be grown
everywhere, provides socioeconomic development, is environmentally friendly,
can generate electricity, and provides fuel for vehicles. Biomass is evaluated in
energy technology either by direct combustion or by increasing the fuel quality
through various processes and by obtaining alternative biofuels (easily trans-
portable, storable, and usable fuels) with properties equivalent to the existing
fuels.
From biomass, fuel is obtained by physical processes (size reduction—crush-
ing and grinding, drying, filtration, extraction, and briquetting) and conversion
processes (biochemical and thermochemical processes) [26]. From biomass
source in residences; biogas obtained by airless digestion method is used in
electricity generation. Ethanol obtained by pyrolysis method is used for heat-
ing purposes, hydrogen obtained by direct burning method is used for heating
(Table 1).

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Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

Biomass resources Supply Conversion End use

systems

Conventional forestry Harvesting Biochemical Transportation fuels

Short rotation forestry Collection Combustion Heat

Sawmill conversion Handling Gasification Electricity
products

Agricultural crops and Delivery Pyrolysis Solid fuels

residues
Oil-bearing plants Storage Anaerobic digestion Renewable construction
materials

Animal products Combined heat and Plant-based pharmaceutical

power
Municipal solid waste Heating Renewable chemicals including
polymers

Industrial waste Deoxygenation

Depolymerisation

Hydrolysis

Fermantation

Table 1.
Breakdown of the main pillars of biomass energy production [27].

3. Discussion and conclusion

Buildings have a significant share of energy consumption globally and region-

ally. Particularly during the usage phase of the building life cycle, a lot of energy is
consumed to provide comfort conditions inside the building. The high proportion
of buildings consuming energy also increases the use of fossil-based resources.
Environmental issues arising from energy usage are thus also growing. Whereas,
buildings appropriate to the use of renewable energy sources can be built using
passive or active methods. It is clear that the use of renewable energy sources in
buildings will provide environmental and economic benefits. Reducing this amount
of energy as much as possible and obtaining it from renewable sources is one of
the effective methods that provide buildings with energy efficiency and ecological
characteristics.
Renewable energy sources can be utilized from the sun with active and passive
methods for heating, cooling, ventilation, natural lighting, and obtaining hot water.
Wind energy is also utilized in ventilation and cooling with active and passive
systems. Geothermal energy can be used for heating and cooling purposes. It can
be used in heating and hot water supply from hydrogen energy, cooking, and for
supplying electricity. Biomass energy is beneficial for heating and hot water supply.
These resources can be used together if necessary.
In renewable energy use, passive systems should be preferred because it is
simpler and more cost-effective. In cases where passive systems are inadequate,
they should be supported with active systems. By using renewable energies where
these conditions are possible, the use of fossil-based energies is reduced and many
environmental and economic benefits are provided. However, in order to spread the
use of renewable energy sources in buildings, it is deemed necessary and important
for governments to prepare the necessary laws and regulations and to have sanctions
and incentives for their implementation.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93571

Author details

İzzet Yüksek* and İlker Karadağ

Fine Arts Design and Architecture Faculty, Manisa Celal Bayar University,
Manisa, Turkey

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

13
Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications

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