Introduction To Polymer
Introduction To Polymer
Introduction To Polymer
Polymer: A polymer is a macromolecule containing a large number of building
blokes or (monomers) fined together
➢ Polymer classification
Homopolymer: Co-polymer
Formed of one type of monomer Blok co-polymer :styrene –
foined in regular sequence isopropylene
Alternating co- polymer: styrene –
butadiene
Random co-polymer :
linear branched crosslinking
PE-PP PP Phenol--formaldehyde
➢ The common classification
Type of monomer -→ Polyester—polyamide ---polyolefins
Type of formation reaction -→ Addition – condensation
Type of process - -→ Blok—solution—suspension--emulsion
Type of otilization -→ Thermo setting – thermo plastic—
fibers
➢ The most used classification
Elastomers plastics fibers
*- Reversible 1-Thermo plastic: *-Formed by addition or
*- Elasticity *-soften by heat condensation
*-moderate crystallinity polymerization
*-Can under long *-elasticity much less
elongation than elastomer
But not as reversible *-very low elongation
elastomer *-very hight weight
*-high tenile strength
2-thermoseting: *-low moisture
*-Usually rigid adsorption
*-Large of croolinking
Polymerization Reaction
[Chain reaction]--&---[step reaction ]
1-chain reaction (addition reaction) most popular
2-step reaction (condensation reaction) most popular
➢ chain reaction
(Addition Reaction ): EX: PE &P VC
• Characterized
1-high M.WT even at low condensation
2-monomer always present in excess during polymerization
3-no change in chemical composition of monomer
4-no loss of small molecules
• Properties
1-exothermic & 2-viscosity increasing
1-exothermic 2-viscosity increasing
Heat controlling by Viscosity inc with polyrization
1-suitable solvent 1-heat inc viscosity dec
2-solution polymerization 2-ues of solvet [solvent inc >
3-limitting the reaction to low Viscosity Dec.
conversion 3-carrying reaction at low
4-ues of external cooling conversion
Inc heat -→ inc surface area [inc molecule → inc viscosity ]
chain reaction
Free radical reaction & Ionic reaction
1-free radical reaction
➢ Initiators ➢ Propagation ➢ Termination
Chemical compounds Addition of free radical *-By combination &chain
having weak covalent initiator combined to give longer
bond that easily breaks At double bond and chain
into two free radical by formation of higher *-disproportionation
heat [unstable] molecular weight free *-transfer reaction
Ex: benzoyl peroxide radials
2-Ionic reaction
• Catalysed by ion formation
A-cationic : loes e- (+ve) …carbon cation :using specific catalyst acts as
electron withdrawing agent formation positive ion
B-anionic: give e- (-ve)…amines :formation
C-coordination :(zeiglar -natta) catalyst
are complex is transition metal halides (commonly chloride (TiCl3))
with organic metallic compound (Ti coup)
insertion of an olfnic molecule into the bond between the metal and alkyl
group
methyl/ethyl-Al with Ti cl3-phenyl
• Advantage of zeiglar -natta cata
➢ Gives linear polymers
➢ High order configuration (high crystallinity)→Good mechanical properties
➢ It permit stereo -chemical control
1-isotactic(all methyl group on the same side of main chain )
2-syndio atactic (alternating styrene)
3-atactic(random distribution)
• 2-Condensation polymerization (step Growth polymerization )
➢ By reaction between 2 medullas with elimination production of small
molecules commonly water
➢ Monomers disappear at early stages
➢ M.WT usually smaller than addition polymer
➢ Need longer time ,,viscosity increase with time [indication for reaction]
➢ Ex :phenol ,,formaldehyde ,,urea
• Co-polymerization
Reaction between 2 or more polymeric chain to give different polymer s
used to give elastomers, and artificial textiles
Ex: SAN :styrene acryl. Nitrite
SBR: styrene butadiene
EP: ethylene , propylene
Saran : urinal chloride -vinyl durene chloride
ABS: cryometric-- butadiene –styrene
• The important process of polymerization reaction
[ industrial polymerization]
1-Bulk
2-solotion
3-suspention
4-emolsion
5-interficial
• Classification [other]
Homo generous
Hetro generous
The important process of polymerization reaction
[ industrial polymerization]
1- Bulk polymerization 2- Solution polymerization
*-No solvent ,, no catalyst * monomer dissolved in solvent
* ease for control of temp and viscosity
*-at the end polymer and monomer exist
*Disadvanteges
*-give pure and greatest
*solvent cost
*-Heat and viscosity controlled by *recovery cost
viscosity agitation and low conversion *fire hazard
*difficult removal of traces
*-reaction involuer only monomer *decreasing purity
moleculer ,initiator and chain transfer
agent *Advanteges
*-In large scale, process is to be run *easier control of temp and viscosity
(carried ) slowly [batch , continuous ] *may be batch -continuous
3-[Emulsion polymerization ]
*-most widely used method
*-the best control of temp and viscosity
*-the monomer is emulsion by using of emulsion agent
*-monomer is uniformally dispersed in aqueous phase
Advanteges Disadvanteges
*- High M.WT *- surfactant impurity
*-fast polymerization *- for dry polymers
*-easy control of temp (cost of water removal)
*-final product can be used as such *- Not suitable for condensation
Ionic & zeigler natta
polymerization
4- Suspension polymerization
* monomer suspension is solvent , ,, commonly water
*-mechanical agitation required
*-the final product is obtained granular (beeds-pearls)
*-initiator must be soluble in solvent
Uses in
PVC…. PUA…. PS…..styrene [co polymer]
Advanteges Disadvanteges
*- chap *- suitable only for water insoluble
monomer
*- easy control of temp and viscosity
*- difficult to control polymer size
*- No need for drying if polymer is
used in adhesiues and cooting *- lower purity
stabilizers added to suspension
*-Not suitable for elastomer
EX: PVC…Bentaite…talc
*-Used in batch
5-interfacial polymerization
*- Reaction take place at interface between two immiscible liquid
*-Polymer continuous removed from interface
[Polymers Properties]
• Physical Properties • Crystallinity
*-Average M.WT: *-crystallite:
average M.WT of polymers used for first crystalline region formed on cooling
polymers
*-Crystalline melting temp:
As 2 values approach each other Temp at which crystalline disappear when
→homopolymer The crystalline polymers is gradually heated
*-Glass melting temp:
Temp at which first formed amorphous
reagions change to a glass light materials on
cooling
• Chemical Properties • Electrical Properties
*- All plastic are used good insulators , at
ordinary current and temp , but they are
suitable for high voltage where porcelain is
better
[Different Between polymer and Plastic]
Are relative pure ,where as plastics are obtained from polymers through
All plastics is polymers but all polymers is not plastics
• Crystalline • Amorphous
*-Relatively sharp melting point *-wide range of melting point
(broad softening range )
*-usually opaque
*-usually transparent
*- high shrinkage
*- low shrinkage
*- high chemicals resistance
*- low chemical resistance
*- high fatigue weir
*-lower (poar)fatigue weir
