Lecture 3
Lecture 3
Unit Commitment
Unit 2
Unit 3
Ftotal
Max
Gen
Gen
Min
P1
P2
P3
F1
F2
F3
4
Load Demand Cycles
z Example
notes:
z the least expensive way to supply the generation is not with all
three units running or with any combination involving two units
z the optimal commitment is to only run unit #1, the most
economic unit
by only running the most economic unit, the load can be supplied
by that unit operating closer to its best efficiency
if another unit is committed, both unit #1 and the other unit will be
loaded further from their best efficiency points, resulting in a
higher net cost
1000 MW
500 MW
3 PM 9 PM 3 AM 9 AM 3 PM
Time of day
6
Load Demand Cycles
z Example
use a brute force technique to obtain a “shut-down rule” for the range of
loads from 1200 to 500 MW in steps of 50 MW
z when load is above 1000 MW, run all three units
200 MW Unit #3
1000 MW 1000 on on off
400 MW 950 on on off
Unit #2 900 on on off
850 on on off
500 MW 600 MW 800 on on off
Unit #1 750 on on off
700 on on off
650 on on off
3 PM 9 PM 3 AM 9 AM 3 PM 600 on off off
Time of day 550 on off off
500 on off off
Interchange
Unit Output
Generation
Load (MW)
Regional
Regional
Capacity
Spinning
Reserve
Region
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)
Western region
Unit
Unit
Units 1, 2 & 3
10
Constraints in Unit Commitment
z Thermal unit constraints
a thermal unit can undergo only gradual temperature changes
z results in a time period of several hours to bring a unit on-line
z minimum up time: it should not be turned off immediately
z minimum down time: once decommitted, the minimum time
before a unit can be recommitted
z crew constraint: at a multiple unit plant, there is usually only
enough personnel to start one unit at at time
a certain amount of energy is expended to bring a unit on-line
z to slowly bring up the temperature and pressure
z this energy does not result in any power delivered from the unit
z the energy cost is brought into the unit commitment problem as
a start-up cost
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12
Constraints in Unit Commitment
z Start-up cost comparison
cooling
z allowing the unit to cool down
Cstart-up
z start-up cost function:
cooling
= H cold §¨1 − e α ·
− t shut − down
Ccold ¸ F fuel + C fixed break-even
© ¹ banking point
banking Cfixed
z input sufficient energy into
the boiler to just maintain
the operating temperature
z banking cost function:
0
Cbank = H bank F fuel tshut −down + C fixed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 hr
Time-dependent start-up costs
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14
Unit Commitment Solution Methods
z Priority-List Methods
consist of a simple shut-down rule
z obtained by an exhaustive enumeration of all unit combinations
at each load level
z or obtained by noting the full-load average production cost of
each unit
the full-load average production cost is the net heat rate at full load
multiplied by the fuel cost
various enhancements can be made to the priority-list scheme
by the grouping of units to ensure that various constraints are
met
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16
Unit Commitment Solution Methods
z Example
construct a priority list for the units in the first example using
the same cost equations
Unit 1: F1(P1) = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 0.001562 P12 150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600
Unit 2: F2(P2) = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194 P22 100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400
Unit 3: F3(P3) = 93.6 + 9.56 P3 + 0.005784 P32 50 ≤ P3 ≤ 200
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18
Unit Commitment Solution Methods
X X N X
5 5574 0 5748
0010 57182 62930
300 MW 12 5
5
0010
300 MW