CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the researcher discussion the description of the procedures

in this research. The discussion covers research design; time and place;

population; sample and sampling; variable; data and data source; method of

collecting data and instrument; and technique of the data analysis.

A. Research Design

Research design is plan for collecting and untilizing data so that desired

information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that a hypothesis can

be petasted properly. To do the research, people can use any kinds of design.

There are kinds many of research: Historical research, Development research,

Description research, Case study, Correlation research, Experimental research,

and Action research (Suryabrata, 2008:72). A method of research is one of the

most important requirements and it is essential in conducting a research. By using

a method of research the researcher is able to work systematically and to avoid

speculative problem solving.

According to Burgin (2005:84) research design is all process that be needed

in conducting the researcher. It means that be the process includes planning and

doing the research.

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Furthermore, Creswell (2008:3) states that research is a process of steps used

to collect and analyze information to increase the understanding of a topic or

issue. It is used to arrange the setting of the research in order to get valid data.

Because one of the use of correlation research is to assess the relationships

among two or more variables in a single group as cited in Ary (2010:349). In this

case the researcher wanted to find whether there is any significant correlation

between reading habit in English and reading comprehension of the students

English education program at IAIN Tulungagung, the researcher used correlation

research in order to get the data with the use of quantitative approach. Therefore,

it related with the statistic data.

B. Place and Time of Research

In this case, the researchers were conduct of research at IAIN Tulungagung,

especially for second semester because students of this semester have lesson about

inferential reading and suitable to done research. The researcher done at IAIN

because in IAIN have curriculum about English education. This research has been

done since 11 June 2014.

a. Population, Sample, and Sampling

1. Population

Population is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to

which she or he would like the result of the study to be generalizable

(Gay, 1992:125). An important characteristic of inferential statistics is the

process of doing from the part to the whole. The small group that is
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observed is called a sample and the larger group about which

generalization is made is called a population. A population is defined as

all members of any well-defined class of people, events or object.

Shortly, population is all of 30 students of b class because they have

opportunity in reading and they also have good characteristic in reading,

especially in their reading comprehension and their interest in reading that

is going observed. In this research, the total numbers of population 120

students who divided into four (4) classes, A class, B class, C class, and D

class of second semester English department students of IAIN

Tulungagung, academic year 2013/2014.

2. Sample

Sample is a part of population which wants to be analyzed. Therefore,

sample shall be seen as a notion to population and is not population itself

(Bailey, 1994:119). Selected sample is a very important to conducting a

research study. Sample must be representative if one is to be able to

generalize with confidence from the sample to the population. (Arikunto,

2002:131) moreover states that “sample is a part of population which

represents it”. He also states that “if the subject less than 100, it better is

taken all so its research constitutes population. Hereafter, if total subject

outgrows, therefore get among been taken 10-25% 0r 20-25% or more”

(Arikunto, 2002:112).

Shortly, sample, means part of population that observed. The

researcher took second semester students of English department as a

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sample because B class who have had habit in reading English and gets

same opportunity in reading comprehension course, it is near with reading

habit in English area, and of course the English study. There researcher

took only B class because want to focus in research. Besides that, their

reading habit in English and reading comprehension value is good as long

as middle semester.

3. Sampling

The concept of sampling involves taking a portion of the population,

making observation on this smaller group, and then generalizing the

finding to the large population from which the sample was drawn (Ary,

2002:163).

In other word, sampling is a technique that used to take a sample. The

purpose of sampling is to gain information about the population.

Sampling is necessary for the a research because usually the time, money

and the effort involved do not permit the researcher to study all possible

members of the population.

According to Sugiyono (2010:118) sampling technique is the

technique to taken sample. Technique sampling is divided into two

groups; there are probability sampling and non-probability sampling.

Probability sampling involves simple random sampling, stratified random

sampling and cluster sampling. No-probability sampling involves

systematic sampling, quota sampling, and indicated sampling, purposive

sampling, saturated sampling and snowball sampling.

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In this research, the technique of sampling used was stratified

purposive sampling. The researcher used this random because it can

improve the accuracy of estimation and the sample can be selected from

each stratum randomly. Stratified random sample is the process of

selecting sample by dividing the population the population into two or

more subpopulations or strata then the sample is selected from each

stratum randomly (Wiersma, 1991:253). The researcher used stratified

purposive sample because the researcher believed that B class suitable to

do the research. Besides of it, B class has a good reading habit in English

and reading comprehension. Other opinion,the researcher used stratified

purposive sample because of improving the accuracy of estimation and it

can represent all of stratum. In stratified purposive sample, the researcher

determined the sample randomly. It was done in order to get some

advantages such as efficient and objective, because each element of

population has the different chance to be chosen as a sample with suitable

opportunity of it.

C. Variables of the Research

Variable is an object that is investigated in a research.

accordingArikunto(2010) and Ary (2010), variables is characteristic, value or

attribute of an individual, or an activity that has certain varies in which researcher

can measure or observed. Variable in this study was” studentsreading habit in

English and students reading comprehension”. Both of them are independent

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variables because both of them were connected indirectly or we can call them as a

systematically association correlation.

D. Data and Data Source

1. Data

Data is important factor in a research. It is needed by researcher to

solve problem in his/ her investigation. Data is some information about

the research object that is gotten in research field (Bungin, 2008:119). It

means that data is all information needed by researcher to find the

answers of the research problems. There is only one kind of data needed

that is interval or score data come from the reading habit in English

related from questionnaire and reading comprehension score.

In short, to support the needed data, in this study researcher needed to

get data deals with the frequency of reading habit in English of second

semester English department students’ in IAIN Tulungagung and about

their reading comprehension achievement in second semester English

department students at IAIN Tulungagung.

2. Data source

Data source is the subject of research from where the data can be

obtained. Arikunto, (2010: 172) say that the data source can be classified

into three sources which are person, place, and paper. Bungin (2008:122)

stated that the primary data is data which are collected directly from the

fist data source in the field or research object.

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In this research, the quantities data are taken from the result of the

test. It means that data source of this research were the second semester of

students English education program at IAIN Tulungaung.

E. Method and Instrument in Collecting Data

In this research, the researcher used some method of collecting data to get the

needed data by using the following instruments. Methodology is a way used by

researcher in order to collect research data in order to easier the researcher and

better result in short the data is more accurate, more complicated, and more

systematically so that it will be easier to be analyzed (Arikunto. 2010:203). In this

study, methods in collecting data were questionnaire and documentation score,

while the instrument were questionnaire sheet and the documentation score list of

value students’ reading comprehension from the teacher.

1. Questionnaire

Questionnaire is a list of questions that given to the subjects of a

research that usually forms in, (Cohen, 2005:245) questionnaire is a

widely and useful instrument for collecting information written. This

questionnaire used to take the data from reading habit. Then the subject of

research will be asked to the answer the questions in order to get the data.

Arikunto,(2002:128) states that a questionnaire is a number of written

questions which is used to obtain information from the respondents about

their personality or something they had known. According to Cohen

(2005) being able to be administered without the presence of the research

and usually in the form of numerical data.

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In this research, the questions in the questionnaire were written in

Indonesian. It was done in order to make easier the respondents answer

the question. The questionnaire consist of 20 (twenty) multiple-choice. In

this part, the researcher asked the students to choose one option that they

want. It meant that the answers must reflect their personality or their real

life about their frequency of reading habit in English, when they reading,

what are they reading. Each question consists of four (4) options of the

answer: A, B, c, and D, which indicated the degree of respondents. The

researcher used four options of the answer in order to the answer more

effective reading reflecting the respondents’ life. Arikunto (2010:248)

stated that the lacking of five options of the answer is the respondents

tend to choose the middle choice it. Moreover, the researcher results that

is gotten to be less accurate because it is difficult to give criterion of

estimation in neutral choice. To make is easy determining in interval of

the score of the questionnaire sheet, all answers of the questionnaire

would be changed becomes score by using Likert Scale. Likert scale is a

scale that is used to measure attitude, option and perception of a person or

a group of people toward a social situation (Sarjono and Julianita, 2011;

6).

Based on the Likert scale, the score of each student would be marked

as follows:

a. Score 4 for item A (always)

b. Score 3 for item B (often)

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c. Score 2 for item C (sometimes)

d. Score 1 for item D (never)

Every choice indicates that if the respondent chose option A, the

students’ habit in English was very good, and when the respondent

chooses option B, the students’ habit in English was good. If the

respondent choice option C, the students’ habit was fair. If the

respondents chose option D, the students’ habit was poor.

Finally, the total scores of the students answer in questionnaire would

present their motivation in learning English. Based on the standard score

above, the highest score of the questionnaire is one hundred (100) and the

lowest score twenty (20).

The students were given a questionnaire on 11 June 2014, in which

the researcher came to class to give the questionnaire.

2. Interview Guide

This instrument is such kind of instrument that has a function as

additional data. Because of this instrument cannot change into number, while

the writer will analyze the data in the in the form of number, so it is use as a

supporter the primary data. Interview was done to collect data by having some

oral questionnaire. In the interview the writer choose four respondent student

of IIB English class. Accordiong Carver (1982) shows that there are optimal

rates of proccesing prose, and they are roughly equevalent for reading and

listening, at 300 words perminute (wpm). Reading Theory contends that

individuals maximise their efficiency of raeding prose by keeping their rate

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constant at the optimal rate. In arranging interview guide the writer also

develops from review of related literature and questionnaire. The interview of

students having question that were about reading habit.

3. Documentation of value test

Besides the questionnaire in getting the data of students’ reading

habit, the researcher also used documentation of value test, but the test

took from the teacher of reading comprehension itself. A test is a set of

stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit despondences on basic

of which a numerical score can be assigned (Ary, 2002: 216). While

Heaton (1988:5) sates that test may be constructed primarily as devices to

reinforce learning and to motivate the student’s performance in language.

Test is a series of question, exercise or other mans which is to measure

the skills, intelligent of knowledge, ability or talent of an individual or a

group of people (Arikunto, 2006:150).

Based on the statement above, the researcher concluded that a test is a

method of data collection to measure their achievement in reading order

to be analyzed. Here, the researcher took the score test of inferential

reading as a data of students reading achievement. Achievement test is

widely used in educational research. They measure mastery and

proficiency in different areas of knowledge by presenting subject with a

standard set of question involving completion of cognitive tasks (Ary,

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2002:226). In order words, it is used to measure someone ability in

mastering certain knowledge after having learning course.

4. Reading Log

One way to hold students accountable for their progress in reading is

to ask them to document the type and quantity of reading, they do trough

reading logs. (Atwell1987;Garcia: 1994;Hill and Ruphe:1994;Routman

1994). Students are given a charts for entering a story or book’s author

and title, the data completed, perhaps the number of pages read, and a

brief expression or critique of the reading. By reviewing reading logs for

reading interest levels as well as for the quantity of material read

independently. Researcher can provided feedback to student on their

reading progress.

F. Technique of The Data Analysis

Because the purpose of this research is to measure the correlation between

reading habit in English and reading comprehension for the second semester, the

researcher used statistic method. Therefore, used correlative research to analyze

the data. Statistical techniques for determining relationship between pairs of score

known as correlative procedures (Ary, 2002:143). A research which uses

statistical technique definitely uses quantitative analysis.

In this research, all data are gained from the result of the questionnaire and

documentation score are in the form of numbers. All data, therefore analyzed

quantitatively. Since this research is to know the correlation between two

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variables, the researcher applied Bivariate Correlation Analysis by using Pearson

Product Moment technique. The researcher used it because the data obtained from

two variables was exposed in terms of quantitative scores and the data was using

interval scale. Ary, (2002:146) the Pearson Product Moment coefficient of

correlation is used when the scale of measurement is either interval or ratio.

Therefore, the Pearson r is the appropriate correlation coefficient to calculate.

Here, the researcher used the simple formula of Pearson’s Product

Moment technique. From this formula, it could be gotten the correlation

coefficient value (r) of the two variables. Those variable are X was” students

reading habit in English” and “the reading score”. Then we give simple

interpretation the index correlation number obtain by consulted it with significant

tables value of “r” product moment. The significant coefficient correlation tested

at the level of significance. Below the researcher mentioned the pattern of simple

formula of Product Moment to count those variables, as below:

⅀ (⅀ )(⅀ )
rxy = (⅀ ) }{ ⅀
{ ⅀ (⅀ ) }

Explanation:

⅀xy= the sum of the product of variable X and Y

N = number of eases of subject

⅀x= the sum of the X scores

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⅀y= the sum of the Y scores

2
⅀x = the sum of the sequence X score

2
⅀y = the sum of the sequence Y scores

Tables 3.1 The interpretation table of significant level according to

Sudjiono (2005)

r Interpretation
0.00 – 0.20 Not reliable
0.21 – 0.40 Less reliable
0.41 – 0. 60 Enough reliable
0.61 – 0.80 Reliable
0.81 – 0.10 Very reliable

Table value “r” product moment is index used to measure the correlation

between two variables which is significant or not. These are table of significant

value “r” product moment.

Table 3.2 Significant value of coefficient correlation product moment

according to Sudjiono (2002)

No Degree of significant

5% 1%

1 0.977 1.00

2 0.950 0.990
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3 0.878 0.959

4 0.811 0.917

5 0.754 0.874

6 0.707 0.834

7 0.666 0.790

8 0.632 0.765

9 0.602 0.735

10 0.576 0.708

11 0.533 0.684

12 0.532 0.661

13 0.514 0.641

14 0.497 0.623

15 0.483 0.606

16 0.468 0.590

17 0.456 0.575

18 0.444 0.561

19 0.433 0.549

20 0.423 0.537

21 0.413 0.526

22 0.404 0.515.

23 0.396 0.505

24 0.388 0.496

25 0.381 0.487

26 0.374 0.478
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27 0.367 0.470

28 0.361 0.463

29 0.355 0.456

30 0.349 0.499

Hypothesis testing:

Finally, if the correlation coefficient (r) obtained is zero or lower than to

the “r” product moment table value Hi is rejected. Ho (there is no positive

correlation between students reading habit in English and students

comprehension) is rejected. It means that there is no posoitive correlation between

students reading habit in English and students reading comprehension of second

semester English department students at IAIN Tulungagung. But, if the

correlation coefficient (r) obtained is greater than or equal to the “r” product

moment table value, Ha is accepted. It means that is a positive correlation

between student reading habit in English and reading comprehension of second

semester English department student at IAIN Tulungagung.

The writer assumes that the data has perfect function in research. The

writer used the Sparman rank correlation to analyze the correlation reading habit

in English and reading comprehension. The procedures of analyzing the data as

follow:

1. Check the answer of questionnaire and giving score to each item and

each respondent.
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Every students answer the questionnaire has point, answer A this

point 5, answer B this point 4, answer C this point 3 and answer D this

point 2. After that all point from one students gives scale to get the

score.

2. Tabulating the questionnaire and the achievement from middle- terms

score to describe the percentages of each variable. The classification of

the questionnaire and achievement test can be different into some

level:

a. 90 – 100 = 6

b. 80 – 89 = 5

c. 70 – 79 = 4

d. 60 – 69 = 3

e. 50 – 59 = 2

f. 0- 49 = 1