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Utilization

The document discusses various methods of electric heating and their applications. It describes how electric heating works by converting electrical energy to thermal energy through resistive heating. The main methods covered are resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating, dielectric heating, infrared heating, and microwave heating. It provides examples of how each method is used for domestic, industrial, and medical applications.

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amina bu baker
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28 views

Utilization

The document discusses various methods of electric heating and their applications. It describes how electric heating works by converting electrical energy to thermal energy through resistive heating. The main methods covered are resistance heating, arc heating, induction heating, dielectric heating, infrared heating, and microwave heating. It provides examples of how each method is used for domestic, industrial, and medical applications.

Uploaded by

amina bu baker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM UTILIZATION

Subject code: EP 707


Introduction
 Electric power utilization refers to the usage of electrical
energy by the end users.

 Electric power plays a key role in achieving economic


growth and improving the quality of life

 it is used in industrial and domestic building for various


purposes such as:
 lighting
 heating
 cooling
 running appliances and machinery.
Overview of electrical power sector in Libya
Unit 1
ELECTRIC HEATING
 Heat is a thermal energy transferred between two
systems due to temperature difference
 Types of heat transfer:
1. Conduction : through a solid or stationary fluid
2. Convection : between a surface and a moving fluid
3. Radiation : All surfaces of finite temperature emit
energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
using heat-sensing cameras to detect
heating concentrations or heat leak
sources in electrical equipment.

A heat sink is a device that transfers


heat from a hot device to a cooler fluid
medium, where it is dissipated away
from the device
Unit 1
ELECTRIC HEATING
 Electric heating is a process in which the electrical
energy is converted to thermal energy/heat
 When current is passed through a resistive element,
heat is produced.
Power across resistor, P = I²R
Heat dissipated, H = P× 𝑡 = I²R t Joules
Electric heating applications:
1. Domestic applications
 space heating
 immersion heaters for water heating
 hot plates for cooking
 electric ovens
 Electric kettles
 dryer machine for clothes
 Electric ironing
2. industrial applications

 melting of metals
 heat treatment of metal:
like annealing, tempering, soldering and brazing etc.
 moulding of glass
 Enamelling of copper wires
 welding
electric tempering furnace Annealing

Electric brazing Induction brazing


PCB soldering

Enameling moulding of glass


ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATING
 Clean
 Economical
 Pollution free
 Ease to control
 High efficiency
 Automatic protection
 Safe
 Better working conditions
 Less floor area
Power frequency heating
providing heating by using 50Hz or 60Hz electricity
1. Resistance heating:
a flow of current through a resistor produces ohmic losses (I²R) which results in the
heating of the substance.
1.1 Direct resistance heating:
In this method the electric current is passed through the material to be heated, i.e. the
heat is produced in the charge itself.

This method is employed in:


 Resistance welding
 Electrode boiler for heating water
 Salt bath furnace for heat treatment of
steel or light metal.
Electrode boiler for central heating

High voltage electrode boiler

Salt bath furnace


1.2 Indirect resistance heating:

in this method the heat produced by the heating element is delivered to the
charge by radiation or convection.

Applications:

 Electric oven

 Electric iron

 Ordinary domestic radiators


Indirect resistance heating
 Electric kettle

 Heat treatment of metal

Electric oil radiator Resistance oven


2. Arc Heating

A high voltage applied across an air-gap, the air


becomes ionized and starts conducting in the form of
a continuous spark or arc thereby producing intense
heat. the temperature obtained is in the range of
3000°C- 3500°C. The electrodes are made of
carbon/graphite,

2.1 direct arc heating:


When supply is given to the electrodes, two arcs are
established and current passes through the charge, as
the arc is in direct contact with the charge and heat is
also produced by current flowing through the charge
itself. The main application of this type of heating is
production of steel. Direct arc furnace
2. Arc Heating
2.2 indirect arc heating:

in this method, arc is established between the two electrodes, the heat so
developed is transferred to the charge by radiation. This method is generally
used in the melting of non-ferrous metals.

Indirect arc furnace


High Frequency Heating
The main difference between the power-frequency and the high-frequency heating is
that: in the conventional methods, the heat is transferred either by conduction,
convection or by radiation, but in the high-frequency heating methods, the electro-
magnetic energy converted into the heat energy inside the material.
1. Induction Heating:
 in induction heating the charge is heated by the induced currents that created by the
varying electromagnetic induction. It is based on the transformer working principle
“magnetic coupling”
 Induction heating is the most advanced contactless method of transmitting
electrical energy to the object being heated, converting electrical energy directly
into thermal energy.
 The depth of penetration of induced currents into the disc is given by:
Types of induction heating

i. Core type furnaces:

also known as a channel induction furnace, is a specific type of electrical furnace used
for melting metals. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction to
generate heat within the material without directly touching it.
Types of Induction Heating

ii. Coreless type induction furnace:

It is a simple furnace with the absence core. In this furnace, heat developed in the
charge due to eddy currents flowing through it.
Block diagram of induction heating control system
2. Dielectric Heating
 Also called high frequency capacitive heating
 Also known as radio frequency heating
 When a non-metallic material such as wood, plastic or ceramic is subjected to an
alternating electrostatic field, then dielectric loss occurs in it.
 This loss appear in form of heat and known as dielectric heating.
 Operating voltage: 500-3000 V
 Operating frequency: 10 MHz – 40 MHz
 Dielectric heating finds applications in hyperthermia cancer treatment, pain relief
through diathermy, and even sterilizing medical instruments. Its targeted heat
delivery minimizes damage to surrounding tissues.
3. Infrared heating:

In this method of heating, heating elements consist of tungsten filament lamps


together with reflectors to direct the whole of heat emitted on to charge in the form
of electromagnetic radiation without heating the air in between.

The heat emission intensity obtained is about 7000 W/m² as compared to 1500
W/m² obtained with ordinary resistance furnaces.

 Infrared heating is used for paint drying

 for various dehydration and other processes.

 for low temperature heating of plastics


Electromagnetic Spectrum
Microwave Heating

Microwave Applications:

1. Heating food

In microwave oven when you placing food, electromagnetic waves oscillate within
the oven at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. This field interact with the food, leading to heat
generation and a rise in temperature.

2. Treating Cancer

This type of cancer therapy involves subjecting tumor tissue to localized heating
without damaging the healthy tissue around it.

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