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COURSE OBJECTIVE
■ Determine load carrying capacity of deep foundations such as
pile and see an overview on pile raft.

FOUNDATION ■ Understand and elaborate deep foundations constructions.

ENGINEERING-II ■ Understand and interpret behavior of expansive soils and their

suitable foundation systems with remedial measures.
CEng 5007
Lecture One ■ Understand Environmental issues related to geotechnical
Prep. By : Ephrem F. (MSc.) engineering.

CH-1 Pile Foundation Introduction

■ Deep Foundations – is used to transfer super
structure loads deep into the earth
■ Pile Foundations – A pile is a slender, structural
member installed in the ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at some significant
depth below the base of the structure.
■ Pile foundations are made of steel, concrete,
timber and composite material.
■ Piles are deep foundations and which cost more
than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the
use of piles often is necessary to ensure
structural safety and integrity.
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Introduction Introduction
When are they needed? When they are needed?

■ When the rock level is shallow enough for ■ When foundation are below water table and
end bearing pile foundations to provide a subjected to strong hydrostatic uplifting
more economical design. forces.
■ When one or more upper soil layers are
highly compressible and too weak to ■ For structures near flowing water (Bridge
support load of superstructure. abutments, etc.) to avoid the problems due
■ When subjected to horizontal forces such to erosion or scour.
as wind or earthquakes, to enhance the
structural stability of the building.
■ For offshore structures.
■ When expansive and collapsible soils may
be present at the site, pile foundations can
be considered to extended beyond the ■ To increase the bearing capacity of
active zone, which is where swelling and granular soils by means of compaction
shrinking occur. (vibration).

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

■ Based on composition piles are generally Steel Piles
classified as:
Steel Piles
Concrete Piles
Timber Piles
Composite Piles
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Steel Piles Steel Piles
■ Can be pipe piles or rolled steel H-section piles ■ Advantages
o Easy to manage with respect to cut-off and
■ In many cases, the pipe piles are filled with extension to the desired depth.
concrete after they have been driven.
o Can resist high driving stresses.
■ Usual length: 15 m to 60 m
o Can penetrate hard layers such as dense gravel
■ Usual load: 300 KN to 1200 KN and soft rock.

o High load carrying capacity.

Classification of Piles
Steel Piles
■ Disadvantages
o Relatively costly.
o High level of noise during pile driving.
o Subject to corrosion.
o May be damaged or deflected from the vertical
during driving through hard layers or past major
obstructions
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles

■ Can be pre cast or cast in situ piles. Precast Concrete piles

■ These piles are cast in a casting area and transported to the construction
site.
■ They are often made of uniform sections with pointed tips and often have
a square or octagonal cross section.
■ Usual length: 10 m – 15 m
■ Usual Load: 300 KN – 3000 KN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
Precast Concrete piles Precast Concrete piles

■ Advantages ■ Disadvantage
o Difficult to transport
o Can be subjected to hard driving. o Difficult to achieve desired cut-off
o Corrosion resistant.

o Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure.

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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
Precast Concrete piles Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ These piles are made by pouring concrete in a prepared borehole.
■ Precast piles can also be pre-stressed by the use of
high strength steel pre-stressing cables. ■ Cast-in-situ piles can be shell type (cased type), shell-less type
(uncased type) or pedestal type.
■ Some general facts about pre-stressed piles:
■ Cased piles are produced by first driving a steel shell into the ground
 Usual length: 10 m – 45 m to a desired depth.
 Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN
■ The concrete is then poured in the shell.
■ The advantages and disadvantages are the same as
those of precast piles. ■ Along its length the steel shell may be either tapered or straight.

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
cased cast-in-place
Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ Some general facts about cased cast-in-place piles are as follows:
■ Advantages ■ Disadvantages
o Usual length: 5m – 15m o Relatively cheap o Difficult to splice after
concreting
o Maximum length: 30m – 40m o Allow for inspection before
pouring concrete o Thine casing may be
o Usual load: 200kN – 500kN damaged during driving
o Approximate max load: 800kN o Easy to extend
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Concrete Piles Concrete Piles
uncased cast-in-place
Cast-in-situ/cast-in-place piles
■ In uncased piles the steel shell is withdrawn after the concrete is poured. ■ Advantages ■ Disadvantages

− Pedestal piles has enlarged bulb/pedestal. o Initially economical. o Voids can be created if
concrete is placed rapidly.
The pile may be cased or uncased. o Can be finished at any
elevation. o Difficult to splice after
− Some general facts about uncased concreting.
cast-in-place piles: o In soft soils the sides of the
− Usual length: 5m – 15m hole may cave in,
squeezing the concrete.
− Usually load:300kN – 500kN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Timber Piles
Timber Pile
■ It is made of a tree which is free from structural defects
and properly trimmed.
■ Since timber is vulnerable to moisture change, it should
be treated with a special preservative to prevent decay.
■ Untreated pile embedded below ground water table
permanently has a long life. However, if it is exposed
above the water table it is subjected to decay.
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Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

Timber Piles Composite Pile
■ Timber piles cannot withstand hard driving stress.
■ Steel shoes may be used to prevent damage at the tip
(bottom).
■ Also a metal cap may be used to prevent crushing at the
top.
■ Some general facts about timber piles:
−Usual length: 5m – 15m
−Usual load: 300kN – 500kN

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

■ Based on function piles are classified as:
Composite Piles o End Bearing Piles: Piles that support load by
their tip bearing.
■ Composite piles consist of two different materials that are connected
o Friction Piles: Piles that support load by the
together. friction between the soil and the pile
■ The common types of composite piles are timber-concrete and steel- perimeter.
concrete piles. o Compaction Piles: Piles that support load by
compacting the surrounding soil.
■ In timber-concrete piles the timber part is placed below the ground
o Anchor Piles: Piles that are used as an
water level and the concrete is then poured at the top. anchorage.
■ Steel-concrete type of pile is used for depths where cast-in-situ piles o Tension Piles: Piles that primarily support
may not easily be constructed. Steel pipes or H-piles are driven to the tensile loads.
required depth and then concrete is cast at the top end of the piles. o Fender Piles: Piles that primarily support
horizontal loads is used to protect a structure
in the sea from damage caused by abrasion
or collision of a ship.
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Classification of Piles
■ Based on method of construction
(installation)
o Driven Piles: These piles are driven into the
soil by applying blows of a heavy hammer on
their tops.
o Driven and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are
formed by driving a casing with a closed
bottom end into the soil. The casing is later
filled with concrete.
o Bored and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are
formed by excavating a hole into the ground
and then filling it with reinforced concrete.
o Screw Piles: The piles are screwed into the soil.
o Jacked Piles: These piles are jacked into the
soils by applying a downward force with the
help of a hydraulic jack.

Classification of Piles Classification of Piles

■ Based on effect of installation piles are classified as: ■ Based on effect of installation piles are classified as:
o Displacement piles
o Non-displacement piles
o Non-displacement Piles
o Displacement Piles
− Due to no displacement during installation, there is no heave
− The soil will be displaced when the such piles are derived. in the ground.
− In loose cohesion less soils, it has the advantage of
densifying the soil and increasing the shear resistance. Example: Cast in-situ piles
− In dense cohesion less soils, displacement piles will
decrease the shear resistance of the soil by dilatancy effect.
− In cohesive soils, displacement piles will cause remoulding
of the soil leading to a decreased value of shearing
resistance.
Example: Driven concrete piles, Timber or Steel piles
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Reference materials

1. Principles of foundation engineering (by B.M. Das)

2. Principles of foundation engineering (by Alemayehu)
THANK YOU !!!
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