Text messaging

Text messaging, or texting, is the act of

composing and sending electronic
messages, typically consisting of
alphabetic and numeric characters,
between two or more users of mobile
devices, desktops/laptops, or another
type of compatible computer. Text
messages may be sent over a cellular
network or may also be sent via satellite
or Internet connection.
 A text message using SMS – the 160
character limit and difficulty of
typing on feature phone keypads led
to the abbreviations of "SMS
language".

The word "lol" sent via iMessage

The term originally referred to messages

sent using the Short Message Service
(SMS). It has grown beyond alphanumeric
text to include multimedia messages
using the Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS) and Rich Communication Services
(RCS), which can contain digital images,
videos, and sound content, as well as
ideograms known as emoji (happy faces,
sad faces, and other icons), and instant
messenger applications (usually the term
is used when on mobile devices).
Text messages are used for personal,
family, business, and social purposes.
Governmental and non-governmental
organizations use text messaging for
communication between colleagues. In
the 2010s, the sending of short informal
messages became an accepted part of
many cultures, as happened earlier with
emailing.[1] This makes texting a quick
and easy way to communicate with
friends, family, and colleagues, including
in contexts where a call would be
impolite or inappropriate (e.g., calling
very late at night or when one knows the
other person is busy with family or work
activities). Like e-mail and voicemail, and
unlike calls (in which the caller hopes to
speak directly with the recipient), texting
does not require the caller and recipient
to both be free at the same moment; this
permits communication even between
busy individuals. Text messages can also
be used to interact with automated
systems, for example, to order products
or services from e-commerce websites or
to participate in online contests.
Advertisers and service providers use
direct text marketing to send messages
to mobile users about promotions,
payment due dates, and other
notifications instead of using postal mail,
email, or voicemail.
Terminology

The service is referred to by different

colloquialisms depending on the region.
It may simply be referred to as a "text" in
North America, the United Kingdom,
Australia, New Zealand, and the
Philippines; an "SMS" in most of mainland
Europe; or an "MMS" or "SMS" in the
Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The sender
of a text message is commonly referred
to as a "texter".
History

The electrical telegraph systems,

developed in the early 19th century, used
electrical signals to send text messages.
In the late 19th century, wireless
telegraphy was developed using radio
waves.
In 1933, the German Reichspost (Reich
postal service) introduced the first "telex"
service.[2][3]
The University of Hawaii began using
radio to send digital information as early
as 1971, using ALOHAnet. Friedhelm
Hillebrand conceptualised SMS in 1984
while working for Deutsche Telekom.
Sitting at a typewriter at home,
Hillebrand typed out random sentences
and counted every letter, number,
punctuation mark, and space. Almost
every time, the messages contained
fewer than 160 characters, thus giving
the basis for the limit one could type via
text messaging.[4] With Bernard
Ghillebaert of France Télécom, he
developed a proposal for the GSM
(Groupe Spécial Mobile) meeting in
February 1985 in Oslo.[5] The first
technical solution evolved in a GSM
subgroup under the leadership of Finn
Trosby. It was further developed under
the leadership of Kevin Holley and Ian
Harris (see Short Message Service).[6]
SMS forms an integral part of Signalling
System No. 7 (SS7).[7] Under SS7, it is a
"state" with 160 characters of data,
coded in the ITU-T "T.56" text format,
that has a "sequence lead in" to
determine different language codes and
may have special character codes that
permit, for example, sending simple
graphs as text. This was part of ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network),
and since GSM is based on this, it made
its way to the mobile phone. Messages
could be sent and received on ISDN
phones, and these can send SMS to any
GSM phone. The possibility of doing
something is one thing; implementing it
is another, but systems existed in 1988
that sent SMS messages to mobile
phones (compare ND-NOTIS).
SMS messaging was used for the first
time on 3 December 1992,[8] at the Three
Tuns Public House in Reading,
Berkshire,[9] when Neil Papworth, a 22-
year-old test engineer for Sema Group in
the UK[10] (now Airwide Solutions),[11]
used a personal computer to send the
text message "Merry Christmas" via the
Vodafone network to the phone of
Richard Jarvis,[12][13] who was at a party
in Newbury, Berkshire, which had been
organized to celebrate the event. Modern
SMS text messaging is usually sent from
one mobile phone to another. Finnish
Radiolinja became the first network to
offer a commercial person-to-person
SMS text messaging service in 1994.
When Radiolinja's domestic competitor,
Telecom Finland (now part of
TeliaSonera), also launched SMS text
messaging in 1995 and the two networks
offered cross-network SMS functionality,
Finland became the first nation where
SMS text messaging was offered on a
competitive as well as a commercial
basis. GSM was allowed in the United
States, but the radio frequencies were
blocked and awarded to US "Carriers" to
use US technology, which limited
development of mobile messaging
services in the US. The GSM in the US
had to use a frequency allocated for
private communication services (PCS) –
what the ITU frequency régime had
blocked for DECT (Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications) – a 1,000-
foot range picocell, but it survived.
American Personal Communications
(APC), the first GSM carrier in America,
provided the first text-messaging service
in the United States. Sprint
Telecommunications Venture, a
partnership of Sprint Corp. and three
large cable-TV companies, owned 49
percent of APC. The Sprint venture was
the largest single buyer at a government-
run spectrum auction that raised $7.7
billion in 2005 for PCS licenses. APC
operated under the brand name Sprint
Spectrum and launched its service on 15
November 1995, in Washington, D.C., and
Baltimore, Maryland. Vice President Al
Gore in Washington, D.C., made the initial
phone call to launch the network, calling
Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore.[14]
Initial growth of text messaging
worldwide was slow, with customers in
1995 sending on average only 0,4
messages per GSM customer per
month.[15] One factor in the slow take-up
of SMS was that operators were slow to
set up charging systems, especially for
prepaid subscribers, and to eliminate
billing fraud, which was possible by
changing SMSC settings on individual
handsets to use the SMSCs of other
operators. Over time, this issue was
eliminated by switch billing instead of
billing at the SMSC and by new features
within SMSCs that allowed the blocking
of foreign mobile users sending
messages through them. SMS is available
on a wide range of networks, including
3G networks. However, not all text-
messaging systems use SMS; some
notable alternate implementations of the
concept include J-Phone's SkyMail and
NTT Docomo's Short Mail, both in Japan.
E-mail messaging from phones, as
popularized by NTT Docomo's i-mode
and the RIM BlackBerry, also typically use
standard mail protocols such as SMTP
over TCP/IP.[16] As of 2007, text
messaging was the most widely used
mobile data service, with 74% of all
mobile phone users worldwide, or 2.4
billion out of 3.3 billion phone
subscribers, being active users of the
Short Message Service at the end of
2007. In countries such as Finland,
Sweden, and Norway, over 85% of the
population used SMS. The European
average was about 80%, and North
America was rapidly catching up, with
over 60% active users of SMS by end of
2008. The largest average usage of the
service by mobile phone subscribers
occurs in the Philippines, with an average
of 27 texts sent per day per subscriber.
Uses

A text message on an iPhone

announcing an AMBER Alert

Text messaging is most often used

between private mobile phone users, as a
substitute for voice calls in situations
where voice communication is impossible
or undesirable (e.g., during a school class
or a work meeting). Texting is also used
to communicate very brief messages,
such as informing someone that you will
be late or reminding a friend or colleague
about a meeting. As with e-mail,
informality and brevity have become an
accepted part of text messaging. Some
text messages such as SMS can also be
used for the remote control of home
appliances. It is widely used in domotics
systems. Some amateurs have also built
their own systems to control (some of)
their appliances via SMS.[17][18] A Flash
SMS is a type[19] of text message that
appears directly on the main screen
without user interaction and is not
automatically stored in the inbox. It can
be useful in cases such as an emergency
(e.g., fire alarm) or confidentiality (e.g.,
one-time password).[20]
SMS has historically been particularly
popular in Europe, Asia (excluding Japan;
see below), the United States, Australia,
and New Zealand, while also gaining
influence in Africa. Popularity has grown
to a sufficient extent that the term
texting (used as a verb meaning the act
of mobile phone users sending short
messages back and forth) has entered
the common lexicon. In 2012, young
Asians considered SMS as the most
popular mobile phone application.[21] In
the same year, 50 percent of American
teens send 50 text messages or more per
day, making it their most frequent form
of communication.[22] In 2004 in China,
SMS was very popular and brought
service providers significant profit (18
billion short messages were sent in
2001).[23]
It has been a very influential and
powerful tool in the Philippines, where in
2008 the average user sent 10–12 text
messages a day. The same year, the
Philippines alone sent on average over 1
billion text messages a day,[24] more than
the annual average SMS volume of the
countries in Europe, and even China and
India. SMS saw hugely popular in India,
where youngsters often exchanged many
text messages, and companies provide
alerts, infotainment, news, cricket scores
updates, railway/airline booking, mobile
billing, and banking services on SMS.
Similarly, in 2008, text messaging played
a primary role in the implication of former
Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick in an
SMS sex scandal.[25] Short messages are
particularly popular among young
urbanites. In many markets, the service is
comparatively cheap. For example, in
Australia, a message typically costs
between A$0.20 and $0.25 to send (some
prepaid services charge $0.01 between
their own phones), compared with a
voice call, which costs somewhere
between $0.40 and $2.00 per minute
(commonly charged in half-minute
blocks). The service is enormously
profitable to the service providers. At a
typical length of only 190 bytes
(including protocol overhead), more than
350 of these messages per minute can
be transmitted at the same data rate as a
usual voice call (9 kbit/s). There are also
free SMS services available, which are
often sponsored, that allow sending[26]
and receiving[27] SMS from a PC
connected to the Internet. Mobile service
providers in New Zealand, such as One
NZ and Spark New Zealand, provided up
to 2000 SMS messages for NZ$10 per
month. Users on these plans sent on
average 1500 SMS messages every
month. Text messaging became so
popular that advertising agencies and
advertisers jumped into the text
messaging business. Services that
provide bulk text message sending are
also becoming a popular way for clubs,
associations, and advertisers to reach a
group of opt-in subscribers quickly.
In 2013, research suggested that
Internet-based mobile messaging would
grow to equal the popularity of SMS by
the end of 2013, with nearly 10 trillion
messages being sent through each
technology.[28][29] Services such as
Facebook Messenger, Snapchat,
WhatsApp and Viber have led to a
decline in the use of SMS in parts of the
world.
Research conducted in 2012 showed that
women are more likely than men to use
emoticons in text messages.[30]
Applications

Microblogging
Of many texting trends, a system known
as microblogging has surfaced, which
consists of a miniaturized blog, inspired
mainly by people's tendency to jot down
informal thoughts and post them online.
They consist of websites like X (formerly
Twitter) and its Chinese equivalent Weibo
(微博). As of 2016, 21% of all American
adults used Twitter.[31] As of 2017, Weibo
had 340 million active users.[32]
Emergency services
In some countries, text messages can be
used to contact emergency services. In
the UK, text messages can be used to
call emergency services only after
registering with the emergency SMS
service. This service is primarily aimed at
people who, because of disability, are
unable to make a voice call. It has
recently been promoted as a means for
walkers and climbers to call[33][34]
emergency services from areas where a
voice call is not possible due to low signal
strength.
In the US, there is a move to require both
traditional operators and Over-the-top
messaging providers to support texting
to 911.[35] In Asia, SMS is used for
tsunami warnings and in Europe, SMS is
used to inform individuals of imminent
disasters. Since the location of a handset
is known, systems can alert everyone in
an area that the events have made
impossible to pass through e.g. an
avalanche. A similar system, known as
Emergency Alert, is used in Australia to
notify the public of impending disasters
through both SMS and landline phone
calls. These messages can be sent based
on either the location of the phone or the
address to which the handset is
registered.
In the early 2020s, device manufacturers
have begun to integrate satellite
messaging connectivity and satellite
emergency services into conventional
mobile phones for use in remote regions,
where there is no reliable terrestrial
cellular network.[36]
Reminders of medical
appointments
SMS messages are used in some
countries as reminders of medical
appointments. Missed outpatient clinic
appointments cost the National Health
Service (England) more than £600 million
($980 million) a year.[37] SMS messages
are thought to be more cost-effective,
swifter to deliver, and more likely to
receive a faster response than letters. A
2012 study by Sims and colleagues
examined the outcomes of 24,709
outpatient appointments scheduled in
mental health services in South-East
London. The study found that SMS
message reminders could reduce the
number of missed psychiatric
appointments by 25–28%, representing a
potential national yearly saving of over
£150 million.[38]
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic,
medical facilities in the United States are
using text messaging to coordinate the
appointment process, including
reminders, cancellations, and safe check-
in. US-based cloud radiology information
system vendor AbbaDox includes this in
their patient engagement services.
Commercial uses

A multimedia message displayed on

a mobile phone

Short codes
Short codes are special telephone
numbers, shorter than full telephone
numbers, that can be used to address
SMS and MMS messages from mobile
phones or fixed phones. There are two
types of short codes: dialling and
messaging.
Text messaging gateway providers
SMS gateway providers facilitate the SMS
traffic between businesses and mobile
subscribers, being mainly responsible for
carrying mission-critical messages, SMS
for enterprises, content delivery and
entertainment services involving SMS,
e.g., TV voting. Considering SMS
messaging performance and cost, as well
as the level of text messaging services,
SMS gateway providers can be classified
as resellers of the text messaging
capability of another provider's SMSC or
offering the text messaging capability as
an operator of their own SMSC with
SS7.[39][40] SMS messaging gateway
providers can provide gateway-to-
mobile (Mobile Terminated–MT) services.
Some suppliers can also supply mobile-
to-gateway (text-in or Mobile
Originated/MO services). Many operate
text-in services on short codes or mobile
number ranges, whereas others use
lower-cost geographic text-in
numbers.[41]
Premium content
SMS has been widely used for delivering
digital content, such as news alerts,
financial information, pictures, GIFs,
logos and ringtones. Such messages are
also known as premium-rated short
messages (PSMS).[42] The subscribers are
charged extra for receiving this premium
content, and the amount is typically
divided between the mobile network
operator and the value added service
provider (VASP), either through revenue
share or a fixed transport fee. Services
like 82ASK and Any Question Answered
have used the PSMS model to enable
rapid response to mobile consumers'
questions, using on-call teams of experts
and researchers. In November 2013,
amidst complaints about unsolicited
charges on bills, major mobile carriers in
the US agreed to stop billing for PSMS in
45 states, effectively ending its use in the
United States.[43]
Outside the United States, premium short
messages have been used for "real-
world" services. For example, some
vending machines now allow payment by
sending a premium-rated short message,
so that the cost of the item bought is
added to the user's phone bill or
subtracted from the user's prepaid
credits. Recently, premium messaging
companies have come under fire from
consumer groups due to a large number
of consumers racking up huge phone
bills. A new type of free-premium or
hybrid-premium content has emerged
with the launch of text-service websites.
These sites allow registered users to
receive free text messages when items
they are interested in go on sale, or when
new items are introduced. An alternative
to inbound SMS is based on long
numbers (international mobile number
format, e.g., +44 7624 805000, or
geographic numbers that can handle
voice and SMS, e.g., 01133203040[41]),
which can be used in place of short
codes or premium-rated short messages
for SMS reception in several applications,
such as TV voting,[44] product promotions
and campaigns.[45] Long numbers are
internationally available, as well as
enabling businesses to have their own
number, rather than short codes, which
are usually shared across a lot of brands.
Additionally, long numbers are non-
premium inbound numbers.
In workplaces
The use of text messaging for workplace
purposes grew significantly during the
mid-2000s. As companies seek
competitive advantages, many
employees used new technology,
collaborative applications, and real-time
messaging such as SMS, instant
messaging, and mobile communications
to connect with teammates and
customers. Some practical uses of text
messaging include the use of SMS for
confirming delivery or other tasks, for
instant communication between a service
provider and a client (e.g., a payment
card company and a consumer), and for
sending alerts. Several universities have
implemented a system of texting
students and faculties campus alerts.
One such example is Penn State.[46]
As text messaging has proliferated in
business, so too have regulations
governing its use. One regulation
specifically governing the use of text
messaging in financial-services firms
engaged in stocks, equities, and
securities trading is Regulatory Notice
07-59, Supervision of Electronic
Communications, December 2007 , issued
to member firms by the Financial Industry
Regulatory Authority (FINRA). In
Regulatory Notice 07-59, FINRA noted
that "electronic communications", "e-
mail", and "electronic correspondence"
may be used interchangeably and can
include such forms of electronic
messaging as instant messaging and text
messaging.[47] Industry has had to
develop new technology to allow
companies to archive their employees'
text messages.
Security, confidentiality, reliability, and
speed of SMS are among the most
important guarantees industries such as
financial services, energy and
commodities trading, health care and
enterprises demand in their mission-
critical procedures. One way to
guarantee such a quality of text
messaging lies in introducing SLAs
(Service Level Agreement), which are
common in IT contracts. By providing
measurable SLAs, corporations can
define reliability parameters and set up a
high quality of their services.[48] Just one
of many SMS applications that have
proven highly popular and successful in
the financial services industry is mobile
receipts. In January 2009, Mobile
Marketing Association (MMA) published
the Mobile Banking Overview for financial
institutions in which it discussed the
advantages and disadvantages of mobile
channel platforms such as Short Message
Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile
Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web
and Secure SMS.[49]
Mobile interaction services are an
alternative way of using SMS in business
communications with greater certainty.
Typical business-to-business applications
are telematics and Machine-to-Machine,
in which two applications automatically
communicate with each other. Incident
alerts are also common, and staff
communications are also another use for
B2B scenarios. Businesses can use SMS
for time-critical alerts, updates, and
reminders, mobile campaigns, content
and entertainment applications. Mobile
interaction can also be used for
consumer-to-business interactions, such
as media voting and competitions, and
consumer-to-consumer interaction, for
example, with mobile social networking,
chatting and dating.
Text messaging is widely used in business
settings; as well, it is used in many civil
service and non-governmental
organization workplaces. The U.S. And
Canadian civil service both adopted
BlackBerry smartphones in the 2000s.
Group texts
Group texts involve more than two users.
They are often used when it is helpful to
message many people at once, such as
inviting multiple people to an event or
arranging groups.[50][51] They are also
used in business for marketing and other
customer notifications as well as
intracompany communication.[52]
Group texts are often sent as MMS
messages and therefore require an
internet connection to send instead of
using the sender's text messaging
plan.[51]
Online SMS services
There are a growing number of websites
that allow users to send free SMS
messages online. Some websites provide
free SMS for promoting premium
business packages.[53]
Worldwide use
Europe

SMS is used to send "welcome"

messages to mobile phones roaming
between countries. Here, T-Mobile
welcomes a Proximus subscriber to
the UK, and Base welcomes an
Orange UK customer to Belgium.

In 2003, Europe followed next behind

Asia in terms of the popularity of the use
of SMS. That year, an average of 16
billion messages were sent each month.
Users in Spain sent a little more than fifty
messages per month on average in 2003.
In Italy, Germany and the United
Kingdom, the figure was around 35–40
SMS messages per month. In each of
these countries, the cost of sending an
SMS message varied from €0.04–0.23,
depending on the payment plan (with
many contractual plans including all or
several texts for free). In the United
Kingdom, text messages are charged
between £0.05–0.12. Curiously, France
did not take to SMS in the same way,
sending just under 20 messages on
average per user per month. France has
the same GSM technology as other
European countries, so the uptake is not
hampered by technical restrictions.
In the Republic of Ireland, in 2012, 1.5
billion messages were sent every quarter,
on average 114 messages per person per
month.[54] In the United Kingdom, as of
March 2012, over 1 billion text messages
were sent every week.[55] The Eurovision
Song Contest organized the first pan-
European SMS voting in 2002, as a part
of the voting system (there was also a
voting over traditional landline phone
lines). In 2005, the Eurovision Song
Contest organized the biggest televoting
ever (with SMS and phone voting).
During roaming, (that is, when a user
connects to another network in different
country from their own) the prices may
be higher, but in July 2009, EU legislation
went into effect limiting this price to
€0.11.[56]
Mobile service providers in Finland
offered contracts in which users can send
1000 text messages a month for €10. In
Finland, which has very high mobile
phone ownership rates, some TV
channels began "SMS chat", which
involved sending short messages to a
phone number, and the messages would
be shown on TV. Chats are always
moderated, which prevents users from
sending offensive material to the
channel. The craze evolved into quizzes
and strategy games and then faster-
paced games designed for television and
SMS control. Games require users to
register their nicknames and send short
messages to control a character
onscreen. Messages usually cost 0.05 to
0.86 Euro apiece, and games can require
the player to send dozens of messages.
In December 2003, a Finnish TV channel,
MTV3, put a Santa Claus character on-air
reading aloud text messages sent in by
viewers. On 12 March 2004, the first
entirely "interactive" TV channel, VIISI,
began operation in Finland. However,
SBS Finland Oy took over the channel
and turned it into a music channel named
The Voice in November 2004. In 2006, the
Prime Minister of Finland, Matti
Vanhanen, made the news when he
allegedly broke up with his girlfriend with
a text message. In 2007, the first book
written solely in text messages, Viimeiset
viestit (Last Messages), was released by
Finnish author Hannu Luntiala. It is about
an executive who travels through Europe
and India.
United States
In the United States, text messaging is
very popular; as reported by CTIA in
December 2009, the 286 million US
subscribers sent 152.7 billion text
messages per month, for an average of
534 messages per subscriber per
month.[57] The Pew Research Center
found in May 2010 that 72% of U.S. adult
cellphone users send and receive text
messages.[58] CTIA reported in 2022 that
2 trillion SMS and MMS were sent in the
United States in 2021, showing
continued popularity of the
technology.[59]
In the U.S., SMS is often charged both at
the sender and at the destination, but,
unlike phone calls, it cannot be rejected
or dismissed. The reasons for lower
uptake than other countries are varied.
Many users have unlimited "mobile-to-
mobile" minutes, high monthly minute
allotments, or unlimited service.
Moreover, "push to talk" services offer the
instant connectivity of SMS and are
typically unlimited. The integration
between competing providers and
technologies necessary for cross-
network text messaging was not initially
available. Some providers originally
charged extra for texting, reducing its
appeal. In the third quarter of 2006, at
least 12 billion text messages were sent
on AT&T's network, up almost 15% from
the preceding quarter.
While texting is mainly popular among
people from 13–22 years old, it is also
increasing among adults and business
users. The age that a child receives
his/her first cell phone has also
decreased, making text messaging a
popular way of communicating. The
number of texts sent in the US has gone
up over the years as the price has gone
down to an average of $0.10 per text
sent and received. To convince more
customers to buy unlimited text
messaging plans, some major cellphone
providers have increased the price to
send and receive text messages from
$.15 to $.20 per message.[60][61] This is
over $1,300 per megabyte.[62] Many
providers offer unlimited plans, which can
result in a lower rate per text, given
sufficient volume.
Japan
Japan was among the first countries to
adopt short messages widely, with
pioneering non-GSM services including
J-Phone's SkyMail and NTT Docomo's
Short Mail. Japanese adolescents first
began text messaging, because it was a
cheaper form of communication than the
other available forms. Thus, Japanese
theorists created the selective
interpersonal relationship theory,
claiming that mobile phones can change
social networks among young people
(classified as 13- to 30-year-olds). They
theorized this age group had extensive
but low-quality relationships with friends,
and mobile phone usage may facilitate
improvement in the quality of their
relationships. They concluded this age
group prefers "selective interpersonal
relationships in which they maintain
particular, partial, but rich relations,
depending on the situation".[63][64] The
same studies showed participants rated
friendships in which they communicated
face-to-face and through text messaging
as being more intimate than those in
which they communicated solely face-to-
face. This indicates participants make
new relationships with face-to-face
communication at an early stage, but use
text messaging to increase their contact
later on. As the relationships between
participants grew more intimate, the
frequency of text messaging also
increased. However, short messaging has
been largely rendered obsolete by the
prevalence of mobile Internet e-mail,
which can be sent to and received from
any e-mail address, mobile or otherwise.
That said, while usually presented to the
user simply as a uniform "mail" service
(and most users are unaware of the
distinction), the operators may still
internally transmit the content as short
messages, especially if the destination is
on the same network.
China
Text messaging has historically been
popular and cheap in China. About 700
billion messages were sent in 2007. Text
message spam has also been a problem
in China. In 2007, 353.8 billion spam
messages were sent, up 93% from the
previous year. It is about 12.44 messages
per week per person. In 2010, it was
routine that the People's Republic of
China government monitored text
messages across the country for illegal
content.[65] Among Chinese migrant
workers with little formal education, it is
common to refer to SMS manuals when
text messaging. These manuals are
published as cheap, smaller-than-
pocket-size booklets that offer diverse
linguistic phrases to utilize as
messages.[66]
Philippines
SMS was introduced to selected markets
in the Philippines in 1995. In 1998,
Philippine mobile service providers
launched SMS more widely across the
country, with initial television marketing
campaigns targeting hearing-impaired
users. The service was initially free with
subscriptions, but Filipinos quickly
exploited the feature to communicate for
free instead of using voice calls, which
they would be charged for. After
telephone companies realized this trend,
they began charging for SMS. The rate
across networks is 1 peso per SMS
(about US$0.023). Even after users were
charged for SMS, it remained cheap,
about one-tenth of the price of a voice
call. This low price led to about five
million Filipinos owning a cell phone by
2001.[67] Because of the highly social
nature of Philippine culture and the
affordability of SMS compared to voice
calls, SMS usage shot up. Filipinos used
texting not only for social messages but
also for political purposes, as it allowed
the Filipinos to express their opinions on
current events and political issues.[68] It
became a powerful tool for Filipinos in
promoting or denouncing issues and was
a key factor during the 2001 EDSA II
revolution, which overthrew then-
President Joseph Estrada, who was
eventually found guilty of corruption.
According to 2009 statistics, there were
about 72 million mobile service
subscriptions (roughly 80% of the Filipino
population), with around 1.39 billion SMS
messages being sent daily.[69][70] Because
of the large number of text messages
being sent, the Philippines became
known as the "text capital of the world"
during the late 1990s until the early
2000s.[69][70]
New Zealand
There are three mobile network
companies operating in New Zealand,
with some sub-brands and MVNOs.
Spark NZ (formerly Telecom NZ), was the
first telecommunication company in New
Zealand. In 2011, Spark was broken into
two companies by regulation, with
Chorus Ltd taking the landline
infrastructure and Spark NZ providing
services including over their mobile
network. Vodafone NZ (now One NZ)
acquired mobile network provider
Bellsouth New Zealand in 1998 and had
2.32 million customers as of July
2013.[71][72] Vodafone launched the first
Text messaging service in 1999[73] and
has introduced innovative TXT services
like SafeTXT and CallMe[74] 2degrees
Mobile Ltd launched in August 2009. In
2005, around 85% of the adult
population had a mobile phone.[75] In
general, texting is more popular than
making phone calls, as it is viewed as less
intrusive and therefore more polite.
Sub-Saharan Africa
In 2009, it was predicted that text
messaging would become a key revenue
driver for mobile network operators in
Africa over the following couple of
years.[76] Today, text messaging is already
slowly gaining influence in the African
market. One such person used text
messaging to spread the word about HIV
and AIDS.[77] In September 2009, a multi-
country campaign in Africa used text
messaging to expose stock-outs of
essential medicines at public health
facilities and put pressure on
governments to address the issue.[78]
Social effects

The advent of text messaging made

possible new forms of interaction that
were not possible before. A person could
carry out a conversation with another
user without the constraint of being
expected to reply within a short amount
of time and without needing to set time
aside to engage in conversation. With
voice calling, both participants need to
be free at the same time. Mobile phone
users can maintain communication
during situations in which a voice call is
impractical, impossible, or unacceptable,
such as during a school class or work
meeting. Texting has provided a venue
for participatory culture, allowing viewers
to vote in online and TV polls, as well as
receive information while they are on the
move. Texting can also bring people
together and create a sense of
community through "Smart Mobs" or "Net
War", which create "people power".[67]
Research in 2015 has also proven that
text messaging is somehow making the
social distances larger and could be
ruining verbal communication skills for
many people.[79]
Effect on language

This sticker seen in Paris satirizes the

popularity of communication in SMS
shorthand. In French: "Is that you? /
It's me! / Do you love me? / Shut up!".

The small phone keypad and the rapidity

of typical text message exchanges have
caused a number of spelling
abbreviations: as in the phrase "txt msg",
"u" (an abbreviation for "you"), "HMU"("hit
me up"; i.e., call me), or use of camel case,
such as in "ThisIsVeryLame". To avoid the
even more limited message lengths
allowed when using Cyrillic or Greek
letters, speakers of languages written in
those alphabets often use the Latin
alphabet for their own language. In
certain languages utilizing diacritic
marks, such as Polish, SMS technology
created an entire new variant of written
language: characters normally written
with diacritic marks (e.g., ą, ę, ś, ż in
Polish) are now being written without
them (as a, e, s, z) to enable using cell
phones without Polish script or to save
space in Unicode messages. Historically,
this language developed out of
shorthand used in bulletin board systems
and later in Internet chat rooms, where
users would abbreviate some words to
allow a response to be typed more
quickly, though the amount of time saved
was often inconsequential. However, this
became much more pronounced in SMS,
where mobile phone users either have a
numeric keyboard (with older cellphones)
or a small QWERTY keyboard (for 2010s-
era smartphones), so more effort is
required to type each character, and
there is sometimes a limit on the number
of characters that may be sent. In
Mandarin Chinese, numbers that sound
similar to words are used in place of
those words. For example, the numbers
520 in Chinese (wǔ èr líng) sound like the
words for "I love you" (wǒ ài nǐ). The
sequence 748 (qī sì bā) sounds like the
curse "go to hell" (qù sǐ ba).
Predictive text software, which attempts
to guess words (Tegic's T9 as well as iTap)
or letters (Eatoni's LetterWise) reduces
the labour of time-consuming input. This
makes abbreviations not only less
necessary but slower to type than regular
words that are in the software's
dictionary. However, it makes the
messages longer, often requiring the text
message to be sent in multiple parts and,
therefore, costing more to send. The use
of text messaging has changed the way
that people talk and write essays,
some[80] believing it to be harmful.
Children today are receiving cell phones
at an age as young as eight years old;
more than 35 per cent of children in
second and third grade have their own
mobile phones. Because of this, the
texting language is integrated into the
way that students think from an earlier
age than ever before.[81] In November
2006, New Zealand Qualifications
Authority approved the move that
allowed students of secondary schools to
use mobile phone text language in the
end-of-the-year-exam papers.[82] Highly
publicized reports, beginning in 2002, of
the use of text language in school
assignments, caused some to become
concerned that the quality of written
communication is on the decline,[41] and
other reports claim that teachers and
professors are beginning to have a hard
time controlling the problem.[41]
However, the notion that text language is
widespread or harmful is refuted by
research from linguistic experts.[83]
An article in The New Yorker explores how
text messaging has anglicized some of
the world's languages. The use of
diacritic marks is dropped in languages
such as French, as well as symbols in
Ethiopian languages. In his book, Txtng:
the Gr8 Db8 (which translates as "Texting:
the Great Debate"), David Crystal states
that texters in all eleven languages use
"lol" ("laughing out loud"), "u", "brb" ("be
right back"), and "gr8" ("great"), all
English-based shorthands. The use of
pictograms and logograms in texts are
present in every language. They shorten
words by using symbols to represent the
word or symbols whose name sounds like
a syllable of the word such as in 2day or
b4. This is commonly used in other
languages as well. Crystal gives some
examples in several languages such as
Italian sei, "six", is used for sei, "you are".
Example: dv6 = dove sei ("where are you")
and French k7 = cassette ("cassette
tape"). There is also the use of numeral
sequences, substituting for several
syllables of a word and creating whole
phrases using numerals. For example, in
French, a12c4 can be said as à un de ces
quatres, "see you around" (literally: "to
one of these four [days]"). An example of
using symbols in texting and borrowing
from English is the use of @. Whenever it
is used in texting, its intended use is with
the English pronunciation. Crystal gives
the example of the Welsh use of @ in @F,
pronounced ataf, meaning "to me". In
character-based languages such as
Chinese and Japanese, numbers are
assigned syllables based on the
shortened form of the pronunciation of
the number, sometimes the English
pronunciation of the number. In this way,
numbers alone can be used to
communicate whole passages, such as in
Chinese, "8807701314520" (bào bao nǐ
qīng qing nǐ yīshēng yìshì wǒ ài nǐ) can be
literally translated as "Hug hug you, kiss
you, whole life, whole life I love you."
English influences worldwide texting in
variation, but still in combination with the
individual properties of languages.[84]
American popular culture is also
recognized in shorthand. For example,
Homer Simpson translates into: ~
(_8^(|).[85] Crystal also suggests that
texting has led to more creativity in the
English language, giving people
opportunities to create their own slang,
emoticons, abbreviations, acronyms, etc.
The feeling of individualism and freedom
makes texting more popular and a more
efficient way to communicate.[86] Crystal
has also been quoted in saying that "In a
logical world, text messaging should not
have survived." But text messaging didn't
just come out of nowhere. It originally
began as a messaging system that would
send out emergency information. But it
gained immediate popularity with the
public. What followed is the SMS we see
today, which is a very quick and efficient
way of sharing information from person
to person. Work by Richard Ling has
shown that texting has a gendered
dimension and it plays into the
development of teen identity.[87] In
addition we text to a very small number
of other persons. For most people, half of
their texts go to 3 – 5 other people.[88]
Research by Rosen et al. (2009)[89] found
that those young adults who used more
language-based textisms (shortcuts such
as LOL, 2nite, etc.) in daily writing
produced worse formal writing than
those young adults who used fewer
linguistic textisms in daily writing.
However, the exact opposite was true for
informal writing. This suggests that
perhaps the act of using textisms to
shorten communication words leads
young adults to produce more informal
writing, which may then help them to be
better "informal" writers. Due to text
messaging, teens are writing more, and
some teachers see that this comfort with
language can be harnessed to make
better writers. This new form of
communication may be encouraging
students to put their thoughts and
feelings into words and this may be able
to be used as a bridge, to get them more
interested in formal writing.
Joan H. Lee in her thesis, What does
txting do 2 language: The influences of
exposure to messaging and print media
on acceptability constraints(2011),[90]
she associates exposure to text
messaging with more rigid acceptability
constraints. The thesis suggests that
more exposure to the colloquial,
Generation Text language of text
messaging contributes to being less
accepting of words. In contrast, Lee
found that students with more exposure
to traditional print media (such as books
and magazines) were more accepting of
both real and fictitious words. The thesis,
which garnered international media
attention, also presents a literature
review of academic literature on the
effects of text messaging on language.
Texting has also been shown to have had
no effect or some positive effects on
literacy. According to Plester, Wood and
Joshi and their research done on the
study of 88 British 10–12-year-old
children and their knowledge of text
messages, "textisms are essentially forms
of phonetic abbreviation" that show that
"to produce and read such abbreviations
arguably requires a level of phonological
awareness (and orthographic awareness)
in the child concerned".[91]
Texting while driving

A driver with attention divided

between a mobile phone and the
road ahead
Texting while driving leads to increased
distraction behind the wheel and can
lead to an increased risk of an accident.
In 2006, Liberty Mutual Insurance Group
conducted a survey with more than 900
teens from over 26 high schools
nationwide. The results showed that 87%
of students found texting to be "very" or
"extremely" distracting.[92] A study by
AAA found that 46% of teens admitted to
being distracted behind the wheel due to
texting. One example of distraction
behind the wheel is the 2008 Chatsworth
train collision, which killed 25 passengers.
The engineer had sent 45 text messages
while operating the train. A 2009
experiment with Car and Driver editor
Eddie Alterman (that took place at a
deserted airfield, for safety reasons)
compared texting with drunk driving. The
experiment found that texting while
driving was more dangerous than being
drunk. While being legally drunk added 4
feet to Alterman's stopping distance
while going 70 mph (110 km/h), reading
an e-mail on a phone added 36 feet
(11 m), and sending a text message
added 70 feet (21 m).[93]
In 2009, the Virginia Tech Transportation
Institute released the results of an 18-
month study that involved placing
cameras inside the cabs of more than 100
long-haul trucks, which recorded the
drivers over a combined driving distance
of three million miles. The study
concluded that when the drivers were
texting, their risk of crashing was 23
times greater than when not texting.[94]
Texting while walking
Due to the proliferation of smart phone
applications performed while walking,
"texting while walking" or "wexting" is the
increasing practice of people being
transfixed to their mobile device without
looking in any direction but their
personal screen while walking. First
coined reference in 2015 in New York
from Rentrak's chief client officer[95]
when discussing time spent with media
and various media usage metrics. Text
messaging among pedestrians leads to
increased cognitive distraction and
reduced situation awareness, and may
lead to increases in unsafe behaviour
leading to injury and death.[96][97] Recent
studies conducted on cell phone use
while walking showed that cell phone
users recall fewer objects when
conversing,[98] walk slower,[96][99] have
altered gait[97][100] and are more unsafe
when crossing a street.[98] Additionally,
some gait analyses showed that stance
phase during overstepping motion,
longitudinal and lateral deviation
increased during cell phone operation,
but step length and clearance did
not;[96][100] a different analysis did find
increased step clearance and reduced
step length.[97]
It is unclear which processes may be
affected by distraction, which types of
distraction may affect which cognitive
processes, and how individual differences
may affect the influence of
distraction.[101] Lamberg and Muratori
believe that engaging in a dual-task,
such as texting while walking, may
interfere with working memory and result
in walking errors.[96] Their study
demonstrated that participants engaged
in text messaging were unable to
maintain walking speed or retain
accurate spatial information, suggesting
an inability to adequately divide their
attention between two tasks. According
to them, the addition of texting while
walking with vision occluded increases
the demands placed on the working
memory system resulting in gait
disruptions.[96]
Texting on a phone distracts participants,
even when the texting task used is a
relatively simple one.[99] Stavrinos et al.
investigated the effect of other cognitive
tasks, such as engaging in conversations
or cognitive tasks on a phone, and found
that participants actually have reduced
visual awareness.[102] This finding was
supported by Licence et al., who
conducted a similar study.[97] For
example, texting pedestrians may fail to
notice unusual events in their
environment, such as a unicycling
clown.[103] These findings suggest that
tasks that require the allocation of
cognitive resources can affect visual
attention even when the task itself does
not require the participants to avert their
eyes from their environment. The act of
texting itself seems to impair pedestrians'
visual awareness. It appears that the
distraction produced by texting is a
combination of both a cognitive and
visual perceptual distraction.[99] A study
conducted by Licence et al. supported
some of these findings, particularly that
those who text while walking significantly
alter their gait. However, they also found
that the gait pattern texters adopted was
slower and more "protective", and
consequently did not increase obstacle
contact or tripping in a typical pedestrian
context.[97]
There have also been technological
approaches to increase the
safety/awareness of pedestrians that are
(unintentionally) blind while using a
smartphone, e.g., using a Kinect[104] or
an ultrasound phone cover[105] as a
virtual white cane, or using the built-in
camera to algorithmically analyze
single,[106] respectively a stream of
pictures[107] for obstacles, with Wang et
al. proposing to use machine learning to
specifically detect incoming vehicles.[108]
Sexting
Sexting is slang for the act of sending
sexually explicit or suggestive content
between mobile devices using SMS.[109] It
contains either text, images, or video
that is intended to be sexually arousing.
Sexting was reported as early as 2005 in
The Sunday Telegraph Magazine,[110]
constituting a trend in the creative use of
SMS to excite another with alluring
messages throughout the day.[111]
Although sexting often takes place
consensually between two people, it can
also occur against the wishes of a person
who is the subject of the content.[109] A
number of instances have been reported
in which the recipients of sexting have
shared the content of the messages with
others, with less intimate intentions, such
as to impress their friends or embarrass
their sender. Celebrities such as Miley
Cyrus, Vanessa Hudgens, and Adrienne
Bailon have been victims of such abuses
of sexting.[112]
A 2008 survey by The National Campaign
to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy and CosmoGirl.com[113]
suggested a trend of sexting and other
seductive online content being readily
shared between teens. One in five teen
girls surveyed (22 per cent)—and 11 per
cent of teen girls aged 13–16 years old—
say they have electronically sent, or
posted online, nude or semi-nude images
of themselves. One-third (33 per cent) of
teen boys and one-quarter (25 per cent)
of teen girls say they were shown private
nude or semi-nude images. According to
the survey, sexually suggestive messages
(text, e-mail, and instant messaging)
were even more common than images,
with 39 per cent of teens having sent or
posted such messages, and half of the
teens (50 per cent) having received them.
A 2012 study that has received wide
international media attention was
conducted at the University of Utah
Department of Psychology by Donald S.
Strassberg, Ryan Kelly McKinnon, Michael
Sustaíta and Jordan Rullo. They surveyed
606 teenagers ages 14–18 and found
that nearly 20 per cent of the students
said they had sent a sexually explicit
image of themselves via cell phone, and
nearly twice as many said that they had
received a sexually explicit picture. Of
those receiving such a picture, over 25
per cent indicated that they had
forwarded it to others. In addition, of
those who had sent a sexually explicit
picture, over a third had done so despite
believing that there could be serious
legal and other consequences if they got
caught. Students who had sent a picture
by cell phone were more likely than
others to find the activity acceptable. The
authors conclude: "These results argue
for educational efforts such as cell phone
safety assemblies, awareness days,
integration into class curriculum and
teacher training, designed to raise
awareness about the potential
consequences of sexting among young
people."[114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]
[122][123][124] Sexting becomes a legal
issue when teens (under 18) are involved,
because any nude photos they may send
of themselves would put the recipients in
possession of child pornography.[125]
In schools

Two girls text during class at school.

Text messaging has affected students

academically by creating an easier way to
cheat on exams. In December 2002, a
dozen students were caught cheating on
an accounting exam through the use of
text messages on their mobile
phones.[126] In December 2002,
Hitotsubashi University in Japan failed 26
students for receiving emailed exam
answers on their mobile phones.[127] The
number of students caught using mobile
phones to cheat on exams has increased
significantly in recent years. According to
Okada (2005), most Japanese mobile
phones can send and receive long text
messages of between 250 and 3000
characters with graphics, video, audio,
and Web links.[128]
In England, 287 school and college
students were excluded from exams in
2004 for using mobile phones during
exams.[129] Some teachers and professors
claim that advanced texting features can
lead to students cheating on exams.[130]
Students in high school and college
classrooms are using their mobile phones
to send and receive texts during lectures
at high rates. Further, published research
has established that students who text
during college lectures have impaired
memories of the lecture material
compared to students who do not.[131]
For example, in one study, the number of
irrelevant text messages sent and
received during a lecture covering the
topic of developmental psychology was
related to students' memory of the
lecture.[132]
Bullying
Spreading rumors and gossip by text
message, using text messages to bully
individuals, or forwarding texts that
contain defamatory content is an issue of
great concern for parents and schools.
Text "bullying" of this sort can cause
distress and damage reputations. In
some cases, individuals who are bullied
online have committed suicide. Harding
and Rosenberg (2005) argue that the
urge to forward text messages can be
difficult to resist, describing text
messages as "loaded weapons".[133]
The default messaging app for the
iPhone, called iMessage, uses a data
connection to send messages to other
iMessage users, and leverages SMS as a
fallback when no data connection is
present, or when messaging non-
iMessage users. The app changes the
color of the message depending on
which technology was used. This has led
to instances of iMessage users bullying
people without iPhones.[134][135][136]
Influence on perceptions of the student
When a student sends an email that
contains phonetic abbreviations and
acronyms that are common in text
messaging (e.g., "gr8" instead of "great"),
it can influence how that student is
subsequently evaluated. In a study by
Lewandowski and Harrington (2006),
participants read a student's email sent
to a professor that either contained text-
messaging abbreviations (gr8, How R U?)
or parallel text in standard English (great,
How are you?), and then provided
impressions of the sender.[137] Students
who used abbreviations in their email
were perceived as having a less favorable
personality and as putting forth less
effort on an essay they submitted along
with the email. Specifically, abbreviation
users were seen as less intelligent,
responsible, motivated, studious,
dependable, and hard-working. These
findings suggest that the nature of a
student's email communication can
influence how others perceive the
student and their work.
However, students have become aware of
the reality that using these textisms and
adaptations can negatively impact their
professionalism. Drouin and Davis
surveyed American undergraduates in
2009 and found that three quarters of
participants believed the use of textisms
were not appropriate in formal
messaging and writing.[138] A study
performed by Grace et al. (2013) asked
150 undergraduate students to rate the
appropriateness of using textisms in a
given scenario on a scale of one to five –
five being entirely appropriate and one
being not at all.[138] All but eleven of the
students rated the use of textisms in
exams and typed assignments as "not at
all appropriate", showing that the
students are aware of how they must
adapt their written language and tone
depending on the context.[138] Grace et
al. (2010) went further, observing
hundreds of academic papers from
previous undergraduate students' exams,
only to find that out of 533,500 words, a
mere 0.02% were textisms. They owe this
to the fact that the more accumulated
experience a student has, the more they
are able to understand when the
"appropriate" and "inappropriate" times
to use such language is.[138]
Law and crime
Text messaging has been a subject of
interest for police forces around the
world. One of the issues of concern to
law enforcement agencies is the use of
encrypted text messages. In 2003, a
British company developed a program
called Fortress SMS which used 128 bit
AES encryption to protect SMS
messages.[139] Police have also retrieved
deleted text messages to aid them in
solving crimes. For example, Swedish
police retrieved deleted texts from a cult
member who claimed she committed a
double murder based on forwarded texts
she received.[140] Police in Tilburg,
Netherlands, started an SMS alert
program, in which they would send a
message to ask citizens to be vigilant
when a burglar was on the loose or a
child was missing in their neighbourhood.
Several thieves have been caught and
children have been found using the SMS
Alerts. The service has been expanding to
other cities.[141] A Malaysian–Australian
company has released a multi-layer SMS
security program.[142] Boston police are
now turning to text messaging to help
stop crime. The Boston Police
Department asks citizens to send texts to
make anonymous crime tips.[143]
Under some interpretations of sharia law,
husbands can divorce their wives by the
pronouncement of talaq. In 2003, a court
in Malaysia upheld such a divorce
pronouncement which was transmitted
via SMS.[144]
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court ruled in 2017 that under the state
constitution, police require a warrant
before obtaining access to text messages
without consent.[145]
Social unrest
Texting has been used on a number of
occasions with the result of the gathering
of large aggressive crowds. SMS
messaging drew a crowd to Cronulla
Beach in Sydney resulting in the 2005
Cronulla riots. Not only were text
messages circulating in the Sydney area
but in other states as well (Daily
Telegraph). The volume of such text
messages and e-mails also increased in
the wake of the riot.[146] The crowd of
5,000 at stages became violent, attacking
certain ethnic groups. Sutherland Shire
Mayor directly blamed heavily circulated
SMS messages for the unrest.[147] NSW
police considered whether people could
be charged over the texting.[148]
Retaliatory attacks also used SMS.[149]
The Narre Warren Incident, when a group
of 500 party goers attended a party at
Narre Warren in Melbourne, Australia,
and rioted in January 2008, also was a
response of communication being spread
by SMS and Myspace.[150] Following the
incident, the Police Commissioner wrote
an open letter asking young people to be
aware of the power of SMS and the
Internet.[151] In Hong Kong, government
officials find that text messaging helps
socially because they can send multiple
texts to the community. Officials say it is
an easy way of contacting the
community or individuals for meetings or
events.[152] Texting was used to
coordinate gatherings during the 2009
Iranian election protests.
Between 2009 and 2012 the U.S. secretly
created and funded a Twitter-like service
for Cubans called ZunZuneo, initially
based on mobile phone text message
service and later with an internet
interface. The service was funded by the
U.S. Agency for International
Development through its Office of
Transition Initiatives, who utilized
contractors and front companies in the
Cayman Islands, Spain and Ireland. A
longer-term objective was to organize
"smart mobs" that might "renegotiate the
balance of power between the state and
society." A database about the
subscribers was created, including
gender, age, and "political tendencies". At
its peak ZunZuneo had 40,000 Cuban
users, but the service closed as financially
unsustainable when U.S. funding was
stopped.[153][154]
In politics

A text message that (he says)

promises 500 Libyan dinars ($400) to
anyone who "makes noise" in
support of Gaddafi in the coming
days
 A recruitment ban in French SMS
language: «Slt koi29 on é jamé 2tro
@ s batre pour la P. ;-)» = «Salut!
Quoi de neuf? On n'est jamais de trop
à se battre pour la Paix!»

Text messaging has affected the political

world. American campaigns find that text
messaging is a much easier, cheaper way
of getting to the voters than the door-
to-door approach.[155] In 2006 Mexico's
then president-elect Felipe Calderón
launched millions of text messages in the
days immediately preceding his narrow
win over Andrés Manuel López
Obrador.[156] In January 2001, Joseph
Estrada was forced to resign from the
post of president of the Philippines. The
popular campaign against him was
widely reported to have been
coordinated with SMS chain letters.[156] A
massive texting campaign was credited
with boosting youth turnout in Spain's
2004 parliamentary elections.[156] In
2008, Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick
and his Chief of Staff at the time became
entangled in a sex scandal stemming
from the exchange of over 14,000 text
messages that eventually led to his
forced resignation, the conviction of
perjury, and other charges.[25] Text
messaging has been used to turn down
other political leaders. During the 2004
U.S. Democratic and Republican National
Conventions, protesters used an SMS-
based organizing tool called TXTmob to
get to opponents.[157] In the last day
before the 2004 presidential elections in
Romania, a message against Adrian
Năstase was largely circulated, thus
breaking the laws that prohibited
campaigning that day. Text messaging
has helped politics by promoting
campaigns.
On 20 January 2001, President Joseph
Estrada of the Philippines became the
first head of state in history to lose power
to a smart mob.[67] More than one million
Manila residents assembled at the site of
the 1986 People Power peaceful
demonstrations that have toppled the
Marcos regime. These people have
organized themselves and coordinated
their actions through text messaging.
They were able to bring down a
government without having to use any
weapons or violence. Through text
messaging, their plans and ideas were
communicated to others and successfully
implemented. Also, this move encouraged
the military to withdraw their support
from the regime, and as a result, the
Estrada government fell.[67] People were
able to converge and unite with the use
of their cell phones. "The rapid assembly
of the anti-Estrada crowd was a hallmark
of early smart mob technology, and the
millions of text messages exchanged by
the demonstrators in 2001 was, by all
accounts, a key to the crowds esprit de
corps."[67]
Use in healthcare

Some health organizations manage

text messaging services to help
people avoid smoking.

Text messaging is a rapidly growing trend

in Healthcare. A randomized controlled
trial of text messaging intervention for
diabetes in Bangladesh was one of the
first robust trials to report improvement
in diabetes management in a low-and-
middle income country.[158] A recent
systematic review and individual
participants data meta analysis from
3,779 participants reported that mobile
phone text messaging could improve
blood pressure and body mass index.[159]
Another study in people with type 2
diabetes showed that participants were
willing to pay a modest amount to
receive a diabetes text messaging
program in addition to standard care.[160]
"One survey found that 73% of physicians
text other physicians about work- similar
to the overall percentage of the
population that texts." A 2006 study of
reminder messages sent to children and
adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
showed favorable changes in adherence
to treatment.[161] A risk is that these
physicians could be violating the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act. Where messages could be saved to a
phone indefinitely, patient information
could be subject to theft or loss, and
could be seen by other unauthorized
persons. The HIPAA privacy rule requires
that any text message involving a
medical decision must be available for
the patient to access, meaning that any
texts that are not documented in an EMR
system could be a HIPAA
violation.[162][163]
Medical concerns
The excessive use of the thumb for
pressing keys on mobile devices has led
to a high rate of a form of repetitive
strain injury termed "BlackBerry thumb"
(although this refers to strain developed
on older Blackberry devices, which had a
scroll wheel on the side of the phone). An
inflammation of the tendons in the
thumb caused by constant text-
messaging is also called text-messager's
thumb, or texting tenosynovitis.[164]
Texting has also been linked as a
secondary source in numerous traffic
collisions, in which police investigations
of mobile phone records have found that
many drivers have lost control of their
cars while attempting to send or retrieve
a text message. Increasing cases of
Internet addiction are now also being
linked to text messaging, as mobile
phones are now more likely to have e-
mail and Web capabilities to complement
the ability to text.
Etiquette
Texting etiquette refers to what is
considered appropriate texting
behaviour. These expectations may
concern different areas, such as the
context in which a text was sent and
received/read, who each participant was
with when the participant sent or
received/read a text message or what
constitutes impolite text messages.[165]
At the website of The Emily Post Institute,
the topic of texting has spurred several
articles with the "do's and dont's"
regarding the new form of
communication. One example from the
site is: "Keep your message brief. No one
wants to have an entire conversation
with you by texting when you could just
call him or her instead."[166] Another
example is: "Don't use all Caps. Typing a
text message in all capital letters will
appear as though you are shouting at the
recipient, and should be avoided."
Expectations for etiquette may differ
depending on various factors. For
example, expectations for appropriate
behaviour have been found to differ
markedly between the U.S. and India.[165]
Another example is generational
differences. In The M-Factor: How the
Millennial Generation Is Rocking the
Workplace , Lynne Lancaster and David
Stillman note that younger Americans
often do not consider it rude to answer
their cell or begin texting in the middle of
a face-to-face conversation with
someone else, while older people, less
used to the behavior and the
accompanying lack of eye contact or
attention, find this to be disruptive and
ill-mannered. With regard to texting in
the workplace, Plantronics studied how
we communicate at work] and found that
58% of US knowledge workers have
increased the use of text messaging for
work in the past five years.[167] The same
study found that 33% of knowledge
workers felt text messaging was critical
or very important to success and
productivity at work.[168]
Typing awareness indicators

Mural of a text message reading "I

love you" and an ellipsis as a typing
awareness indicator on the left
(France, 2021)

In some text messaging software

products, an ellipsis is displayed while the
interlocutor is typing characters. The
feature has been referred to as a "typing
awareness indicator",[169] for which
patents have been filed since the
1990s.[170]
Challenges

Spam
In 2002, an increasing trend towards
spamming mobile phone users through
SMS prompted cellular-service carriers to
take steps against the practice, before it
became a widespread problem. No major
spamming incidents involving SMS had
been reported as of March 2007, but the
existence of mobile phone spam[171] has
been noted by industry watchdogs
including Consumer Reports magazine
and the Utility Consumers' Action
Network (UCAN (http://www.ucan.org/) ).
In 2005, UCAN brought a case against
Sprint for spamming its customers and
charging $0.10 per text message.[172] The
case was settled in 2006 with Sprint
agreeing not to send customers Sprint
advertisements via SMS.[173] SMS expert
Acision (formerly LogicaCMG Telecoms)
reported a new type of SMS malice at the
end of 2006, noting the first instances of
SMiShing (a cousin to e-mail phishing
scams). In SMiShing, users receive SMS
messages posing to be from a company,
enticing users to phone premium-rate
numbers or reply with personal
information. Similar concerns were
reported by PhonepayPlus, a consumer
watchdog in the United Kingdom, in
2012.[174]
Pricing concerns
Concerns have been voiced[175] over the
excessive cost of off-plan text messaging
in the United States. AT&T Mobility, along
with most other service providers,
charges texters 20 cents per message if
they do not have a messaging plan or if
they have exceeded their allotted
number of texts. Given that an SMS
message is at most 160 bytes in size, this
cost scales to a cost of $1,310[175] per
megabyte sent via text message. This is
in sharp contrast with the price of
unlimited data plans offered by the same
carriers, which allow the transmission of
hundreds of megabytes of data for
monthly prices of about $15 to $45 in
addition to a voice plan. As a comparison,
a one-minute phone call uses up the
same amount of network capacity as 600
text messages,[176] meaning that if the
same cost-per-traffic formula were
applied to phone calls, cell phone calls
would cost $120 per minute. With service
providers gaining more customers and
expanding their capacity, their overhead
costs should be decreasing, not
increasing. In 2005, text messaging
generated nearly 70 billion dollars in
revenue, as reported by Gartner, industry
analysts, three times as much as
Hollywood box office sales in 2005. World
figures showed that over a trillion text
messages were sent in 2005.[177]
Although major cellphone providers deny
any collusion, fees for out-of-package
text messages have increased, doubling
from 10 to 20 cents in the United States
between 2007 and 2008 alone.[178] On 16
July 2009, Senate hearings were held to
look into any breach of the Sherman
Antitrust Act.[179] The same trend is
visible in other countries, though
increasingly widespread flat-rate plans,
for example in Germany, do make text
messaging easier, text messages sent
abroad still result in higher costs.
Increasing competition
While text messaging is still a growing
market, traditional SMS is becoming
increasingly challenged by alternative
messaging services which are available
on smartphones with data connections.
These services are much cheaper and
offer more functionality like exchanging
multimedia content (e.g. photos, videos
or audio notes) and group messaging.
Especially in western countries some of
these services attract more and more
users.[180] Prominent examples of these
include Apple's iMessage (exclusive to
the Apple ecosystem) and Google's RCS.
In 2021, 8.4 trillion SMS messages were
sent globally, compared to 18.25 trillion
for WhatsApp alone.[181]
Security concerns
Experts have advised business users not
to use consumer SMS for confidential
communication. The contents of common
SMS messages are known to the network
operator's systems and personnel.
Therefore, consumer SMS is not an
appropriate technology for secure
communications.[182] To address this
issue, many companies use an SMS
gateway provider based on SS7
connectivity to route the messages. The
advantage of this international
termination model is the ability to route
data directly through SS7, which gives
the provider visibility of the complete
path of the SMS. This means SMS
messages can be sent directly to and
from recipients without having to go
through the SMS-C of other mobile
operators. This approach reduces the
number of mobile operators that handle
the message; however, experts have
advised not to consider it as an end-to-
end secure communication, as the
content of the message is exposed to the
SMS gateway provider.
An alternative approach is to use end-to-
end security software that runs on both
the sending and receiving device, where
the original text message is transmitted
in encrypted form as a consumer SMS. By
using key rotation, the encrypted text
messages stored under data retention
laws at the network operator cannot be
decrypted even if one of the devices is
compromised. A problem with this
approach is that communicating devices
needs to run compatible software. Failure
rates without backward notification can
be high between carriers. International
texting can be unreliable depending on
the country of origin, destination and
respective operators. Differences in the
character sets used for coding can cause
a text message sent from one country to
another to become unreadable.
In popular culture

Records and competition

The Guinness Book of World Records has
a world record for text messaging,
currently held by Sonja Kristiansen of
Norway. Kristiansen keyed in the official
text message, as established by
Guinness, in 37.28 seconds.[183] The
message is, "The razor-toothed piranhas
of the genera Serrasalmus and
Pygocentrus are the most ferocious
freshwater fish in the world. In reality,
they seldom attack a human."[183] In
2005, the record was held by a 24-year-
old Scottish man, Craig Crosbie, who
completed the same message in 48
seconds, beating the previous time by 19
seconds.[184] The Book of Alternative
Records lists Chris Young of Salem,
Oregon, as the world-record holder for
the fastest 160-character text message
where the contents of the message are
not provided ahead of time. His record of
62.3 seconds was set on 23 May
2007.[185]
Elliot Nicholls of Dunedin, New Zealand,
currently holds the world record for the
fastest blindfolded text messaging. A
record of a 160-letter text in 45 seconds
while blindfolded was set on 17
November 2007, beating the old record
of 1-minute 26 seconds set by an Italian
in September 2006.[186] Ohio native
Andrew Acklin is credited with the world
record for most text messages sent or
received in a single month, with 200,052.
His accomplishments were first in the
World Records Academy and later
followed up by Ripley's Believe It Or Not
2010: Seeing Is Believing. He has been
acknowledged by The Universal Records
Database for the most text messages in a
single month; however, this has since
been broken twice and as of 2010 was
listed as 566607 messages by Fred
Lindgren.[187]
In January 2010, LG Electronics
sponsored an international competition,
the LG Mobile World Cup, to determine
the fastest pair of texters. The winners
were a team from South Korea, Ha Mok-
min and Bae Yeong-ho.[188] On 6 April
2011, SKH Apps released an iPhone app,
iTextFast, to allow consumers to test their
texting speed and practice the paragraph
used by Guinness Book of World Records.
As of 2011, best time listed on Game
Center for that paragraph is 34.65
seconds.[189]
Morse code
A few competitions have been held
between expert Morse code operators
and expert SMS users.[190] Several mobile
phones have Morse code ring tones and
alert messages. For example, many Nokia
mobile phones have an option to beep "S
M S" in Morse code when it receives a
short message. Some of these phones
could also play the Nokia slogan
"Connecting people" in Morse code as a
message tone.[191] There are third-party
applications available for some mobile
phones that allow Morse input for short
messages.[192][193][194]
Tattle texting

"Tattle texting" can mean either of two

different texting trends:
Arena security
Many sports arenas now offer a number
where patrons can text report security
concerns, like drunk or unruly fans, or
safety issues like spills.[195][196] These
programs have been praised by patrons
and security personnel as more effective
than traditional methods. For instance,
the patron doesn't need to leave his seat
and miss the event in order to report
something important. Also, disruptive
fans can be reported with relative
anonymity. "Text tattling" also gives
security personnel a useful tool to
prioritize messages. For instance, a single
complaint in one section about an unruly
fan can be addressed when convenient,
while multiple complaints by several
different patrons can be acted upon
immediately.
Smart cars
In this context, "tattle texting" refers to
an automatic text sent by the computer
in an automobile, because a preset
condition was met. The most common
use for this is for parents to receive texts
from the car their child is driving, alerting
them to speeding or other issues.
Employers can also use the service to
monitor their corporate vehicles. The
technology is still new and (currently)
only available on a few car models.
Common conditions that can be chosen
to send a text are:
Speeding. With the use of GPS, stored
maps, and speed limit information, the
onboard computer can determine if the
driver is exceeding the current speed
limit. The device can store this
information and/or send it to another
recipient.
Range. Parents/employers can set a
maximum range from a fixed location
after which a "tattle text" is sent. Not
only can this keep children close to
home and keep employees from using
corporate vehicles inappropriately, but
it can also be a crucial tool for quickly
 identifying stolen vehicles, car jackings,
and kidnappings.
See also

Instant messaging
Personal message, also called private
message or direct message
Messaging apps
Chat language
Enhanced Messaging Service
Mobile dial code
Operator messaging
Telegram
 Tironian notes, scribal abbreviations
and ligatures: Roman and medieval
abbreviations used to save space on
manuscripts and epigraphs
Comparison of user features of
messaging platforms
Further reading

Al-Kadi̇, Abdu (17 June 2019). "A

Cross-Sectional Study of Textese in
Academic Writing: Magnitude of
Penetration, Impacts, and Perceptions"
(http://ijcer.net/en/pub/ijcer/issue/4574
4/534692) . International Journal of
Contemporary Educational Research. 6
(1): 29–39. doi:10.33200/ijcer.534692
(https://doi.org/10.33200%2Fijcer.5346
92) . S2CID 195794891 (https://api.sem
anticscholar.org/CorpusID:19579489
1) .
Rosen, Larry D.; Chang, Jennifer; Erwin,
Lynne; Carrier, L. Mark; Cheever, Nancy
A. (June 2010). "The Relationship
Between "Textisms" and Formal and
Informal Writing Among Young Adults"
(http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.11
77/0093650210362465) .
Communication Research. 37 (3): 420–
440. doi:10.1177/0093650210362465
(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009365021
0362465) . ISSN 0093-6502 (https://w
ww.worldcat.org/issn/0093-6502) .
S2CID 46309911 (https://api.semantics
cholar.org/CorpusID:46309911) .
Cingel, Drew P.; Sundar, S. Shyam
(December 2012). "Texting, techspeak,
and tweens: The relationship between
text messaging and English grammar
skills" (http://journals.sagepub.com/do
i/10.1177/1461444812442927) . New
Media & Society. 14 (8): 1304–1320.
doi:10.1177/1461444812442927 (http
s://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444812442
927) . ISSN 1461-4448 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/issn/1461-4448) .
S2CID 5469636 (https://api.semanticsc
holar.org/CorpusID:5469636) .
Wood, Clare; Kemp, Nenagh; Waldron,
Sam (November 2014). "Exploring the
longitudinal relationships between the
use of grammar in text messaging and
performance on grammatical tasks" (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC4265847) . British Journal of
Developmental Psychology. 32 (4):
415–429. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12049 (http
s://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjdp.12049) .
ISSN 0261-510X (https://www.worldca
t.org/issn/0261-510X) . PMC 4265847
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti
 cles/PMC4265847) . PMID 24923868 (h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/249238
68) .
Sadiq, Uzma; Ajmal, Muhammad;
Suleman, Nazia (2022). "mpact of text
messaging on students' writing skills at
university level: a corpus based
analysis" (https://cssrjournal.com/index.
php/cssrjournal/article/view/129/57) .
Competitive Social Sciences Research
Journal . 3 (1): 194–201.
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