1

Forward

With this manual, SFSP aims to provide most of the relevant information
necessary for a complete comprehension of the problems inherent in the
building construction industry, and the most appropriate solutions to these
problems. SFSP has been working in the civil and industrial fixings systems
field for more than 16 years, and has assumed its leading position in the
market in merit of the dedication and precision which characterize its
approach to the research and resolution of the various problems connected
with the application of its products.
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STANGLE is a product of:

Specialized Factory for Steel Products (SFSP)
Jeddah: Tel:+996 2 637 4482 Fax:+966 2 636 1963
Cairo: Tel:+20 2 831 3235 Fax:+20 2 831 1036
Sigma Factory for Steel Products (SFSP)
Dubai: +971 4 340 2636 TEL: +971 4 340 2637
Ajman: +971 6 743 9907 Fax:+971 6 743 9908
 Contents
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S t a n g l e
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Introduction
Fixing systems have always played a fundamental role in the science of building construction,
even if this role is sometimes undervalued, due to the fact that in the finished product, the all-
important fixing structure remains unseen.

Particularly, in the Cladding and facing fixing sectors, the choice of the correct system pre-
conditions, the functionality, the aesthetic values, the sturdiness and the duration in time, of the
entire cladding component. In this manual, an extensive treatment will be given to the so-called
“dry fixing systems" which, although of relatively recent invention, are being more and more
widely-employed both by architects as well as builders, in light of the enormous flexibility of
application and the consequent savings in time for the laying of the fixings.

In the specific field presented by fixing systems for the cladding of facings, where every single
fixing element shall be planned and realized in matching material, in order to assure the greatest
aesthetic result and the longest duration in time, one shall be able to count upon a series of
collateral services, in addition to the quality of the product, to guarantee the successful conclusion
of the project.

In the following pages, an attempt will be made to illustrate the principal phases and factors which
characterize the planning and the realization of fixing systems for the cladding of facings.
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Principles for the fixing

Of building cladding
The fixing systems for
building claddings are
composed of several
elements (angles, expansion
bolts, screws, nuts, washers,
etc), each of which shall
present the appropriate
mechanical features in
respect to the requirements
posed by the specific project.

Any type of cladding, once fixed, is subject to two primary

types of load:
- The permanent load (the dead
load), due to the weight of the
cladding itself;
- The variable load (applied loads),
due to the wind, thermal
expansions, seismic motions, etc.
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Two fundamental types of fixing

systems result:

-Load-bearing fixing: to support the

permanent load and the vertical components
of the variable loads.
-Restraining fixing: to support the
horizontal components of the variable loads.

Load-bearing fixing are usually composed by angles (of adequate dimensions), firmly fixed to
the building by the opportunely selected anchoring element complete with expansion anchors
and relative bolts.

Restraining fixings instead,

serve to maintain the slabs in
the positions specified by the
project design .Thanks to the
system of adjustment with
which they are equipped, the
absence of perfect verticality
in the external surfaces may
be easily overcome.
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In this case, the set is generally composed of an angle

of more-contained dimensions in respect to those
employed in the load bearing fixings, and an expansion
bolt which, with the use of a threaded stud or bolt,
permits the adjustment of the horizontal positioning of
the angles, thus obtaining the perfect verticality of the
cladding.

Therefore, with the correct design, the

restraining fixing should not be subject to
permanent loads, but will be able to withstand
the periodical variable loads due, for example,
to the pressures or depressions done by the
wind or seismic motion.
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Metals Used
In fixing systems
The metals used for the realization of the various components comprising the fixing system
set shall possess special features which, in addition to assuring a satisfactory mechanical
resistance, shall also be immune to the varying forms of corrosion, in order to withstand
both the static and dynamic load conditions to which they are subject throughout installation
and the harmful atmospheric conditions which may arise as well, with extreme sturdiness
and security. Particular attention shall be dedicated to the phenomenon of galvanic
corrosion, which comes about whenever a more noble metal is placed into direct contact
with another metal in the presence of an electrolyte (water containing salts, acids or
substances deriving from combustion). Under such conditions, a chemical reaction takes
place which tends to damage the less noble metal. Galvanic corrosion is particularly
dangerous whenever the mass of the noble metal is inferior to that of the more noble metal.
The ratio between these two masses, the direct-contact surface area, and the difference in
potential between the two metals, determine the degree of corrosion or deterioration. For
this reason, the material most commonly-advised for the realization of a complete set of
fixings is Stainless steel AISI 304 which, in addition to guaranteeing optimum mechanical
resistance features, is suited to satisfactory resistance even in particularly harsh
environmental surroundings. Several combinations of different metals may be acceptable,
provided that the designer is aware of the specific environmental conditions, and that the
combination is compatible with the same. Below we provide a table showing the
compatibility of different metals, from which an initial indication regarding combinations may
be obtained.

SFSP Anchor bolts

Surfaces of contact (metal)
Stainless steel Aluminium bronze Brass Galvanized steel Cast iron

Stainless steel
Aluminium bronze

Brass
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Copper

Galvanized steel

Mild steel
Cast iron

Lead

Aluminium

Possibility to use these metals together in all conditions.

Possibility to use these metals together in dry conditions according to designer'sinstruction.
These metals shall not be used together.
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Design Criteria
The design for the supporting structures of buildings claddings should be based on some
basic principles :
a) The shape and the material of the structure to which the cladding is to be anchored
(concrete, hollow brick, etc);
b) The shape and the material of the facing to be anchored

Cladding type Design weight

(KN/m3)

Ceramic, Tuff 20

Limestone conglomerate, Travertine 24

Sandstone, Nagelflue, Greywacke 26

Width b Limestone, Dolomite, Muschelkalk, marble 27

height h
thickness d Granite, Porphyry, Syenite, Slate 28

Basalt, Diorite, Gabbro, gneiss 30

h
We recommend
3-4 cm 6-8 cm

b
d

Wall structure
d = thickness of stone panel
c = width of air space behind d c i
i = thickness of thermal insulation
a = projection of panel anchor a
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c) The forces to which the building itself may be subject (winds of particular intensity, seismic
activity, etc);
d) The environmental surroundings in which the building is located, paying particular attention
to harmful atmospheric conditions which may be found in industrial, marine or other areas.
e) Arrangement of panel anchor in vertical or horizontal joint

The awareness and a complete analysis of these factors is a necessary condition for the
correct planning, in order to guarantee the highest safety levels possible.
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Determining Anchor Loading Fv

a) Support anchor in vertical joint

One support anchor carries the dead load Fv of
one natural-stone panel
Restraint anchor
Example :
Natural-stone panel b/h/d
Support anchor
(width/ height/ thickness) = o.6/1.00/0.04m
Density (Design weight) = 27 KN /m∆
Anchor loading Fv = 0.6 * 1.00 * 0.04 * 27 = 0.65KN Support anchor
Fv = 65kg
b) Support anchor in horizontal joint
One support anchor carries the dead load
of one natural-stone half panel. Support anchor
with half pin
Example:
Natural-stone panel b/h/d = 0.6/1.00/0.04/m
Density = 27 KN/m∆
Anchor loading Fv = 0.6 * 1.00 * 0.04 * 0.5 * 27 = 0.32KN
Fv = 32kg

Determining Anchor Loading FH(Wind loading):

Support and
restraint anchor in
Example: the vertical joint
Natural-stone panel = 0.6/1.00/0.04m
Wind load w = 1.1 kN/m≈ (Dynamic pressure)
for building height 20-100m Support and
Wind load/ panel = o.6 * 1.00 * 1.1 = 0.66 KN restraint anchor
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Anchor load FH = 2 * 0.25 * 0.66 = 0.5 * 0.66 KN = 0.33KN Support anchor

One anchor carries the wind loading of one in the horizontal
Natural-stone half-panel. joint

Support anchor

Joints.
Support anchor
with half pin
Building Separation Joints

Separation Joints that exist within the structure shall be

incorporated in the cladding at the same place and with
surfficient width.
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Expansion joints in the facing

For any cladding with natural-stone panels, in addition to

existing building separation joints there shall be horizontal = Support anchor
and vertical expansion joints. with half pin
This applies also to continuous faced strips such as column
and parapet claddings.
Horizontal expansion joints are provided in each storey,
usually at the level of the underside of the ceiling.
Expansion joints shall be provided also in outer and inner
ceiling areas.
Vertical expansion joints shall not be more than 6m apart. = Support anchor
with full length pin

Anchor pins
a)The load capacity of the anchor pin does not have to be
proved if it is at least 4mm in diameter; the width of the
panel joint shall not be more than 10mm and the load on
each half-pin not more than 750N. For a joint of width more
than 10mm and up to 15mm, an anchor pin 6mm thick is
used.
b) The bonding depth for the anchor pin into the panel is at
least 25mm and at least 35mm for soft stone. The pin drill
holes in the panels shall be 5mm deeper than the bond 2mm
length of the anchor pins.
c) The diameter of the anchor pin hole is drilled 3 to 4mm
wider than the pin diameter.
Sliding
d)If splitting takes place when the pin holes are being
sleeve
drilled, the hole shall be redrilled in a suitable place.
e) The anchor pin holes should be filled with fine mortar, or
some other suitable filler, before the anchor
pins are inserted.

Sliding sleeves
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a) The function of sliding sleeves is to compensate for

temperature-induced expansion of the natural-stone
panels.
b) There shall be a clear space of at least 2mm on one
side (sliding sleeve-side) in the panel joint.
c) The sliding sleeves should be inserted in the anchor pin
holes together with suitable mortar before the natural-stone
panels are mounted. → ∅ 4 mm ∅ 7 mm
25 mm 5 mm
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Wind load for cladding facade acc. to DIN 1055 part 4.

wind pressure wind suction

100m q (KN/m2)
wd = 1.30 ws =- 2.60 ws = - 0.91 100m
Height of building

1.30

wd = 1.10 ws = -2.20 ws = - 0.77

20m
1.10 20m

wd = 0.80 8m ws = -1.60 ws = - 0.56 8m

wd = 0.50 ws = -1.00 ws = - 0.35

0.80

0.50 1.0m ≤ b/8 ≤ 2.0 m

building width
b = building width

1 -0.7 for H/A > 0.5

-0.5 for H/A < 0.25
1 1 Values in between
-0.7 Cp-values wind -0.7 can be obtained
A from frontside by interpolation.
-2.0
-2.0 -2.0
0.8(x1.25) -0.7

Cp-values
wind from left
According to DIN 18515 part 3 0.8(x1.25)
-0.5
Pins: pin hole shall be 3mm bigger than pin diameter
Pin distances: Distance between plate corner and
middle -0.7
-2.0
pinhole is min 2.5 the plate thickness.
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Support anchor

d=20
Sleeve pin hole ≥ ø 7x42
≥ 10 ≥ 10

pin ≥ ø 4

≥ 2.5d ≥ 2.5d
≥ 40 10 10
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loads for support anchor

Support anchor in horizontal joint Support anchor in vertical joint

Fv Fv
FH FH

Fv= 1/2 plate Fv= 1 plate

Fv= 1/2 plate FH= 1/2 plate

Wind loads per support anchor in the horizontal joint (KN) by plate thickness of
3.0cmand design weight of 26 KN/m3.

Wind pressure FH Wind suction in normal range FH Wind suction in edge range FH
Load
steps FV Building height H [m] Building height H [m] Building height H [m]
[KN]
0-8 8 - 20 20 -100 0-8 8 - 20 20 -100 0-8 8 - 20 20 -100

0.30 0.192 0.308 0.422 - 0.134 - 0.214 - 0.296 - 0.384 - 0.616 - 0.844
0.60 0.384 0.614 0.844 - 0.268 - 0.430 - 0.592 - 0.768 -1.228 - 1.688

0.90 0.576 0.922 1.267 - 0.404 - 0.644 - 0.888 - 1.152 - 1.844 - 2.534
1.20 0.768 1.228 1.690 - 0.538 - 0.860 - 1.183 - 1.536 - 2.456 - 3.380

1.50 0.960 1.536 2.112 - 0.672 - 1.480 - 1480 - 1.920 - 3.072 - 4.224
1.80 1.152 1.844 2.534 - 0.808 - 1.288 - 1.776 - 2.304 - 3.688 - 5.068

Wind loads per support anchor in the vertical joint (KN) by plate thickness of
3.0cm and design weight of 26 KN/m3.

Wind pressure FH Wind suction in normal range FH Wind suction in edge range FH
Load
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steps FV Building height H [m] Building height H [m] Building height H [m]
[KN]
0-8 8 - 20 20 -100 0-8 8 - 20 20 -100 0-8 8 - 20 20 -100

0.30 0.096 0.154 0.211 - 0.067 - 0.107 - 0.148 - 0.192 - 0.308 - 0.422
0.60 0.192 0.307 0.422 - 0.134 - 0.215 - 0.296 - 0.384 - 0.614 - 0.844

0.90 0.288 0.461 0.634 - 0.202 - 0.322 - 0.444 - 0.576 - 0.922 - 1.267
1.20 0.384 0.614 0.845 - 0.269 - 0.430 - 0.592 - 0.768 - 1.228 - 1.690

1.50 0.480 0.768 1.056 - 0.336 - 0.537 - 0.740 - 0.960 - 1.536 - 2.112
1.80 0.576 0.922 1.268 - 0.404 - 0.644 - 0.888 - 1.152 - 1.844 - 2.534
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Correction factors for wind loads by other plate thicknesses and Design weights.

3
Plate thickness
Design weights for Natural stone (KN/m )
2.0 cm 3.0 cm 4.0 cm 5.0 cm 6.0 cm

Travertine, Sand stone conglomerate 24 1.00 cm 1.00 0.75 0.60 0.50

Sand stone, Nagelflue, Greywacke 26 0.98 cm 0.96 0.72 0.58 0.48

Limestone, Dolomite, Muschelkalk, Marble 27 0.98 cm 0.96 0.72 0.58 0.48

Granite, Prophyry, Syenit, Slate 28 0.93 cm 0.90 0.67 0.54 0.45

Basalt, Diorite, Gabbro, gneiss 30 0.90 cm 0.87 0.65 0.52 0.43

Thermal Expansion:
The thermal expansion of natural stone is an important consideration
where natural stone is used with dissimilar materials to form large units which are rigidly fixed.
The coefficient of thermal expansion varies from one variety of natural stone to another, so the
actual thermal characteristics of a specific
natural stone should be obtained from the supplier when the final choice of a natural stone is
made.

Coefficients of thermal expansion

Linear expansion ' '

Material
(in /in/°F) or (mm/mm/°C)
Aluminium 0.0000133
Brass 0.0000104
Bronze 0.0000101
Bronze 0.0000096
Concrete 0.0000079
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Marble 0.0000073
Granite 0.0000078
Lime stone 0.0000060
Masonry 0.0000035
Mild steel 0.0000067

Thermal expansion in the stone panel will cause stresses on the

support anchor. This stress is calculated as follows: ∆L = α * h (∆T).

Where
∆L Change in height of panel in [mm]
α:Coefficient of thermal expansion in [mm/mm/°C]
h: Height of panel in [mm]
∆L: Change in temperature in [°C]
 14

∆L will be considered as a deflection on the support anchor:

For a cantilever f = Fv.a∆

3EI

where:
f: Deflection of support anchor at free end in [mm]
Fv: Vertical load in [N]
a: Bending moment arm in [mm]
E: Modulus of Elasticity of steel in [N/mm≈]
I: Moment of Inertia of support cross section in [mm4].

Installation methods
The dry fixing Installation method
The principle installation phases of a set of fixings for cladding is
represented as follows:
1) Accurately locate the position of the drilling hole.
2) Drill a hole of the required depth and diameter.)
3) Insert the expansion bolt into the hole and cause it to expand by screwing down the
nut A.
4) To regulate the distance, from the wall to the angle, rotate the screw B, while keep
ing the nut A locked tightly in position. If necessary, to facilitate the operation, loosen
the nut A, which will be re-tightened at the end of the operation.
5) Tighten the lock-nut C for the final locking of the angle in the desired position.
6) Insert the pin in the angle to match the hole in the cladding slab.
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Mounting instructions for STANGLE mortar

anchor(wet fixing).
Arrangement of anchors in vertical joint. Start at left edge
Take exact measurements of building, allowing for existing of the building

tolerances. Make sufficiently large recesses in thermal insulation for

Support frame
natural-stone anchors. Drill out anchor-pin holes and remove drilling
dust.
Erect support frame for bottom row of panels.
Panel mounting starts at the left edge of the building. Mount from
left to right and from bottom to top. Support anchor
Place first natural-stone panel on an anchor in horizontal joint and
underlay with wedge.
Wet anchor holes and fill with cement mortar.
Insert anchor in the two anchor holes.
Put anchor pin through anchor and push into sliding sleeve. There Sliding sleeve

shall be a clearance of about 2mm in the sleeve for the anchor pin.
Leave clear space of at least 2mm on side (sliding-sleeve side)
when inserting anchor. Vertical joint
2 mm 2 mm
Pack mortar in anchor hole and re-insert cut-out thermal insulation
for exact fit. Mounting at right edge
of the building
Fill anchor holes of second panel with mortar, then mount second
panel, etc.
Mounting at right edge of building:
Anchor last panel but one at right edge, with pins on one side in
vertical joint.
2 support anchors
Mount last panel at right building-edge on 2 support anchors in
horizontal joint.
Arrangemment of anchors in horizontal joint
Take the exact measurements of the building façade, allowing for 2 mm
existing tolerances.
2 mm
Cut out recesses in thermal insulation, sufficiently large for natural-
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stone anchors. Sliding sleeve

Drill anchor holes and remove drilling dust.
Erect support frame for bottom row of panels. Mounting the second row
of panels
Wet anchor holes and fill with cement mortar.
Insert support anchor for bottom row of panels and underlay with
wedges.
Pack cement mortar in anchor holes.
Insert cut-out thermal insulation for exact fit.
Drill anchor-pin holes in first-row panels and fill with mortar. Insert
sliding sleeve at top and then place natural-stone panel on support
anchor; align top edge of panel and fix provisionally and with wall
hook, etc. wedge as
underlay
Insert support anchor for second row of panels.
Provide clear space of 2mm between top edge of bottom row of
panels and support anchor of second row. Mounting the first row of panels
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The range of production

The problems inherent in the fixing of cladding and their respective solutions are confronted by
SFSP/STANGLE through either of two well-distinct approaches:
A) Standard fixing solutions:
Which have been done in response to the most representative and
demanded dimensional characteristics. These products come to be illustrated in the chapter
“Standard Types”.
B) Special fixing solutions:
for which SFSP/STANGLE has organized a staff of specialized techni
cians, in grade to provide a series of services at the complete disposal of the client.For greater
detail, we shall illustrate these additional services to which our clients may avail themselves, as
follows:

Consultant service
Designing service
Testing service
Quality control service
Installation service

Consultant Service
SFSP/STANGLE puts its entire technical staff specialized in fixing systems, at the complete
disposal of the client, whenever indications regarding the most opportune decisions and
methods to be adopted for the correct realization of any cladding fixing project are required. In
addition, upon the request of the client, technical visits may be effected in the work yard, for the
purposes of making realistic estimates, providing technical advice prior to construction, or for a
follow-up in regard to the correct utilization of the advised fixing systems.

Designing Service
SFSP/STANGLE can effect a performance study and the complete designing of the most
opportune fixing system for the cladding of buildings with marble facings, or facings of other
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materials.
The Design Department, after having received the essential information, will develop the project
in respect to the necessary specifications supplied by the client.
The primary objective is to provide by best solution to problems posed by the respective project.
 17

Testing service
SFSP grants particular importance to this structure, without which it would be difficult to make and
manage an archive of knowledge that allows the preparation of new and advanced technical
solutions to be subsequently applied for the perfection and maximum reliability of each specific
project.
In order to attain this aim, an effective system of collaboration has been evolved with testing
centers..
In fact, SFSP is able to provide the documentation belonging to the trial and testing of its own
products, whenever requested by interested parties.

Quality control service

Quality represents one of the most essential characteristics of the finished product for SFSP.
In accordance with this concept, the company invests energy, which results in additional
advantages for the client. Control operations effected upon the raw material, upon the half-
finished work-piece, and further verifications upon the finished product, mean guarantees in
regard to the component materials, exact conformity with the desired dimensional features, and
the faultless realization of even the smallest details.

Installation Service
SFSP is also ready to provide assistance service and to carry out the laying of the building
cladding with specialized personnel. Our technical staff is at your complete disposal in order to
supply any further clarification you should desire.
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Standard types
Type ST-500 1100/1200

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 19

Type ST- 500 1100

Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304

F s

B
H=20mm
G

C
A H

Standard items
slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole
F x G = 6.5 x 20mm F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
S A B C
item no item no item no
mm mm mm mm
1100 20 30 1105 20 30 1110 20 30 2 30 35 30
1100 20 35 1105 20 35 1110 20 35 2 35 35 35
1100 20 40 1105 20 40 1110 20 40 2 40 35 40
1100 30 30 1105 30 30 1110 30 30 3 30 35 30
1100 30 35 1105 30 35 1110 30 35 3 35 35 35
1100 30 40 1105 30 40 1110 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
Type ST- 500 1100
Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304
F
s

G
H=20mm
B
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A H C

Standard items
slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole
F x G = 6.5 x 20mm
S A B C
F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
item no item no item no
mm mm mm mm

1130 20 30 1135 20 30 1140 20 30 2 30 35 30

1130 20 35 1135 20 35 1140 20 35 2 35 35 35
1130 20 40 1135 20 40 1140 20 40 2 40 35 40
1130 30 30 1135 30 30 1140 30 30 3 30 35 30
1130 30 35 1135 30 35 1140 30 35 3 35 35 35
1130 30 40 1135 30 40 1140 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
 20

Type ST- 500 1100

Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304
F s
H=20mm

G
H
C
H=20mm
A
Standard items
slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole
F x G = 6.5 x 20mm F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
S A B C
item no item no item no mm mm mm mm
1160 20 30 1165 20 30 1170 20 30 2 30 35 30

1160 20 35 1165 20 35 1170 20 35 2 35 35 35

1160 20 40 1165 20 40 1170 20 40 2 40 35 40

1160 30 30 1165 30 30 1170 30 30 3 30 35 30

1160 30 35 1165 30 35 1170 30 35 3 35 35 35

1160 30 40 1165 30 40 1170 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
Type ST- 500 1100
Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304
F
→=4 →5mm
B

G P

E
C A

Standard items
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slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole

F x G = 6.5 x 20mm
S A B C
F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
item no item no item no mm mm mm mm

1175 20 25 1180 20 25 1185 20 25 2 25 30 30

1175 20 30 1180 20 30 1185 20 30 2 30 35 30
1175 20 35 1180 20 35 1185 20 35 2 35 35 35
1175 20 40 1180 20 40 1185 20 40 2 40 35 40
1175 30 30 1180 30 30 1185 30 30 3 30 35 30
1175 30 35 1180 30 35 1185 30 35 3 35 35 35
1175 30 40 1180 30 40 1185 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
 21

Type ST- 500 1200

Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304
F s

C
A
H
Standard items
slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole
F x G = 6.5 x 20mm F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
S A B C
item no item no item no mm mm mm mm
1200 20 30 1205 20 30 1210 20 30 2 30 35 30
1200 20 35 1205 20 35 1210 20 35 2 35 35 35
1200 20 40 1205 20 40 1210 20 40 2 40 35 40
1200 30 30 1205 30 30 1210 30 30 3 30 35 30
1200 30 35 1205 30 35 1210 30 35 3 35 35 35
1200 30 40 1205 30 40 1210 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
Type ST- 500 1200
Load-bearing and retaining angles material: stainless steel AISI 304

s F
→=4 →5mm
B

G P
S t a n g l e

E
C A

Standard items
slotted hole slotted hole slotted hole
F x G = 6.5 x 20mm F x G = 8.5 x 20mm F x G = 10.5 x 20mm
S A B C
item no item no item no mm mm mm mm

1230 20 30 1235 20 30 1240 20 30 2 30 35 30

1230 20 35 1235 20 35 1240 20 35 2 35 35 35
1230 20 40 1235 20 40 1240 20 40 2 40 35 40
1230 30 30 1235 30 30 1240 30 30 3 30 35 30
1230 30 35 1235 30 35 1240 30 35 3 35 35 35
1230 30 40 1235 30 40 1240 30 40 3 40 35 40
Angles of diffrent dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.
 22

SYSTEM TYPE ST-500

Support Brackets

Support Bracket

The structural analysis fully

considers the dead load of
panel, imposed wind loads
and thermal stresses, in
Support Bracket accordance with relevant DIN
standards.

Loads caused by
earthquakes can be
transferred into the anchoring
base.

The support and restraint

Support Bracket brackets are Fixed using
expansion anchors, chemical
anchors, etc.

Using expansion bolts, an

installation of the facade is
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also possible during the

winter months.
Support Bracket
Due to the small drill hole
dimensions of the expansion
bolts, the facade can be
Part of facade slab dead load to be taken by each installed very quickly.
support Brackett

Wind loads to be transmitted to structure by each

support Bracket
 23

SYSTEM TYPE ST-500

Support Brackets

a
A
Fv S
N

FHZ
n
FHD

d c

∅P

R
K S
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∅ f`
Anchoring base: Fv perm = permissible vertical
acc. To the licence of loading capacity
the dowel chosen. FR = existing load on the
dowel with maximum
load of the anchor
 24

System Type ST- 500

Support Bracket
Technical characteristics

Bracket width A Installation dimensions Anchor bolt

Permissible load M*
A FR
Fv a n s ø pxl ø fxk (mm)
(mm) (N)
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
25 100 20 2 120 6
30 100 20 2 140 6
35 100 40 2 185 6
40 100 50 20 2 ø 4x40 ø 7x25 230 6
30 100 60 3 280 6
40 100 70 3 330 8
40 100 80 4 385 8
25 200 20 3 245 6
30 200 30 3 285 6
40 200 40 3 365 8
20 ø 4x40 ø 7x25
30 200 50 4 460 8
35 200 60 4 560 8
40 200 70 4 675 8
40 300 20 3 365 8
30 300 30 4 425 8
35 300 40 4 550 8
20 ø 4x40 ø 7x25
40 300 50 4 700 10
35 300 60 5 855 10
40 300 70 5 1010 10
35 400 20 3 545 8
40 400 30 4 510 8
40 400 40 25 4 ø 4x40 ø 7x25 630 10
40 400 50 5 775 10
925 10
S t a n g l e

40 400 60 5
30 500 20 4 695 8
40 500 30 4 635 8
25 ø 4x40 ø 7x25
35 500 40 5 790 10
40 500 50 5 965 10
35 600 20 4 830 10
40 600 30 25 5 ø 4x40 ø 7x25 765 10
40 600 40 5 945 10

* M thread diameter of anchor bolt.

 25

System Type ST- 600

Z - Support Bracket
1 plastic tube

2 pin

1 3 flat head bolt

4 Z-section
5 anchor bolt
2

Application Advantages Material

The panels are secured to the

S t a n g l e

According to DIN 18515 all Manufactured from stainless

cladding panels which are anchoring base material with steel AISI 304
larger than 0.1 m2 have to absolute safety.
be anchored. Manufactured from stainless steel. Adjustability
The support and restraint brackets ±10 mm in three directions.
are adjustable in 3 directions.
The brackets are fixed into the
anchoring base by means of
anchors. Due to the small drill
hole dimensions of the anchors,
the facade can be installed very
quickly. The small size of drill hole
into the anchoring base material
means that heavy drilling
equipment is not required.
 26

System Type ST- 600

Z - Support Bracket
Horizontal joint

The structural analysis fully

considers the dead load of panel,
imposed wind loads and thermal
stresses, in accordance with
relevant DIN standards.

Loads caused by earthquakes can

be transferred into the anchoring
base.

The support and restraint brackets

are fixed using expansion
anchors, chemical anchors, etc.

The support and restraint brackets

are adjustable in 3 directions.

Due to the adjustability of the

S t a n g l e

brackets and the small drill hole

dimensions of the anchors, the
façade can be installed very
quickly.

Part of facade slab dead load to be taken by each

support Brackett
The restraint anchors of the
system 1 to 5 are interchangeable
so that any fixing problem can
Wind loads to be transmitted to structure by each optimally be solved.
support Bracket
 27

System Type ST- 600

Z -Restraint/Support Bracket Vertical joint
c s A

Fv +- z
FHZ c

FHD m
N
d c a+x
- +- y

l R

K V

∅P ∅P
∅P
∅ f`

Anchoring base: Adjustibility: FVperm. = permissible vertical

acc. to the licence of in 3 directions x = ± 10 mm loading capacity
the anchor bolt chosen. Y = ± 10 mm FHperm. = permissible horizontal
Z = ± 10 mm tensile load or pressure
load
FR = existing load on the
anchor with maximum
ST- 600 Type/ vertical joint load of the bracket
Bracket Permissible load Anchor
S t a n g l e

Installation dimensions
width ø pxl ø fxk bolt M**
A Fvper FHper a c m* v s (mm) (mm) FR (mm)
(mm) (N) (N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (N)
40 145 80 50 45 8 3 3 910 8
ø ø
45 145 80 60 50 8 3 3 1175 8
4x40 7x25
40 145 80 70 60 8 3 4 1060 8
40 305 160 50 50 10 4 4 1605 a
ø ø
50 305 160 60 55 10 4 4 1895 8
4x50 7x25
60 305 160 70 65 10 4 4 1695 10
50 555 295 50 55 12 5 5 2790 10
ø ø
60 555 295 60 65 12 5 5 2445 10
4x55 7x25
70 555 295 70 70 12 5 5 2780 10
*m thread diameter of flat head bolt.
**M thread diameter of anchor bolt.
 28

System Type ST- 600

Z - Support Bracket
horizontal joint
a S
A

Fv +z
-
C
FHZ
m
FHD
N

d c a+x
- +y
-

K R
K
v
∅p ∅p
∅ f`
Anchoring base: Adjustibility: FVperm. = permissible vertical
acc. to the licence of in 3 directions x = ± 10 mm loading capacity
the anchor bolt chosen. Y = ± 10 mm FHperm. = permissible horizontal
Z = ± 10 mm tensile load or pressure
load
FR = existing load on the
anchor with maximum
ST- 600 Type/ horizontal joint
Bracket Permissible load Installation dimensions
width ø pxl ø fxk Anchor bolt M**
Fvper FHper a v s (mm) (mm) FR
A c m* (mm)
(mm) (N) (N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (N)
(mm)
40 170 185 50 45 8 3 3 1095 8
ø ø
50 175 190 60 50 8 3 3 1050 8
S t a n g l e

4x40 7x25
40 175 190 70 60 8 3 4 1400 8
50 380 410 50 50 10 4 4 2475 8
ø ø
40 375 405 60 55 10 4 5 2520 8
4x50 7x30
45 370 395 70 65 10 4 5 2260 10
60 665 710 50 55 12 5 5 3640 10
ø ø
70 665 695 60 65 12 5 6 3605 10
4x55 7x35
55 660 705 70 70 12 5 6 3695 10
65 1090 1165 50 60 14 6 6 ø ø 6595 10
80 1075 1150 70 70 14 6 6 4x70 7x45 6535 12
*m thread diameter of flat head bolt.
**M thread diameter of anchor bolt.
 29

System Type ST- 600

Z - Support Bracket
horizontal joint

The structural analysis fully

considers the dead load of panel,
imposed wind loads and thermal
stresses, in accordance with
relevant DIN standards.

Loads caused by earthquakes can

be transferred into the anchoring
base.
restraint bracket
The support and restraint brackets
are fixed using expansion
anchors, chemical anchors, etc.

The support and restraint brackets

are adjustable in 3 directions.

Due to the adjustability of the

brackets and the small drill hole
dimensions of the anchors, the
façade can be installed very
support bracket quickly.
S t a n g l e

Part of facade slab dead load to be taken by each

support bracket

Wind loads to be transmitted to structure by each

support bracket
 30

Detail solution: fixing of slabs at opening. ex . window

section 1

support anchor
type ST-600

restraint anchor
1 type ST-550

2 restraint anchor
type ST-550

special
corner
bracket

section 2
Fixings positions as per DIN 18516 part3.
Slabs will be held usually at 4 points. minimum
S t a n g l e

at 3 points.
Fixings positions have to allow the slab to contract special
or expand freely when subjected to temperature. corner
All fixing points have to be located on an imaginary bracket
circle if drawn through these points.

restraint anchor
type ST-550
 31

Type ST- 800 1800

S t a n g l e
 32

Type ST- 800 1800

Load-bearing and retaining Brackets material: stainless steel AISI 304
Standard items

S A L C B H
item no mm mm mm mm mm mm
S

1800 20 05 2 20 130 40 90 20
B
1800 20 10 2 20 140 50 90 20
A C L 1800 20 15 2 20 150 60 90 20
H 1800 30 05 3 25 130 40 90 20
1800 30 10 3 25 140 50 90 20
1800 30 15 3 25 150 60 90 20
Brackets of different dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.

ST- 800 1800

Load-bearing and retaining brackets material: stainless steel AISI 304

S A L C B H
item no mm mm mm mm mm mm

∅ S 1800 20 05 2 20 130 40 90 20
1800 20 10 2 20 140 50 90 20
H B
L 1800 20 15 2 20 150 60 90 20
c
A
S t a n g l e

1800 30 05 3 25 130 40 90 20
1800 30 10 3 25 140 50 90 20
1800 30 15 3 25 150 60 90 20

Brackets of different dimensions may be manufactured under specific demand.

 33

Loading capcity for types ST- 800 1800

code capacity [mm] max. load in [N]

1800 20 05 30 62
1800 20 10 40 46.5
1800 20 15 50 150
1800 30 05 30 37.0
1800 30 10 40 175
1800 30 15 50 131
1810 20 05 30 105
1810 20 10 40 62
1810 20 15 50 46.5
1810 30 05 30 175
1810 30 10 40 131
1810 30 15 50 105
S t a n g l e
 34

Special Types
Support Anchor
Types ST 850-1900

Fv
FH Form R
Form N
d

a e

Fv Form L Form G
FH
d

a e
Form G 1/2 Form P

s
3
d

Form P 1/2

Restraint Anchor
S t a n g l e

FH
d

a e
Form G

s
d

Form P Form G 1/2

 35

Support Anchor
Max. Load Bending Type s d e Pin Dimension
FH FH
arm (mm) (mm) (mm) Ø Length
Fv a N,R,L,G,G1/2,P,P1/
suction pressure
(N) (N) (mm) 2 EB EM EB EM (mm) (mm)
(N)
40 1900 30 05 3.0 19 23 80 80
60 1900 30 10 3.0 22 26 80 80
200 148 -352 80 1900 30 15 3.0 23 27 80 80 5 70
100 1900 30 20 3.0 25 29 80 90
120 1900 40 30 3.0 23 28 80 90
40 1905 30 05 3.0 26 31 80 80
60 1905 30 10 3.0 32 36 80 80
400 296 -704 80 1905 30 15 3.0 32 36 80 80 5 70
100 1905 40 20 4.0 29 33 80 80
120 1905 40 25 4.0 32 36 80 80
40 1910 40 05 4.0 23 31 80 100
60 1910 40 10 4.0 28 35 80 110
600 444 -1056 5 70
80 1910 50 15 5.0 28 34 80 125
100 1910 50 50 5.0 31 36 80 125
40 1915 4005 4.0 30 37 80 120
60 1905 40 10 4.0 35 41 80 125
800 592 -1408 5 70
80 1910 50 15 5.0 35 41 80 125
100 1910 50 20 5.0 38 44 80 130
EB: Bedding in concrete EM: Bedding in masonry

Restraint Anchor
Max. Load Bending Pin Dimension
arm
Type
FH FH
s d e Ø Length
suction pressure a
(mm) G,G1/2,P (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
S t a n g l e

(N) (N)
40 1930 20 05
60 1930 20 10
1000 -1000 80 1930 20 15 2.0 21 80 70 70
100 1930 20 20
120 1930 20 25
40 1930 20 30
60 1930 20 35
1300 -1400 80 1930 20 40 2.0 26 80 5 70
100 1930 20 45
120 1930 20 50
 36

C - channel system 40

55
13

40

For detaills of C - channels,

please ask for related data sheets.

70
13

U - Support bracket

20
Fv
FR
M
∅ 5x60
~ 40+11 FR Extension Arm
- for Support Anchor
FH t 54+11
-

30-40
a+15
- dim. in mm

Vertical Horizontal Angle Projection Dim Expanding Dim. (mm)

Load Load Tension mm Anchor for Fv Projection
FV FH max. FH max. FH max. FH FH max. FH
S t a n g l e

a from-to t M KN a d L
(KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) (KN) M
0.13 0.20/0.28 0.48 0.3 2.7 55 40-70 3 6 8 0.13 55 M8 60
0.13 0.20/0.32 0.48 0.3 2.7 75 60-90 3 6 8 0.13 75 M8 80
0.29 0.40/0.37 0.60 0.6 2.8 55 40-70 4 8 8 0.29 55 M10 60
0.24 0.35/0.42 0.64 0.6 2.8 75 60-90 4 8 8 0.24 75 M10 80
0.48 0.65/0.48 0.71 1.0 2.8 55 40-70 4 8 10 0.48 55 M12 60
0.44 0.60/0.60 0.82 1.0 2.8 75 60-90 4 8 10 0.44 75 M12 80
0.75 1.00/0.87 1.11 1.6 4.0 60 45-75 5 10 12 0.75 60 M14 66
0.66 0.90/1.02 1.25 1.6 4.0 80 65-95 5 10 12 0.66 80 M14 86
 37

Mortar V- bracket

FV

FH

a
c
d

Z - Pendulum bracket

FV
FH

a
d c

Z - returned bracket
S t a n g l e

FV

FH

a
d c
 38

Appendix
Expansion steel anchor STM
Available size: M6 - 8 - 10 - 12

Materials:
- yellow zinc plated steel >5m
- stainless steel A2(AISI304)
- stainless steel A4(AISI316)
on request

Suitable on concrete and

solid brick

S t a n g l e
 39

Its particular shape guarantees secure and high performance and prevents rotation

Yellow zinc plated steel ≥5µ

Pull-out values in KN - concrete R 250* KN = Kilonewton (1KN=100Kg)

Screw cl. 8.8. Screw cl. 8.8
Expansion units only Max Max Pull Pull
Type torque Pull out Shear torque out out
mm. mm. hook eyelet
L Drill Minimun
Type Thread anchor drill hole STM 6 10 10.3 9.6 3 2.2 6.7
length mm mm mm STM 8 25 12.2 17.5 7 4.4 12.4
STM 6 M6 45 10 55 STM 10 45 17.1 27.8 14 6.2 17.5
STM 8 M8 50 12 60 STM 11 75 25.3 40.5 22 8.7 26.7
STM 10 M 10 60 15 75 it is advisable to apply a safty factor in consideration (*250Kg/cm2).
STM 11 M 12 74 18 90 of the various ways of employment

Screw S max O G
Type x length fixing Type eyelet Type hock
mm mm mm mm P
STM 6 M 6x50 5 STM 6 9.5 STM 6 9.5 8
STM 8 M 8x60 10 STM 8 11 STM 8 11 10
STM 10 M 10x80 20 STM 10 14 STM 10 14 12.5
STM 11 M 12x90 25 STM 11 17 STM 11 17 15
S t a n g l e

Expansion units only With hex. head screw s.s. A2-R50

L Drill Minimun S max

Type Thread
anchor drill hole Type fixing
length mm mm mm mm
STM 6s.s. M 6 45 10 55 STM 6s.s.with screw M 6x50 5
STM 8s.s. M 8 50 12 60 STM 8s.s.with screw M 8x50 10
STM 10s.s. M 10 60 15 75 STM 8s.s.with screw M 8x50 15

Pull-out values in KN - concrete R 250* KN = Kilonewton (1KN=100Kg)

Type Max torque mm. Pull out Shear

STM 6 stainless steel A2 8 9.5 8.4
STM 8 stainless steel A2 19 14 15.4
STM 10 stainless steel A2 38 19 24.4
it is advisable to apply a safty factor in consideration of the
various ways of employment (*250Kg/cm2).
 40

Wedge Anchor
Dimensions of building element

2
a/ a/2
ar a-ar a/2 a/2 da
2
a/ a-ae
ae
a-
ae a-ae a/2 a/2 hs
ae h
ar

d
d

b = 2a d-h

Expanding anchor before and after application.

Thread M6 M8 M10 M12

Designation 6-10 6-10 8-10 8-20 8-45 10-10 10-20 10-50 12-30
Admiss. fixing thickness da < mm 10,00 30,00 10,00 20,00 45,00 10,00 20,00 50,00 30,00
Total length 1 mm 65,00 85,00 75,00 85,00 110,00 80,00 90,00 120,00 120,00
Drill hole depth h > mm 60,00 60,00 65,00 65,00 65,00 70,00 70,00 70,00 90,00
Insertion depth h s> mm 50,00 50,00 55,00 55,00 55,00 60,00 60,00 60,00 80,00
S t a n g l e

Nominal drill bit diameter 6,00 6,00 8,00 8,00 8,00 10,00 10,00 10,00 12,00
Cutting diameter < mm 6,40 6,40 8,45 8,45 8,45 10,45 10,45 10,45 12,50
Anchoring torque Nm 6,00 6,00 15,00 15,00 15,00 30,00 30,00 30,00 50,00
Axial spacing a minimum width
of building element b > cm
16,00 16,00 18,00 18,00 18,00 26,00 26,00 26,00 34,00
Minimum thickness of building
element d > cm
15,00 15,00 15,00 15,00 15,00 20,00 20,00 20,00 22,00
Distance to edges and corners
a = area = a / 2 > cm
8,00 8,00 9,00 9,00 9,00 13,00 13,00 13,00 17,00
Admissible loads for central and
shear tension at all angles for
concrete strength > B25 1,50 1,50 2,80 2,80 2,80 4,00 4,00 4,00 5,70
acc. to DIN in KN
 41

Hexagon Head Bolts Hexagon Nuts

Ordering Size Qty Ordering Size Qty
Codes mm per pack Codes per pack
mm
HB0620 M6 x 20 200 HN06 M6 500
HB0650 M6 x 50 200 HN08 M8 500
HB0660 M6 x 60 200 HN10 M10 200
HB0670 M6 x 70 200 HN12 M12 200
HB0850 M8 x 50 200 HN14 M14 200
HB0860 M8 x 60 200 HN16 M16 200
HB0880 M8 x 80 200
HB0830 M8 x 100 200
HB1080 M10 x 80 100 Threaded Rods
HB10100 M10 x 100 100 Ordering Qty
Size
HB10120 M10 x 120 100
Codes mm per pack
HB1280 M12 x 80 100
HN06 M6 x 3m 1
HB12100 M12 x 100 100
TR08 M8 x 3m 1
HB12120 M12 x 120 100
TR10 M10 x 3m 1
HB14100 M14 x 100 100
TR12 M12 x 3m 1
HB14120 M14 x 120 100
HB16100 M16 x 100 100
HB16120 M16 x 120 100

Flat Washers
Ordering Size mm Qty
Codes I.D per pack

FW06 M6 500
S t a n g l e

FW08 M8 500
FW10 M10 200
FW12 M12 200
FW14 M14 200
FW16 M16 200
 42

Interim Guide
to the Design of Stainless Steel Fixings

1. Introduction

Stainless steel components are widely used for the support and fixing
of cladding panels to buildings. The long term durability and corrosion
resistance of stainless steel makes it ideally suited to this application where there
is a likelihood of a corrosive working environment for the cavity fixings.

BS 449, The Structural use of steel in building, contains rules for the application
of stainless steel bolts and the calculation of their maximum working stresses.
The use of stainless steel bolts and the calculation of their maximum working
stresses. The use of Stainless steel in other forms is not, however, covered in this
or any other British Standard.

It may be noted that whereas BS 449 is based on a permissible stress

approach, revised or new codes, such as BS 5950 which is to eventually
replace BS 449, are written in terms of limit states. Thus the design of stainless
steel components will also be to limit state principles.

2. Materials grades and properties

The following grades of stainless steel are recommended for fixing applications.
2.1 Plate, sheet & strip
The relevant British Standards for the material are:
BS 1449 : Part 2: 1983 and BS 1501: Part 3: 1973

Table 1

Plate, Sheet & Strip- material to BS 1449: part2:1983

S t a n g l e

Supply UTS 2 0.2%Proof Stress Elongation

Grade N/mm 2
(Min)
condition (Min) (Min) N/mm

304S11 Softened 480 180 40%

304S15 Softened 500 195 40%
316S11 Softened 490 190 40%
316S31 Softened 510 205 40%
321S31 Softened 500 200 50%
 43

The Hi-proof stainless steels produced to BS 1501: Part 3: 1973

have increased strengths due to the inclusion of nitrogen.
Values for hi-proof steels are shown in the standard in terms of UTS and 1%
proof stress. Corresponding values for 0.2% proofstress are approximately
30% higher than material to BS 1449.

Table 2
Plate - Hi-Proof material to BS 1501: part 3
UTS 1%Proof Stress 0.2%Proof Stress Elongation
Grade N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
(Min)
(Min) (Min) (Min)

304S62 590 315 (250) 35%

304S65 590 315 (250) 35%
316S62 620 340 (270) 35%
316S66 620 340 (270) 35%

2.2 Stainless Steel bolts

Bolts of the austenitic type are recommended for fixing purposes

the following strengths are shown in BS 6105: 1981, for austenitic bolts:

Table 3
Bolts to BS 6105:1981
Stress at 0.2%
Property UTS Permanent
Type N/mm2 strain(Min)
class (Min) N/mm2
50 500 210
A1,A2&A4 70 700 450
S t a n g l e

80 800 600

The permissible stress levels for stainless steel bolts can be calculated in
accordance with clause 50 in BS 449 for bolts in clearance holes:

Table 4
Permissible Bolt Stresses

Property Axial Shear Bearing

Tension
Class N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
50 107 71 223
70 230 153 478
80 286 190 596
 44

3. Factors affecting Design

3.1 stress-strain relationship

Stainless steels exhibit different properties to those of carbon structural steels to BS

4360: 1983. The main difference between the materials is in the stress-strain
relationship; for carbon steels this is linear virtually up to the yield point, whilst for
stainless steels the linear region is approximately half of the range to the proof stress.
Stainless steel is also anisotropic and test work carried out by the American Iron and
steel Institute shows the proportional limit for the austenitic steels, such as 316S31, to be
as follows:
Longitudinal tension 67% of 0.2% proof )
Transverse tension 57% )
Transverse compression 66% ) Average 59%
Longitudinal compression 46% )

In order to minimise the possibility of permanent deformations when

members are stressed above the proportional limit, and to avoid the
necessity of using inelastic deflection calculations, it is recommended
that the 59% value be used for the calculation of permissible stresses.
This represents a safety factor of 1.69 on the 0.2% proof stress value.
This safety factor could also conservatively be taken in determining a
value for allowable shear stress where the shear 0.2% proof stress may be taken as the
tensile 0.2% proof stress
3

For example, grade 316S31:

σ0.2 = 205 N/mm (see table 1)
2

τ0.2 = σ0.2/ 3 = 118 N/mm2

The allowable stresses, p, are then:
Pt=σ0.2/1.69 = 121 N/mm 2

Ps= τ0.2/1.69 = 70 N/mm

2
S t a n g l e

for the estimation of deflections Youngs Modulus of Elasticity may

2
be taken as 193,000 N/mm

3.2 Work Hardening

Austenitic stainless steels work harden when cold worked. The effect of this on, for
example, cold formed angle or profiled section, is to increase the strength and the proof
stress values of the section locally at the bends. It is considered appropriate not to take
advantage of the local increase in strength, but rather to regard it as providing an
additional safety margin in design
 45

3.3 Fire resistance:

Stainless steel maintains a high proportion of its strength at elevated temperatures, e.g. at a
temperature of 650°C annealed austenitic steels retain 2/3 of the room temperature 0.2% proof
strength.

4.0 Example
4.1 Example1
Design suitable fixings to support Portland stone cladding panels as shown in Figure 1, where
each corbel supports 5 panels.
Panel size is 600 mm x 600 mm x 75 mm 2
Weight of Portland stone 75 mm thick = 210kg/m
Corbel Plates
2 3
Total load to be supported by each corbel: = 5 x 0.6 x 210 x 9.81/10 = 3.71KN
This load acts on a lever arm to be taken as the distance between the cladding mid thickness
to a point 15mm in from the face of the structure-see figure 1 (this is to allow for the possibility
of local spalling underneath the corbel plate and deviations in building line).
Thus the lever arm is 1/2 x 75 + 25 + 15 = 77.5 mm and the resulting bending moment is:
3
M = 3.71 x 77.5/10
= 0.288kNm
Using grade 316S31 stainless steel for which σ0.2 = 205 N/mm (see table 1) and the allowable
2

stress σ0.2/1.69 = 121 N/mm , the required section modulus (z) may be calculated as:
2

2 6

z = bd > M = 0.288 x 10 = 2380 mm

3

6 Pb 121
Assuming 10mm thick plate
b > 6 x 2380 = 143 mm (say 145)
100 3
WL
To check deflection of corbel assume cantilever action:deflection =
3 EI
where W = 3.71KN
L = 77.5mm
2
E = 193.000N/mm
3 3
S t a n g l e

I = bt = 145 x 10 mm
4

12 12
∆ = 0.25 mm
Alternatively, the corbel plate may be designed in a Hi-proof grade such as 316S62 to reduce
plate width, then: σ0.2 = 270 N/mm (see Table 2) Pb = σ0.2/1.69 = 160 N/mm and the
2 2

required section modulus z is:

63

Z = 0.288 x 10 = 1800 mm
3

160
Taking thickness = 10 mm leads to a width b = 108, say 110 mm, and a corresponding
deflection of 0.32 mm
Shear check: 2
Shear area = b x t = 110 3
x 10 = 1100 mm2
Shear stress = 3.71 x 10 /1100 = 3.4N/mm
270 2
Allowable shear stress, Ps (for grade 316S62) = = 92 N/mm ==> 3.4 < 92 OK
1.69 3
 46

As: the calculated bending and shear stress values are both less than the permissible stress
values, the effects of combined bending and shear is considered satisfactory.
Where as:
σ combined = σ2 + 3τ2
Anchor and Dowel Fixings
All cladding panels will be connected by four dovetail anchors and dowel fixings as illustrated
in Figure 1.
Wind loading:
Wind loading to be considered from British Standard Code of practice
CP3: Chapter v: part 2: 1972
Consider a building of the following height-width ratio:
Z=3 <h <6
2 w
Local coefficient cp = 1.2
Building height assumed to be 50m high situated on the outskirts Of Glasgow.
Design wind speed Vs = V x S1 x S2 x S3
Basic wind speed V = 52m/s
S1 = 1.0
S2 = 1.08
S3 = 1.0
Therefore, design wind speed = 52 x 1.0 x 1.08 x 1.0 = 56m/s
2
Dynamic pressure q = 1.92KN/m 2
Wind load per panel = 1.2 x 1.92 = 2.3 KN/m
2
Panel area = (0.6)≈m≈ = 0.36m
Wind load per panel = 0.828KN, therefore, wind load per fixing = 0.214KN
Consider dowel 6mm diameter embedded length 50mm.Shear area = πD = 28.2 mm
2
2

4
214 2
Shear stress = = 7.6 N/mm , which is satisfactory.
28.2
2 214 2
Bearing area = 50 *6 = 300 mm Bearing stress = = 0.7 N/mm , which is negligible
300
Where 2 dowel fixings are combined with corbel plates the shear stress/dowel is
2
15.2N/mm < 70N/mm , and is satisfacatory.

4.2 Example 2
Consider the same building as in Example 1, but with granite faced precast concrete panels fixed
S t a n g l e

to a steel framed building with composite steel deck floors. For the purpose of this example the
precast concrete panels will be taken as 100mm thickness plus 20mm thickness of granite facing.
Proprietary fixings are readily available for cast-in connections into both lightweight and dense
concretes, therefore, their design load only will be shown in the example.
Panel size 3.3 m high x 4.0m wide 3
Weight of materials: precast concrete 2400kg/m 3
Granite facing 3000kg/m
Dead loads Precast concrete 3.3 x 4.0 x 1003 x 2400 x 9.81 3
= 31.0 KN
10 10

Granite facing 3.3 x 4.0 x 203 x 3000 x 9.813

= 8.0 KN
10 10
DL total = 39 KN
 47

A notional live load of 1KN/m, acting outwards and taken at a mid-storey height position, will be added
to the load to be carried by the connections. This load is additional to wind loads acting on the panel.
Figure 2 shows a typical arrangement for attaching precast panels to a steel frame with a composite
floor. Each panel has 4 fixing points at the corners of the panel. Wind loads + notional live load will be
shared by all 4 connections. Dead load will be shared between the bottom connections only.
Panel Top Fixing
2
Wind load on panel = 2.3KN/ m (as previous example)
2
Panel area = 3.3 x 4.0 = 13.2m
Wind load/ panel = 13.2 x 2.3 = 30.4 KN
Notional load at 1KN/m run = 4.0KN
Total = 34.4KN
This load is shared between all fixings, and therefore the suctional load/fixing = 8.6KN.
Try 16mm diameter stainless steel bolts.
2
Stress area = 157mm
8.6 3 2
Ft = x 10 = 54.8 N/mm for class 50 bolt (see Table 4) ; Therefore satisfactory
157
Bottom Fixings
The panel is fixed to 2 angle brackets each with 2 bolts.
DL = 39KN
Shear load per bolt = 39/4 = 9.75KN 2
Shear area for a 16 mm diameter stainless steel bolt = 144 mm
3

Fs = 9.75 x 10 = 67.7 N/mm < 71 N/mm

2 2

144
2
Ft = 54.8/2 = 27.4N/mm
In addition to complying with individual stresses for tension and shear, the combined effect shall
also satisfy the following requirement:
Ft Fs 27.4 67.7
+ < 1.4 + = 0.26 + 0.95 = 1.21 ; 1.21 < 1.4 therefore satisfactory
Pt Ps 107 71
Angle Brackets
The loads acting on the bracket are as shown in Figure 3.
To calculate the load to be reacted by the two bolts at point B bending moments are taken from
the center assuming a triangular loading pattern under the angle.
8.6 x 66 + 19.5(30 + 17)
Reaction B = = 45.0KN
33
S t a n g l e

Tensile load/bolt = 22.5KN

3
22.5 x 10 2 2
Ft = = 143 N/mm < 230 N/mm for property class 70 stainless steel bolt 16mm diameter
157
Maximum bending moment on angle = (8.6 x 66) + (19.5 x 47)= 1484KNmm
Try angle thickness = 16 mm
Length of angle (say) = 350 mm
2 2

Section Modulus Z = bd = 350 x 16 = 14933 mm

2

6 6
3

The bending stress = M/Z = 1484 x 10 = 99.4 N/mm

2

14933
2
For grade 304 stainless steel the 0.2% proof stress = 195N/mm .
2 2
allowable stress = 195/1.69 = 115N/mm > 99.4N/mm which is satisfactory.
 48

Figure 1

Stainless Steel
dovetail anchor and dowel 77.5 mm
fixed to a dovetail slot
15 mm

Portland
stone

25
75 mm mm
Stainless Steel corbel

Figure 2
Precast concrete Stainless Steel angle
panel with granite facing
Shim

Cast in
sockets Edge Beam

Mild steel angle welded

to edge beam

Stainless Steel bolt attached to angle.

Isolation washers and sleeves in non-metallic
material eg PTFE. Should be used to separate
the stainless steel bolt from the mild steel
angle to prevent bi-metallic corrosion

Figure 2
S t a n g l e

8.6 KN

8.6 mm

B
30 33
mm mm
17
mm

19.5 KN