Networking Technology _ ‘Probable marks 28 | ee Scope of the syllabus Study of transmission media Twisted pair, fibre optic, their comparison Cable media-coaxial cable, Introduction to wireless media. Network topologies - Access methods, ‘Topologies (BUS, RING, STAR), Ethernet TOKEN RING. Protocols - Interne! Introduction to connectivi m, Hubs, Repeaters, Routers t protocols ity devices * Moder oo — Study of transmission media Le Q.1 Whats transmission media? Give transmission media characteristics, Ans. : (1) The pathways through which individual systems are connected in a network are called as transmission media. (2) Transmission media makes transmission of electronic signals possible from one computer to another. These electronic signals are nothing but binary pulses (I/O). (3) _ Each type of transmission media has special characteristics that make it suitable for 2 specific type of service. (4) The characteristics are : Cia 1 Cost of media 2, _ Installation requirement 3. Bandwidth 4. Band usage (base band and broad band) 5, Attenuation 6. Immunity from electromagnetic interference. a? Write any two advantages of Wireless Media, Q.2 Whats Wireless Medi: fot all network are expanding to offer ary convenience. Ni ork. 1 ‘Ans. : Wireless communication has extra ordin connected with cabling. Some network are wireless. The technology is better options for wireless network. There are three basic types of wireless netw Wireless LAN 2. Extended LAN 3. Mobile computing. : Piease refer Chapter 5 Q. 3, Pg. No. 5-2. For Advantages of Wireless Medi:rer et Networking Technology zrs Computer Science I 3 What is a Transmission Medium ? What are the advantages of wirel in of wireless transmission ? n medium : Refer Q. No. 1. ns. Transmission { wireless medium : tes by using, large bandwidth jum can give transmission speed around 24 kbps. Al Advantages © (1) High data 9 (2) Wireless med @ By this media the a or digital a Explain communication can reach rural and hilly area Bandwidth fi data 1 to 10 Mbps. ee (b) Band usage —_(c) Attenuation (a) Bandwidth Jectromagnetic interference. @ Immunity from el ‘0 transmit data Ans. (a) Bandwidth: a) Bandwidth is the measure of the capacity of a medium t (2) Data transmission rates is number of bits transmitted per second. (3) Bandwidth ofa cable depends on cable length. (4) Ashort cable can have greater bandwidth than a long cable so for all cable designs, spaximum lengths for cable runs are specified. the highest frequency signals can deteriorate and error occurs (5) Beyond these limits in data signals. maximum usage is obtained. base band and broad band transmissions. f the medium to one communic: the bandwidth (b) Band usage: (1) The bandwidth is shared so that (2) There are two transmission modes, (3) Base band devotes the entire capacity 0 channel. (4) Broad band enabl of communication (5) Base band is most function in base ban« (6) The base band and broad ban ation ymmunication channels to share n. Most local area networks (LAN) Ting can be anolog oF digital hown in following figure = les two or more CO! medium. common mode of operation d mode. In base band, signal id transmission modes are SI Broad band () Attenuation : (1) Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travels through a medium.(2) (3) (4) ot ~~ OF As signals pass through the medium, part of the signal is absorbed and makes the signal weak. Attenuation decides the cable length when signal strength falls below certain limits, then at receiving station noise may appear. Repeaters are used to regenerate signals.Q.5 Explain the following characteristics of transmission med (a) Cost —(b) Installation requirements. Ans. : (a) Cost of media : (1) One major factor in purchase decision of any networking component is its cost. (2) Fora new fast technology, cost is also more expensive. (3) Decision depends upon application and standard of the resources. (4) Therefore, the network designer must settle for something, which is cheaper and robust. (b) Installation requirement : (1) Some transmission media requires skilled labour to install. This increases cost of network and it may cause certain delay. (2) _Before installation we need to prepare actual physical layout of network.Q6 Ans. i) Explain in short the six important characteristics of transmission media. (a 04, Oc : Each type of transmission media has special characteristics that make it suitable for a specific type of service. The characteristics are : i) Cost of media ii) _ Installation requirement iii) Bandwidth iv) Band usage v) Attenuation vi) Immunity from electromagnetic interference. Cost of media: (a) While designing a network, the cost of media must be considered. (b) The cost property is decided by user as per application and standard of resources.iii) iv) v) vi) Installation requirement ; (a) Before installation, prepare actu ol : al " cable and cost of installation, Physical layout of network and then estimate (b) For almost all medi : iia, the cost of installation exceeds than th. 1 cost of the able itself Bandwidth: (a) Bandwidth is the measure of the capacity of a med (b) Bandwidth of a cable depends on cable length ium to transmit data. Band usage: fa) In baseband transmissi ( a sion mode, baseband devotes thi i medium to one communication channel _ entiew: copucity: of the ) i ead eos rane ——e more communication Attenuation : ‘ aa is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travels through a ae ved een through the medium, part of the signal is absorbed and makes the Immunity from electromagnetic interference (EMI) : (a) Electromagnetic interference consist of outside electromagnetic noise that distorts (a) () the signal in a medium. (b) EMI is interfering the signals and makes difficult for computers to decode the signal. What are the advantages of computer netwo WAN? Cn onnected collection of autonomous computers or system Computer network is an interc resources controlling services. of computers capable of sharing The main advantages of computer network are : a) Network provides resource sharing. b) It provides exchange of information and software. ee ©) It provides high reliability by usin other machine if one machine fails in the network like military banking, air and traffic control. 8) Access to any file and data. saving money by network only. e) Finally the system is(3) The differences between WAN and LAN are as follows : }1 WANG i ‘A WAN (Wide Area Network) is the interconnection of LAN or MAN can be located entirely within a_ state, country or around the world. Data transfer rate is comparatively slower such as in Kbits/sec. 10 million bits per second. ALAN (Local Area Network) is a group | of computers interconnected within I small area such as room, building or a | campus. Data transfer speed is comparatively high such as thousand bits per second to | In WAN, links may be established by using telephone cable or microwave towers or satellite. Co-axial cables are generally used to | connect the computer and other devices. | In this network, shortcircuit errors, noise errors, atmospheric errors are higher than any other networks. Due to short distance, short circuit errors or other noise errors are minimum. For example : pager. For example : A computer lab in a college.Q.13 Differentiate between UTP and STP cable. Ans. : : UTPcable ee ea 1 UTP consists of a number of twisted | STP also consists of a number of pairs ban pairs with plastic jacket. shell usually aluminium or Polyster bety, | jacket and pairs. ” ale = ag | Inexpensive and easy to install. Expensive than UTP and difficult to instal, ~ 3. Bandwidth capacity is from 1 to It is 10 to 155 Mpbs upto 100 mtrs. =a 100 Mbps upto 100 mtrs. 4. More attenuation and sensitive to | Less attenuation and EMI is reduced {| EMI. | shielding. 5. __Used in telephone system. | STP is used in LAN 4 6. Maximum number of nodes 1024. Maximum number of nodes are 270... > Q.14 Write a short note on fibre optic cable. Ta Ans. : (1) The light wave can be efficiently conducted through transparent glass fiber cables known as optic fiber cables. (2) The centre conductor of this cable is a fibre that consists of highly refined glass or plastic. (3) _ It is designed to transmit light signals with little loss. (4) The fibre is coated with cladding or gel that reflects signals back into fibre to reduce signal loss. A plastic sheet protects the fibre from damage. (5) The fibre optic cable is shown in following figure : \ Fibre core Cladding \ (6) This cables can carry much information at a time. Jacket (sheath)(7 The fibre optic cable is used in optical transmission system o The i) Gi) iid (iv) (v) Q.15 Compare any four attributes of UTP and Optical Fibre Cable. This cable have extremely high b several kilometers. andwidth. It has zero sensitivity to EMI and runs over characteristics of fibre optic cable are given below : Cost : The cost of fibre optic cable is more than th at of co-axial 2 rinte pair cable. axial cable and Twisted Installation : Fibre optic cable requires skilled installation, minimum bend radius. They may get damaged if b not be stretched. - Camaged if bent sharply Fib: Every cable has Te optic cable can Capacity : Fibre optic cable supports high data rates (upto 2,00,000 MBPS), even with long run cables. Fibre optic cable can transmit 100 MBPS for several kilometer. Attenuation : Attenuation for fibre optic cable is much lower than co-axial cable and twisted pair cable. It can run to larger distance. EMI : Fibre optic cable does not use electrical signals to transmit data, therefore they are free from EMI. The data transfer in fibre optic cable have high security, as it can not be detected by electronic wave dropping equipments. i Wet 04, 09 Or 16, 07, 08, 2011; July 17) Ans. > / UTP Optical Fibre Cable \() Cost Cost of UTP cable is less Optical fibre cable are expensive. than that of optical fibre cable. - 'Q Installation | Installation of UTP cable Optical fibre cable requires skilled L is easy. _ _ (3) Capacity Data rate capacity is from Optical fibre cable can transmit | 1 to 100 MBPS upto 100 mtrs. _| 100 MBPS for several kilometers. EMI More sensitive to EMI. | This cable has no sensitivity to EMI. (8) Attenuation | Attenuation is more than In optical fibre cable attenuation is | optical fibre cable. very less. —__ ~~... nati cable and co-axial cable. Mention at leastQ.18 Compare the characteristics of Fiber-Optic and Co-axial Cable. Mention at leas, three points. Ans: oe Fiber-Optic Co-axial Cable i) This Cable has no sensitivity to EMI i) EMI effect is minimum ii) Optical fibre cable can transmit ii) Bandwidth capacity is form 500 mbps | 100mbps for several kilometers. upto 100 mbps | Optical fibre are expansive. iii) | Co-axial cable are less expensive. 7 Teme aN a a aaa22 What do you mean by network topology ? Explain in brief the two bas of topology. (March 2004,Oct.2009, Ans. (1) Topology refers to the way in which network of computers is connected. (2) A topology defines the arrangement of nodes, cables and connectivity devices that make up the network. (3) There are two categories : () Physical topology (ii) Logical topology (4) Physical topology describes actual layout of the network transmission media. It defines the way the network looks. (5) Logical topology describes the logical pathway a signal follows as it passes among the network modes. It defines the data passes among the nodes.(6) Physical and logical topologies can take several forms. ‘The most common are : fa) Bus topologies © ) (@) Ring topologies Star topologies Mesh topologieseos topology 1s widely used in LAN network, Q. 24 Explain RING topology. Give its advantages and disadvantages. Ta. Ans.: qd) (2) (3) (6) CHIME RING topologies are wired in a circle. Each node is connected to its neighbou Ts side, and the data transmits along the ring in one direction only. On either Each device incorporates a receiver and a transmitter and serves aS a repe, . : at passes the signal onto the next device in the ring. er that The RING topology is as shown in following figure : PC PC R- Receiver T- Transmitter RING topologies are suited for networks that uses token passing access methods. The token passes around the ring, and the only node that holds the token can transmit data. This topology is always implemented as a logical topology. ' e.g. In token ring network, the topology is physically a STAR topology: But logics topology is RING topology. The commonly used implementation for RING topology is token ring at 4-16 MBPS5-16 rs compurst Networking Technology o Advantages : () Cable failure affects limited users. (ii) Each node has equal access speed to the ring (iii Equal access for all users. Disadvantages = @ (ii) Expensive adapter cards. (8) Costly wiring is required for RING topology Difficult connections. Gi pains eS 9.25 Explain in short, STAR topology. QUEST Ans.: qa) Ina STAR topology all the workstations are connected to central hub. (2) The hub receives signal from a workstation and routes it to the proper destination (3) STAR physical topology is often implemented to implement BU: topology. per IS or RING logical (@ _ASTAR topology is shown in following figure : (5) Advantages : (i) Adding a new workstation is easier than that in BUS or RING topology. (ii) The control is centralised due to use of hub.—S 1 ~Piscuss in detail Ethernet, with ethernet terminology. OR eee Q°" Write a note on Ethernet. Ans. ) Ethernet is a local area network technology, ( single building. with networks tradionally Operating within >) Atmost, Ethernet devices can have a few hundred meters of cable between them. \"" Modern technology allows Ethernet to span upto 10 kms. ‘ @ Ethernet devices are connected to a common shared medium that Provides the path along which the electronic signals will travel. Historically, this medium was co-axial cable. But, now-a-days twisted pair cable or fibre optic cable are also used. (4) Ethernet network transmit data in small units called frames. (5) Each frame must contain source address as well as destination address, which identifies receipant and sender of message. The address will uniquely identify node. No two Ethernet devices can have same address. (6) Ethernet network is as shown in following figure. Computer B [=\ In above figure when computer A sends message to computer C, computers B and D will also get the message and check whether the destinations address matches to its own address or not, if not, it will discard the frame.F Q.34 Ans. : q@) (2) RESO SNe token frame to the next ___ OF token ring network. Discuss access methods of networking. OR Discuss an: networking ? OR Explain the follo (i) Contention (ii) T Explain in brief To two access methods of EET ma arr MOSER ALAN eee eae wing access methods brief, oken passing ken passing and Polling’ access, methods TST An access method is a set of tules governing how the network nodes share the transmission medium. There are three most imp. (A) Contention (B) Pol Contention: a) In contention, first served). b) This system breaks down when time. This is a case of collision. ©). To avoid collision, carrier sensing mechanism is used. Here each computer listens to the network before attemy pting to transmit. If network is busy, it waits until network quiets down. ortant types of media access methods : ling (c) Token passing any computer in the network can transmit at any time (first come two computeres attempt to transmit at the same d) Incarrier detection, computers continue to listen to the network as they ‘transmit. If computer detects another signal that interferes with the signal it is sending, it stops transmitting. Both computers then wait random amount of time and attempt to transmit.nsion methods are : Most popular media access contro! method on AN, Ns e) Conte e ———- (Coflieon —_—~a (4) Polling: a) In polling based systems, there is a device (called controller or master device) », poll other devices on the network to see whether they are ready to either transm or receive data. b) This access method is not widely used on network because the polling itself can cause a fair amount of network traffic. (5) Token passing : a) Token passing utilizes a frame called a token, which circulates around the network b) A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receives the token. ©) When computer receives token, it is permitted to transmit. d) When computer completes transmitting, it is passes the token frame to the next station or token ring network.| Protocols 9.36 Ans. wa protocol is defined as an agreement between communication particle for how communication should be proceed. oR protocols are rules by which computers communicates ie. protocol is set of rules and formats for sending and receiving data. g)__ Intemet protocols are called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) protocols. This protocol do not belong any one company and technology is available to everybody. " (3) TCP/IP protocol use three types of addresses for network addressing : (a) Hardware or physical address is used by the data link and physical layers. (b) Internet protocol address provides logical node identification. This address is unique address assigned by administrator expressed in four parts dotted notation. e.g. 123.144.131.21 (c) Logical node names are easier to remember than an IP address. Introduction to connectivity devices Q.37 Explain modem in detail. (March 2006, 2010, Oct 2010; March 2017) Ans. : (1) Computers store digital data, while telephone lines can only transfer analog data. If a computer is to be connected to internet through telephone, then it must convert digital data to analog data before transmitting the computer signals. Converting one signal form to another form is called modulation and reconverting it to original form is called as demodulation. Modem is modulator/demodulator. Modem is used to connect computer to internet. Modems convert digital data to analog data and vice-a-versa.(4) They have two advantages : (i) Modem allows higher speed of transmission on any given analog line. (ii) Modem reduce effect of noise and distortion. (5) The function of modem is described by following figure. Digital t t t Fr : dita Modem = TelePhonelines 4 tem Digital lata (6) | Modems are classified into two categories according to transmission method : 1. Asynchronous modems 2. Synchronous modems Demodulation Modulation’ Modulation, DemodulationQ.39 Explain Hubs and repeaters in details. (March 02, 05, 09, 10, 18,Oct. 06; July 19) OR What is Hub ? Explain active and passive hab. OO a ee Ans. : D Hubs: (1) Insome network topologies, mostly ARCNET based star topologies, a device hub is used5-24 Networking Technology Hub is a conne: cting device in which Wires to centralise netw: cables ork traffic thro pugh a si (3) It manages the cabl n thi ing e ' eos in the network and se: Figure shows a network inter-connected with hub, ith hub. can be connected without soldering ingle connecting point nds signal to the other components of (4) Hubs are of three types - (i) Active hub (ii) Passive hub (iii) Switching hub The active hub interconnect the network and also amplifies the signal received (6) apart from splitting and retransmitting it to the inati. i i Picieonie circa! ig it to the destination. This hub contains (6) Passive hub only splits and transmits signal received and it can not amplify it. This do not contain any electronic component. (7) Switching hub are quickly routes the signals between ports of hubs. It can be used in place of router. Repeater: 19) (1) A repeater is a hardware unit mostly used in Ethernet to extend. (2) A repeater reshapes and amplifies the signal from one Ethernet segment to another. Figure shows network with repeaters : Repeater Amplified signal a repeater is used to attach 0 the backbone cable. the building and f the office t in two repeaters between them, {) A backbone cable runs vertical up in a an Ethemet segment running in each floor 0! No two Ethernet workstations can have more tha they have to communicate reliably The main disadvantage of repeaters is that they repeat no “Parate power supply is needed for repeaters. if ise in the system.Q.40 Write a short note on routers. OR {March 2006, 18,19] Explain function of Router in Network and list different types of Routers. Ans.: (1) Routers are internetwork connectivity devices. They are used to connect two topologically similar or dissimilar LANs. ie. the LANs can be different e.g. they can be ethernet and token ring. Each LAN is logically separate and is assigned an address, (2) Routers can use network address to assist efficient delivery of message. Delivering packets according to logical network address is called as routing. Routers performs routing. 3) Routers are intelligent. They can use algorithms to determine most efficient path for sending a packet to any given network. ) — Routers can also be used to divide large, busy LANs into smaller segments. 6) Routers are also employed to connect LAN to wide area network (WAN). (6) Routers are of two types : 1. Static routers 2. Dynamic routers Static routers do not determine paths, but you need to specify them. Dynamic routers nm have capacity to determine paths (routes).—~ "ise disturb the signal. Ramen ot Explain TCPAP protocol in detail. Ans A Protocol is 4 or how lefined as an agreement between communication particle for communication should be proceed OR Protocols are rues by jes and formats fi which computers communicates i.e. protocol is set of rules an jormats for sending and Teceiving data. General TCPAP Transport Protocols In transport Protocols thy 1 r dd. a node address and a logical network address. ere are two main forms of address am A a address is the address of the entity of device on the network. Logical network address 1s the segment on the network to which node is attached TCP/IP uses numberin ean 8 scheme. This number is IP address. All devices on network need a unique It’ address. An IP address is a set of four numbers, they can range in value 'y ce petween 0 to 255. Each number is Separated by period. For example : 34.120.66.79 or 107219 2 34 There are three classes of address ~ class A, class B and class C. In class A, the number between 1 and 127 appears before first di lot. The first number represent the network address first number can range in value from 128 to 191. The first two numbers forms network address and last two forms host ID. In class C, the first number can ran, ge in from 192 to 223. The first three numbers make up the network address and last number forms host ID. Internet Protocol (IP) IP is connectionless protocol. It is packet — switching protocol that performs addressing, and route selection. IP routes packets through internet works. It also performs disassembly and reassembly. IP also performs error checking. O45 Select the correct alternative ana «un...43. Ans. > Ans. : 45. Ans. : 46. Ans. : cable uses, light si aril asl ignals to transmit data. (i) _ Fiber Optic (ii), UTP ie Sea (i) Fiber Optic Of the followin (i) Optic Fibre (ii) UTP (ii) Microwave (ii) Microwave (iv) STP The mobile phone uses transmission technology. (i) Radio (ii) Microwave (iii) Infrared (iv) Satellite (ii) Microwave cable is insensitive of EMI. (i) Co-axial (ii) STP (iii) UTP (iv) Fiber Optic (iv) Fiber Optic ig is an example of wireless media. (March 2017)} (March 2019)} (Zr) (March 2020)}