A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

A CRITICAL STUDY ON USAGE OF LOW-COST HOUSING

MATERIALS ACROSS WORLD
Ovais Nazir1, Humaib Nasir2*, Mandeep Kaur3, M. Irfan Afzal4

Abstract
Decent housing is one of the basic needs of human beings. Presently, millions of people do not have a suitable
roof over their heads. The entire ecosystem now a days needs such type of materials that will be helpful in
reducing the cost of the building unit without any change in its properties than conventional building has. Low
Cost-housing materials is a comparative term that has a lot to do about financing that helps to reduce
construction costs by using various new techniques like effective management, appropriate use of local
resources, skills, and technology, without sacrificing quality or structural life. In this review, a comparison was
carried between conventional building materials and various alternative low-cost housing materials like
bamboo, precast concrete, cow dung, straw dust etc. that are being used in construction industry without
scarifying the integration of the structure. The objective of this research is to highlight and investigate various
types of ecofriendly materials and their extraction techniques that can be used to create low-cost structures that
can withstand extreme conditions. An attempt is made by me to highlight and point out various low-cost
housing materials to be used in ecofriendly environment thereby enabling to maintain the cost and the structural
durability.

Keywords: - Durability, Ecosystem, Housing, Low-cost.

1,4
Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering Lovely Professional University Punjab, India,
E-mail:- [email protected], [email protected]
2 ,3
* Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering Lovely Professional University Punjab, India,
E-mail:- [email protected]*, [email protected]

*Corresponding Author:- Humaib Nasir

*Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering Lovely Professional University Punjab, India,
E-mail:- [email protected]

DOI: 10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si5a.0502

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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

1 Introduction materials to use at three low-cost housing projects

Low-cost housing is a new concept that handles the in Shah Allam, Malaysia, caused issues and
smart budgeting and the use of approaches that decided to risk affecting social environment and
helps in minimizing the construction costs by using public health, according to an investigative report
nearby available materials, and provides better via interview sessions with citizens, residential
skills and technology, without compromising the construction companies, and neighborhood.
structure's strength, performance, or durability. Regardless the existence of health and safety
Housing units that appear to be affordable to regulations, Malaysia still has a lot of room for
persons earning much less than median wage are improvement. These challenges occur due to lack
known to as low-cost housing. It will be of building construction knowledge, skills, and
determined by three factors: income, overall size of experience. Numerous recommendations are
the living unit, and affordability (Shankar et al., derived from the findings to boost living conditions
2019). As a result, it became essential to use cost- for a more sustainable future, also absence of
effective, creative, and ecologically sustainable proper building systems and application in housing
housing approaches for the construction of change projects can cause difficulty in the home
structures, along with keeping them affordable. and its surroundings, harming the natural
This study will investigate the use of locally grown environment, wellness, and standard of living are
components in different building elements in order all factors to consider. (Zarina Isnin et al., 2011).
provide low-cost options for low-income Making composite materials from easily accessible
customers. The use of low-cost housing building components and testing them to create low-cost,
materials in construction activities will be helpful environmentally friendly materials with good
in reducing the overall cost by 20%to 30% without thermo-physical properties. They also investigate
compromising the structure lifespan, strength that natural wastes are very important because it is
etc.(Warrier et al., 2019). The main objective of inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Several
our review article focuses that the use of locally research studies have been conducted and
available materials providing an opportunity to concluded that the construction sector is one of the
reduce the cost of the materials and leads the largest energy consumers. It has also been noticed
society towards sustainability. In any crowded that researchers, governments, etc., are worried
country shelter forever, one is an arising need, as about that, so they are trying to find alternatives. It
we are already aware of the current situation of is also noted that the building sector accounts for
housing problems occurring due to rapid one-third of total energy consumption and 30% of
urbanization, there seems to be an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Tiskatine et.al (2018)
supply. The worldwide housing shortage is all-time
high, including millions of people without homes, 2 Housing shortage in India
particularly in growing nations. As per the records In India, it is evident that there is a big gap between
provided by Ministry of Housing and Urban the number and quality of affordable housing that
Poverty Alleviation of the Government of India, people desire and what is available. In 2012, the
India's housing demand was predicted to be 18.78 Technical Group-12 report from the Ministry of
million (Aziz et.al., 2009). With the increase in Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation stated that
population national resources are already being the country seemed to have an urban shortage of
overused also the use of traditional building housing of about 18.78 million. The above amount
materials has raised the market towards sky, that was later changed to 102 million in 2017. Ninety-
leads millions of people around the world live in five percent of this shortage is thought to be in the
poverty and lack sufficient housing. So, to overrun affordable housing sector. Most of these migrants
the problem new technologies like low-cost come from low-income families, which shows how
housing materials can be used that may reduce the much more affordable housing is needed in India's
cost to some extent (Jaiganesh et.al.,2016) , cities. increasing population India has major
According to the United Nations, 860 million housing challenges due to urbanization, limited
people live in extreme poverty, representing 12% housing investments, and poverty. Population
of the global population. The main Issue is expansion and urbanization trends affect people's
because of insufficient budget. As a result, there access to housing, leading to slums, increasing
is an evident need to provide low-cost housing demand for infrastructure and services, and a
accommodation for the poor which integrates decline in the poor's quality of life. In India, rural
sustainable materials (Gohnert et al., 2018). housing is built on land rights and access to
Human activities are engaged in the resources, not the monetary economy
implementation of house modification that has (Government of India, 1998 Poverty is at the heart
grown rapidly. This same construction works or of a difficult housing issue, which is usually made
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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

worse by a complete absence of common property leading towards interiors reviewed Rapid
resources, sluggish institutional capabilities, and urbanization is causing environmental problems in
insufficient legal and economic institutional the construction industry. When people want to
arrangements. buy more homes, they use more energy, resources,
and raw materials. This puts more carbon into the
3 Low-cost Housing air, which is bad for the environment and for
Low-cost housing scheme in India is to help shelter people's health. It's time to use more eco-friendly,
the Economically Backward sections (EWS), local agricultural resources for a happier future.
slums and street dwellers and the underprivileged This also believes that use of green materials
in a way wherein a framework and access to protects ecosystems, biodiversity, water quality,
serviced land is provided rather than a finished and natural resources. Furthermore, green
house. Over time, this house grows into home as buildings use less energy and materials and have
per the requirements and needs of the occupants; better indoor air quality, which is good for the
they are allowed to design it the way they want and health of the people who live or work in them.
what suit their needs the best, from shared outdoor Mokal etal. (2015)
spaces and courtyards to an outdoor staircase

state wise shortage

J&k
uttrakhand
Nagaland
Assam
chandigarh
Punjab
orrisa
Haryana
Delhi
kerla
Jarkhand
Gujrat
Madhya…
Rajsathan
Bihar
Tamil Nadu
Andra Pradesh
West Bengal
Maharsatra
Uttar Pardesh
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Graph 1: housing shortage in India state wise, Source (internet)

It depicts the housing shortage in millions; out of ❖ It conserves natural resources and increases the
these sates 10 states concerned 76 % use of renewables.
❖ It incorporates multiple fields of knowledge
3.1 Features Of Materials Used For Low-Cost that assist in reducing the negative impact of
Housing human activities while also developing
❖ It leads approach to environmental preserva- methods of environmental sustainability
tion. including economic equality, financial viability
❖ It diminishes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sustainable development
to zero.

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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS USE PERCENTAGE

JAPAN
1%
INDIA
11%

REST OF ASIA
6%
RUSSIA,CENTRAL ASIA AND
7% MIDDLE EAST
EUROPE

55% 8% AFRICA

CENTRAL AMERICA AND

2% NORTH AMERICA
7%
3% NORTH AMERICA

CHINA

Pie chart: use of green materials all over the world, Source (internet)

4 Challenges To Green Technology Adoption scientists and engineers for use as concrete
❖ Inadequate information regarding low-cost reinforcement. But also, because the quantity and
building materials and Government subsidies quality of wood resources in the forest have gone
are another problem that needs to be tackled is down, it is becoming more and more important to
one the major challenge. look for ways to use wood in ways other than what
❖ There are concerns regarding the ease of has been done in the past. In terms of the
maintenance for eco-friendly construction environment, bamboo is like wood in that it can be
materials, as well as a shortage of construction regrown, biodegrades, and stores carbon.
personnel who have experience in sustainable However, bamboo grows faster and has better
construction. mechanical properties than wood. Because of this
❖ On the accessibility of technology solutions that property, it is seen as a promising alternative to
can be used in sustainable technology This wood as a raw material (Sharma et al.,2005).
same transition to eco-friendly alternatives and Bamboo has higher tensile strength than steel
extra-creating sustainable is being slowed not because its fibers run in a single direction, also due
only by a lack of funds, but also by the complete to presence silicate acid and water. Bamboo resists
absence of an institutional framework that flames up to 4000C. Bamboo's elasticity makes it
could make obtaining those investments easier. popular in earthquake-prone areas. Bamboo's less
❖ To enforce sustainable construction initiatives weight makes transportation and construction
requires well-trained building inspection team easier. Bamboo is safer than steel and gives 10
members. times greater strength than steel. They are cheap
and simple. But there needs to be more cautious
5 Various Low-Cost Housing Materials because it requires preservation, because insects
5.1 Bamboo and fungus may damage also bamboo loses water
Bamboo is a fast-growing plant with significant because it shrinks more than other woods that
economic potential. Bamboo grows quickly and would affect the overall stability, durability, and
requires less energy to harvest and transport. Asia strength of the structure.
has used bamboo for thousands of years to build
bridges, dwellings, and scaffolding. Due to its low 5.2 Fly ash (FA) A power plant byproduct is a
weight-to-strength ratio, high tensile strength, and prevalent SCM. Utilization of fly ash for cement
low cost, bamboo has drawn the attention of replacement can cut CO2 emissions and improve
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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

some composite characteristics (FAC). Fly ash can load-bearing, non-load bearing, and insulating.
cut down hydration heat, stop thermal cracking, Traditional fired bricks are different from CSEB.
and increase resistance to carbonation and chloride Static, dynamic, or vibro-static compaction and
improves workability of concrete decreases water stabilizer strengthen CSEB bricks. CSEB's energy
demand up to 10%. Fly ash is a crystalline dust use and carbon emissions differ from traditional
produced by the combustion of pulverized coal in bricks. Compared to concrete blocks, fired clay
power plants. It is a pozzolan, which makes cement bricks, and aerated concrete blocks, CSEB bricks
with water. Fly ash mixed with lime and water produce 22 kg CO2/ton. Simple CSEB
resembles Portland cement. Fly ash can be used in manufacturing required moderate to low skill
blended cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks. workers. There must be preparedness of the soil,
Fly ash in concrete enhances strength, segregation, compression of the combination, as well as trying
and workability. Fly ash can save money on PCC to cure. For optimal outcomes, the soil should be
road construction projects by replacing concrete. deliberately crafted as well as given the right
About 40% of the world's biggest companies get amount of load optimal outcomes, the soil should
their electricity from coal-based energy sources, be deliberately crafted as well as given the right
which also make 600 billion metric tons of fly ash amount of load. Attempting to cure technique in
(FA) and 12,000 million metric tons of CO2 each CSEB manufacturing typically takes advantage of
year. (Montes-Hernandez et al., 2009). FA is only the natural hot summers in which bricks can be
used to make 16% of cement and concrete. The rest bunched right within a week of compression, and
is dumped in basins and landfills near thermal yet frequency continues to grow placed above a
power plants. The excess use of fly ash reduces white time frame, but it is critical to avoid rapid
strength. Seasonal variation can occur. It also curing out, and thus a concrete slab is warm and
improves salt scaling by flying ash. The use of FA moist and successfully treated under clear plastic
rather than cement as an aid in concrete mixtures (or moist wrapping in India) in the open air (a
aids in reducing carbon dioxide production. (Naik muggy atmosphere where air comparative
et al., 2000). humidity >70% appears to be beneficial). (H.B.
Nagaraj et.al 2014
5.3 Compressed stabilized earthen bricks.
Sustainable building helps the environment. CSEB 5.4 Adobe's Blocks
construction reduces environmental damage. Wet Adobe blocks are composed of a mixture of
soil is compacted under pressure to make earth particulate soil, water, and sometimes even hay.
compressed blocks. Dry inorganic subsoil, non- When the adobe is still wet, it is shaped into bricks
expanding clay, aggregates, and Portland cement and then dried in the sun for several days. Adobe's
make up these blocks. Earth is abundant and has sensitivity to moisture is its biggest hindrance.
always been the primary building material for Adobe blocks can be used for wall construction,
homes. It offers environmental benefits such as with wet adobe utilized for finishing touches.
lower carbon levels, high thermal mass, and locally Adobe is sometimes considered "the material of the
produced materials (walker et.al ;2004). No poor," which can limit its utilization. making up the
mortar needed, reducing labor and material costs. mortar. Construction techniques are greatly
Appropriate soils are often near the construction affected by weather conditions. The exterior of
site, which reduces transport costs. It also has most houses is covered in adobe to give a flat
various ecofriendly properties. Brick can be surface that can be painted. Adobe can be used in
grouped in multiple ways. Brick is classified by more lightly populated areas, but it is rarely seen in
ASTM as building (C 62), facing (C 216), hollow new markets and new.
(C 652), and thin layer (C 1088) Bricks can be

6.1 Properties of low-cost housing

Table 1: Properties of low-cost housing ,(Source (internet)
S.NO MATERIAL THERMAL STRUCTURAL
1 Bamboo Excellent Flexible And Steel Modulus of Elasticity Than
2 Concrete blocks Excellent Requires Less Mortar Due to Its Large Joint
Size, It Increases Stability
3 Ferrocement Excellent High Strength, Low Density, High Crack
Resistance of Mortar
4 Fly ash bricks Excellent Minimize Pollution, Energy Saving Decrease
Mercury Emissions and Cost 20% Efficient
Than Traditional Brick
5 Mud bricks Excellent Economic And Energy Efficient

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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

Table 2: Properties Of Bamboo In Comparison To Steel, Source (Internet)

PROPERTY BAMBOO (kN/sq.cm) STEEL(Kn/sq.cm)
Modulus of Elasticity 2000 21000
Compressive Strength 6.2-9.3 14
Tensile Strength 14.8-38.4 16
Bending Strength 7.6-27.6 14
Shear Strength 2.0 9.2

7 Low-cost housing technologies

7.1 Rat trap bond
The rat trap bond is a way of building with bricks
where the bricks are put together in a way that
leaves a space inside the wall but keeps the same
thickness as a regular wall. Bricks are laid flat in a
traditional English bond or Flemish bond. In a rat Fig 2: Filler Slab Technology, Source (Internet)
trap bond, the bricks are laid on their edges, trying 7.3 Aluminum/ Mivan Formwork:
to make the outer and inner faces of the wall. The technology is durable, low-maintenance, and
Cross-bricks connect the inner and outer faces. The portable. It saves time by casting walls, slabs, and
primary benefit of rat-trap bond is that, because the columns simultaneously. Aluminum panels are
wall has a hole in it, fewer bricks and mortar are lightweight and resilient. They are strong enough
needed than with English or Flemish bond. that they can be used 250 times without repetition.
The various advantages of this technique are Fast
construction, fewer workers, less maintenance,
earthquake resistance,

Fig 1: Rat trap bond Source (internet)

7.2 FILLER SLAB TECHNOLOGY

In this modification, a portion of the concrete is
replaced with a filler material that can be a waste
product. By using this technique, an anormal
reinforced concrete structural slab can be
transformed into a filler slab. The goal of this
modification is to provide an obvious benefit over Fig 3: Aluminum/ Mivan Formwork
an RCC slab. The main idea behind a filler slab is
that when an RCC slab of a certain width is 8 Research Methodology The study technique
accounted for, the cement in the bottom half of the aims to offer a structure to investigate low-cost
slab is just dead weight and doesn't help to take up building materials. The assessment will look at the
concentrated forces in just about any way. This is different materials that can be utilized for
because concrete in an RCC slab is normally affordable housing, as well as how suitable,
responsible for taking up compressive load. accessible, long-lasting, and affordable they are
Therefore, this concrete can be substituted with an The methodology is listed below.
appropriate lightweight filler material that can be
incorporated into the lower half of the slab. The 8.1 Research Question : The research question is
procedures that are used for the design of identified as the first phase in this process. This
conventional reinforced concrete slabs are the review's study topic is: "What are the low-cost
same ones that have been adopted for the design of housing advanced materials, as well as their
the filler slab acceptability, supply, endurance, & economic
viability?"

8.2 Do a Literature Search: The following

procedure involves doing a literature review.
Exploring relevant databases such as Google
Scholar, Science Direct, ResearchGate, and others
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A Critical Study On Usage Of Low-Cost Housing Materials Across World Section A-Research Paper

is required. "Low-cost housing materials," money for installation, which might be a reason
"sustainable housing materials," "affordable for failure. Furthermore, the use of locally
housing materials," "durable housing materials," assessed materials and locally sourced labor
and "cost-effective housing materials" will be will affect construction cost
search phrases. The search will only include
articles published within the last ten years. 10 Conclusion
Humans need housing for protection, self-esteem,
8.3 Following the literature review the social position, cultural identity, fulfilment, and
subsequent phase is to analyze and identify those accomplishment. After examining several low-cost
publications that are really associated. with the construction systems, the ideal technique is
research topic. The title and summary of the employing natural resources, reusable resources,
publications will be reviewed, as well as the eco-friendly building materials, locally available
selected articles will be read in full to evaluate their materials, reducing the distribution of resources,
connection with the study issue. and innovative ways to lower costs to achieve
green and sustainable building.
8.4 Data Extraction: After selecting the
appropriate articles, the following step is to extract The use of low-cost building materials used in the
the data from the articles. The documentation will construction of low-cost housing enhances low-
reveal things on numerous low-cost housing income people's adequate housing. Low-cost
materials, as well as their appropriateness, housing can be accomplished by smart project
availability, durability, and cost efficiency. planning and management, low-cost materials,
cost-effective construction technologies, and use
8.5 Reporting: The final phase seems to be to of alternative construction techniques. The profit
describe the review's results. The outcomes will earned from the implementation of these strategies
indeed be given the shape of a report, that will can reduce construction costs to make low-cost
comprise an executive summary, opening, results, housing more accessible to all. By use of low-cost
discussion, and conclusion alternative raw materials also keeps construction
costs from rising due to the usage of expensive
9 Results and discussion building materials that would otherwise increase
❖ The use of low-cost materials reduces the the project's cost. The use of low-cost housing
building's effects on the environment, or more building materials in construction activities will be
accurately, its negative effects on the helpful in reducing the overall cost by 20%to 30%
environment. without compromising the structure lifespan,
❖ Improving and enhancing the health of the strength etc.
people who live or work in a building.
❖ Investors and the community can save money The construction sector has a major influence on
and get a return on their investments. the environment, society, and economic system; as
❖ Take the life span into consideration during such, sustainable construction technology is a
planning and development. worldwide phenomenon. Global warming and air
❖ From the literature reviews we've talked about pollution are growing worldwide, likely requiring
so far, we've concluded that it's important to use environmentally friendly and intelligent
low-cost building materials to protect the advancement. In advanced countries like the US,
environment people think about green Russia, Australia, and the UK, rigorous initiatives,
technology, and the above study shows us that laws, and regulations encourage global and eco-
people do not believe in these materials, which friendly development. India, China, Sri Lanka,
is the reason India and other, resources, and Pakistan, and others are way behind in
pollution. environmental sustainability as well as eco-
❖ The above results confirm that the use of friendly building. In developing countries,
environmentally friendly resources may reduce individuals are unaware of this global issue. These
the overall cost of construction by 30 Both countries also lag advanced countries in terms of
reviews give an overview of the housing research and education. The paper emphasizes how
shortage in emerging economies. low-cost materials can be used instead of
❖ Initiatives should be undertaken in a similar traditional materials without affecting the
manner to that of many developed nations. to environment, culture, resources, lifespan, and a
protect the environment. variety of other properties that any building
❖ It has also been noted that the use of low-cost requires.
housing technologies requires a large amount of
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