f.

)
ponomial
is ’A
enpsession mathemaial
code glie nuot re
codes Jino
Code iua be de coycic Al >
ll but yci
Cn-4. Cn-3 Cn-2
Cn-2 Cn- C
Cn,n-2 (
entec repres ae coords Code he
i th cycic
the botcode ’ 1olol,{1olo,
Property But
oiy foll not
cylic
Coz Code o)olt a 1oo,
lojo
svit ofe
proprt'y gci, iSunno folloo should Lb
cod PBlockalinn c\as Swb L
Code
 Cocff

Roprest te binag
MSB LSR

sheld not be 'o'

Apoynemid is colel
Co cff fm is it

ma)
S (111 , oooo,olo,jo)o)
fta). 7*), h(2)) m() eF( )

*eing
mulipicaion
dey gedt degft)
Adg^i
jS not to mat
 fe)=(|4*) ver GFC*)
7e)=(tt*°) over GF(2

+X?+|4+X order = 2

14tx2++x34x1

Do add & mutti'cotionot follo ofng

Ovr GF(3)
{) -f2+x tx+2x)
(ite42t

lool

(2++2+221) (itt2
2 +42+4x1+2
 4.3
tion to)Ace
4-(ta)
-
otroot the is ddthat Assume
QF(2)
P)
m=4 degree Q
-2mod becguse
in addn Same
Subtraction
()
-’GF 142
GF(3)
yods GF(3) &
ven mudipliotlon
t aDo
 Raya-r)
ed
by denot &
the called sometinmeg
also g
i8Remaind
er
residue
where
Algonithm Divisjon
1
+|tdts =
2
tt<+t |+ =
t ()
+
 xt14
()4 I+xt
(a)9

t, |
4t,
Logrue
eud
t Moduo

q0-he should be divisible by f(a)

-h)
f(x) theno y it is a Conguet
Modulo tale it
Jf GF vaue is not aiven by defat

f) -(*+) be defird
= 4xs
S

Corguent molo
) && h ) ase

Sine g0-hc = f ( )
then jo)=ho (md (f))
Encoding Rules to Geutrate aa clie code’
ystewalc cycic ode
Non-
ie Codewo
Anesator
 n-t

+...t6
C(%)=4

Non Systemalo fomat

i)°x4X+1
co -(4*4n+1) ( t )

Codi

to the femou nden o

Add ra)+í)k
c(«) = ()+i ) t

(+)
 Res
wgher degrce
be the
orderr of

C=

Decoling ot yd'e code

= Pes

But if RO = cotecx)

Recev
Codors syndroe
 Conidex cycic code C=|0loo1)
emoy iS at th fo e=|000000

-o jst Avd out the pa)

x44
SO)4o
a he Receivd codoord is x4+|
6)-4t | Find ot traumitted code

R()=4+|

S)- Rx)

S(*)= eC)
g)
Oo00o|0
2
 The codeosd is

out al code coord fos infomation bils

Q find
OVe a
galios
n=4 32
Pos able ino.bite 3
Codeusnd

202 o 2 2. 242

2.02.0 20
24 2
(«24): °4x+2x4 2
2 ct2 (x2) -2%4+ )
242| 2 | 2t| (2+2)(4) )
(2) 4222+2
2 222 22 2t2
Reducible Pobyaeninls/Prie aly nonual -,
A palyranil {() in F() is sad to be

x- )( 4 +xt)

A folgoia) a

palylenua! f) in FaJ o degrec

>A
for al .'a" in CF)
=
(4 +x+)
Tie secod factor mo be furter reduble

f() = - = ) (4x+1)
GF(O)
Cae

(Ex-oR)
irmeduible

GF(3)

2eduible
f)
4 +2+
|+2+=|
 GFte) ovo, defa
n +)peroduct the oyeider
fmodfta)} b(a) at)
=nfa) o)-b(x) a
olid F9|fC) is
fu)moddo Covqrueut
f9 dythan. |ess 2The
wue
po the sb) a) poduc
F] in as
Sum
in b0 a()+ OIf
sam tie F/f)is be) a)
en /f) F] -to beloug
F(a)
Palynemials Ring
22O
2 |
2X+|
2
2
we hese But
qettg
(x-)<) (x-)
 g)=j -+)= (nod ve ti)
()t=X\moda+1)

e product t) i uF / )deftiud

a.he produt (x+)2 in F/+x+) defud a

GF (3)
(x2+2*t) mod (zetxt1)

overs aF(U covysts

2 ic Size of g çu be qh boz each of

the q elennent in aF4)

Q. Consd ee the
Higst dgnee poyswial =n-t 2-1=|
eq"=2= 4
(each demut is ponomial)
ie elemets are o,, , t }
o
 In mitplicotion elent aport
ttie elenets in
jn
gtun iethat elament
Room the
from

txt)
The ng F()/() is aa fidd it f()isa
frinu psgmsnid
pime pagnsmi
q. Is the gven poyiGF)
+t|
f GF (2) byf)-4
fud out: tht elem euts
Q. wiglut dugee palgnonial':
8= 64
n cafelements j
,4 , ,

gueratng ycie code’

Metods o
( ) Take a
() obtau set of foynomuae by muipyig
f)

nd o t the coÀs
GF(2)
for von poynid
in Bs defid ovey

t+)
-(a-) ( t t) demets.
9'st afclen
 'st af elements Set
)+x (muh

Itx2 e41

A4142=
2

owy tate distindt cade coonrd

Jistt demets
’000
He degree

22

I+x+x2

ydic ode Paroport

A Code Cin Rn is a
sotiefythe follouing colCode if ony it
Gati
(D aca), b(0 ec ’
a)+b()ec
 Ot al
binn
in af (a)
Factomz ( a )

f(a)=c
f(o) = irekucible
f)
are
Posible qenoatorr fognomn
x)
=(z4=0)
All Possibe cc
Codes Goda
GC
loo, l0l,10, | )
O,tl,4 O00, ol, lo,

o, x24t|

SAndeone
The

Fud out all the ogcic coduoosds ot biock s,

sh
2.
2.
4

o2 2
0202
oo
|2|2
o42t2
20 20
20 22 2342
2)-2+| 2|2|
2x3424t)
2222
2 2 .2X42 224242t2

C() =i() g)
=(eh) (°+x+)
x4°4x´4°4t|

’Codicoorsd is nst ollo

inb. bit i() so i t y
it is an Asystemac co
cOonrd
 is
Hc)
G)tun
-(z)+z+) (8-1) if
olumy ot no
Genemato
foynomiel
Suppose
CIS
a
gen the c|i Code m'x
MatDe
.Code ycdie of ftBon Son
Selet
et toi()
tl
(3,1) 2
(3) -
2
(°3,) 3
(n,k)
f
(x°tt) (z) () tom'e Fac
() GF in
n=Jsugt block ofcodes bjuany ot Find R
3n= al
 Mel check
(-342'4H)
(4,2) (aa4)
(ae-1)
qrie) 4,2)
0 (41)
byl -l (r)
is as
ce Can we G13)
44) (-)
.OoO
(n,)
=4 n
(4)(a-)(z+) (7°44+)= (a)
ovro egth4 ofCodeternary the out Find Q
columny
ho
H=
-

y=V .

(
 Covutrut

(7,4)

Pa fas
6

24
.

4|
 3

then
C() = ) =|o0|o |

Stem
Non-ytten

Block Qength =s
on not
OFnd hehe g() is valid
e o s an
Con be detet
nowy
systena c fom

+4x3

°44s4x4?+x+ |

the sesidue is equal to zero , g) S Void

As
 k=s n= |i

waite it
H=Lyn
iu non- Systema fomat

HE

Oo oo)
 dmin4
dne's

doin
detrcted

Emor
Corre te

P41
Psto

12