BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc

Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
Stretch and
BIOPHYSICS
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
Dr. Le Tan Phuc

Hong Bang International University

2022

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 Elasticity and Strength of Materials

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc

Elasticity and
Strength of Stretch and compression
Materials
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Spring
Impulsive force

Bone fracture

Impulsive force

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 Stretch and compression

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
• Stress S is the internal force per unit area acting on the
Elasticity and
Strength of
material;
Materials F
Stretch and S= (1)
compression A
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Stretch and compression

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan • The force causes the bar to elongate by an amount ∆l.
Phuc
• The fractional change in length ∆l/l is called the
Elasticity and
Strength of longitudinal strain St
Materials
Stretch and
compression ∆l
Spring St = (2)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
l

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 Stretch and compression

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc • The ratio of stress to strain is constant (Hooke’s law).
Elasticity and • The constant of proportionality Y is called Young’s
Strength of
Materials modulus.
Stretch and S
compression Y = (3)
Spring
Bone fracture
St
Impulsive force

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 Young’s modulus

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc

Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Spring

BIOPHYSICS
• The force F required to stretch (or compress) the spring is
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
directly proportional to the amount of stretch;
Elasticity and
F = −K∆l (4)
Strength of
Materials • A stretched (or compressed) spring contains potential
Stretch and
compression
Spring
energy E
1
E = K∆l2
Bone fracture
Impulsive force (5)
2

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 Spring

BIOPHYSICS
• An elastic body under stress is analogous to a spring with
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
a spring constant
K = Y A/l (6)
Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
• potential energy E
Stretch and
compression 1YA 2
Spring E= ∆l (7)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
2 l

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 Bone fracture

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc • We shall calculate the amount of energy required to break
a bone of area A and length l.
Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Bone fracture

BIOPHYSICS
• Assume that the bone remains elastic until fracture. The
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
breaking stress of the bone is SB .
• The corresponding force FB that will fracture the bone is,
Elasticity and
Strength of YA
Materials FB = SB A = ∆l (8)
Stretch and
compression
l
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Bone fracture

BIOPHYSICS
• The compression ∆l at the breaking point is
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc SB l
∆l = (9)
Elasticity and
Y
Strength of
Materials
• the energy stored in the compressed bone at the point of
Stretch and
compression fracture is
2
Spring 1 Y A 2 1 AlSB
Bone fracture E= ∆l = (10)
Impulsive force
2 l 2 Y

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 Bone fracture

BIOPHYSICS
• The compression ∆l at the breaking point is
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc SB l
∆l = (11)
Elasticity and
Y
Strength of
Materials
• the energy stored in the compressed bone at the point of
Stretch and
compression fracture is
2
Spring 1 Y A 2 1 AlSB
Bone fracture E= ∆l = (12)
Impulsive force
2 l 2 Y

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 Example

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc

Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
Stretch and
compression • Consider the fracture of two leg bones that have a
Spring
Bone fracture combined length of about 90 cm and an average area of
Impulsive force
about 6 cm2. The breaking stress SB = 109 dyn/cm2 , and
Young’s modulus Y = 14 × 1010 dyn/cm2 .

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 Solution

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
• The total energy absorbed by the bones of one leg at the
Elasticity and
Strength of point of compressive fracture is,
Materials

1 6 × 90 × 1018
Stretch and
compression
Spring E= = 19.25 × 108 erg = 192.5J (13)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
2 14 × 1010

• The combined energy in the two legs is twice this value, or

385 J.
• This is the amount of energy in the impact of a 70-kg
person jumping from a height of 56 cm.

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 Solution

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
• The total energy absorbed by the bones of one leg at the
Elasticity and
Strength of point of compressive fracture is,
Materials

1 6 × 90 × 1018
Stretch and
compression
Spring E= = 19.25 × 108 erg = 192.5J (13)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
2 14 × 1010

• The combined energy in the two legs is twice this value, or

385 J.
• This is the amount of energy in the impact of a 70-kg
person jumping from a height of 56 cm.

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 Solution

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
• The total energy absorbed by the bones of one leg at the
Elasticity and
Strength of point of compressive fracture is,
Materials

1 6 × 90 × 1018
Stretch and
compression
Spring E= = 19.25 × 108 erg = 192.5J (13)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
2 14 × 1010

• The combined energy in the two legs is twice this value, or

385 J.
• This is the amount of energy in the impact of a 70-kg
person jumping from a height of 56 cm.

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 Impulsive force

BIOPHYSICS
• a large force is exerted for a short period of time on the
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc colliding object.
Elasticity and • It is difficult to determine the exact magnitude of the
Strength of
Materials force.
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Impulsive force

BIOPHYSICS
• It is relatively easy to calculate the average value of the
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
impulsive force Fav from the relationship between force
and momentum
Elasticity and
Strength of mvf − mvi
Materials Fav = (14)
Stretch and ∆t
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
Impulsive force

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 Fracture due to a fall

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
• a person falls from a height h, his velocity on impact with
Elasticity and
Strength of
the ground, is p
Materials v= 2gh (15)
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
• Momentum on the ground
Impulsive force
p p
mv = m 2gh = W 2h/g (16)

The average impact force,

mp
F = 2gh (17)
∆t

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 Airbags

BIOPHYSICS
• In a collision, the airbag expands suddenly to protect the
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc passenger. The forward motion of the passenger must be
stopped in about 30cm.
Elasticity and
Strength of • The average deceleration is
Materials
Stretch and
compression v2
Spring a= (18)
Bone fracture
Impulsive force
2s
• The average force that produces
v2
F = ma = m (19)
2s

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 Airbags

BIOPHYSICS
• For a 70-kg person with a 30-cm allowed stopping
Dr. Le Tan
Phuc
distance, the average force is
70 × 103 v 2
Elasticity and
Strength of
F = = 1.17 × 103 v 2 (dyn) (20)
Materials 2 × 30
Stretch and
compression At an impact velocity of 70 km/h, the average stopping
Spring
Bone fracture force is 4.42 × 109 dyn.
Impulsive force
• If this force is uniformly distributed over a 1000cm2 area
of the passenger’s body, the applied force per cm2 is
4.42 × 106 dyn. This is just below the estimated strength
of body tissue

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 HOMEWORKS

BIOPHYSICS

Dr. Le Tan
Phuc

Elasticity and
Strength of
Materials
Stretch and
compression
Spring
Bone fracture
• Chapter 5, page 66
Impulsive force
• Problems 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

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