BASICS OF KINESIOLOGY

• The term “Kinesiology” is a

combination of two Greek words
“Kinesis”, meaning “movement” or “to
move” and “Logos” meaning “to
discover” or “study”.
Meaning & • So kinesiology is the study of human
Definition of motion.

Kinesiology: • “It is an analysis of human motion

based upon scientific principles,
biomechanics, muscular- skeleton
anatomy and neuromuscular
Physiology”
Luttgens and Wells
 • Kinesiology is not a science of it’s
own.
• Kinesiology is based on the
subjects:-

SOURCES OF • Musculo –skeletal Anatomy.

KINESIOLOGY:- • Neuro – muscular physiology.
• Biomechanics (physics)
INTRODUCTION OF
BIOMECHANICS
 Meaning of Bio-mechanic

The Bio-mechanics has derived from two words

= Bio + mechanics.
Bio means, some thing pertaining to living being
or life.
MECHANICS: Mechanics is that branch of
physics concern with the effect that forces have
on any object and the motion produced by these
forces
When the study of mechanics is limited to living
structure, especially the human body, it is called
Bio-mechanics.
During the early 1970s. The international
community adopted the terms Bio- Mechanics to
describe the application of mechanical principles
in the study of living organisms. As it was realized
after 1950 that the mechanical principles
involving on the human body is entirely different
from other things.
Bio-mechanics means the mechanics of human
motion. We explain human motion, as result of
internal forces and take place under the effect of
external forces.
 A background of mechanics can help coaches to know
their sport more, make them more confident about their
practice and extent their knowledge beyond the
technique to know the scientific reason. They will be
better prepared to answer:
 Why we do it this way?
 What technique is the best?
 Should I teach this technique to my students or it is
suitable only for top class Athletes?
 What is wrong with this individual’s performance and
how can I correct it.
 What exercise should I prescribe to improve this
individual’s physical condition?
 DEFINATION OF BIOMECHANICS

Bio = body
Mechanics = forces and motion

“Biomechanics is the science concerned with

how forces (internal & external) act on the
human body and the effects of these forces
have on the motion of the body”
-James G Hey
 FORCE

• Force = “is a push or pull • Internal Forces – generated

that changes a body's state within the body e.g.. forces
of rest or motion”. due to muscle contraction

• External Forces – acting

outside from the body e.g..
gravity
BRANCES OF BIOMECHANICS

BIOMECHANICS

STATICS DYNAMICS

KINEMATICS KINETICS
ROLE OF SPORTS BIOMECHANICS
 IT HELPS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE ON
THE BASIS OF MECHANICAL LOWS AND
PRINCIPLES.
HELP IN DEDUCTING THE FAULTS IN THE
EXECUTION AND PRESCRIBES THE REMEDIES.
IT HELPS IN PERFECTING THE MOVEMENTS.
IT HELPS TO IMPREOVES/FORMULATE NEW
TECHNIQUE.
Cont...

IT HELPS FOR DEVELPING NEW APPARATUS

FOR TEACHING & COACHING.

IT HELPS IN SELECTING A PLAYER FOR A

PARTICULAR ACTIVITY.

IT HELPS IN EXPENDING THE FIELD OF

SPORTS THROUGH RESEARCH.
NEWTON’S LOW OF LINEAR MOTION
 Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
‘Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled by
some external force to act otherwise’

An object at rest will stay at rest, unless

an outside force is acted on it.
Or it will remain in motion unless an
outside force is acted on it

Commonly known as Law of Inertia

 Inertia
• The resistance offered by object to change its
state.
• It depends on mass.
• Staying in rest is known as inertia of rest
• Staying in motion is known as inertia of
motion
Sport examples:

• The body of a player quickly sprinting down

the field will tend to retain that motion unless
forces can overcome this inertia.
• A skater gliding on ice will continue gliding
with the same speed and in the same
direction, barring the action of an external
force
 Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

• When there is a net external force

acting on the body, Newton's second
law of motion comes into effect.
• “If a net external force is exerted on an
object, the object will accelerate in the
direction of the net external force, and
its acceleration will be directly
proportional to the net external force
and inversely proportional to its mass”
F= mA
• The acceleration of an object as
produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net
force, in the same direction as the net
force, and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object.
• It is also called as law of acceleration
• SECOND LAW IS FULLY EXPRESSED BY THE
EQUATION.
F = M A.
A = F/m
(F = Force, M= Mass of the object, A= Acceleration)
 Sports example
• When a ball is thrown, kicked, or struck with an
implement, it tends to travel in the direction of
the line of action of the applied force. Similarly,
the greater the amount of force applied, the
greater the speed the ball has.
• If a player improves leg strength through training
while maintaining the same body mass, then he
will have an increased ability to accelerate the
body using the legs, resulting in better agility and
speed.
 Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
Action equals Reaction
It is called as law of reaction

Sports Example: The force created by the

legs “pushing” against the ground results in
ground reaction forces in which the ground
“pushes back” and allows the player to move
across the court
Levers
 Effort

Resistanc
e

• Lever is a bar or some other rigid structure lined at one

point and to which forces are applied at two other points.
James G. Hay

• It may be defined as a rigid bar that is used to overcome

the resistance when force is applied on one side of the
fulcrum.
• Lever serves two important function
 They are used either to overcome a
resistance larger than the magnitude
of the effort applied.
 To increase the speed and range of
motion through which a resistance
can be moved.
• LEVER CONSISTS:
• Fulcrum
• The pivot point or axis of rotation of a lever is known as
fulcrum.
• one of the forces that acts on the lever is known as the
weight or resistance that opposes movement and other as
the force that causes or tend to cause the lever to move.

• Power arm- is distance from the fulcrum to the point where

the force is applied.
• weight arm- is the distance from the fulcrum to the
resistance.

• Since there are three points, there are three possibility of

arrangement. any one of three may be situated between
other two.
• First Class Lever
• In a first class Lever, the axis lies between the effort and the
resistance. the mechanical advantage of first class Lever is balance.
• The first class Lever also can be used to modify the effects of the
effort or to increase the speed and range of motion of the relative
lengths of the effort arm and the resistance arm.
• Example- Seesaw, balance scale, scissor
head ( tripping forward and backward is a good example of first class
Lever), extension of elbow
• Second Class Lever
• The resistance lies between the axis and the effort.
• in this liver, the effort arm is always longer than the resistance
arm.
• The arrangement has the advantage of modifying the effects of
the effort so that it takes less force to move the resistance.
• Asa disadvantage range of motion is scarified.
• Example- wheelbarrow nutcracker opening of door
heel raise, flexion of elbow
• Third Class of Lever
• In a third class Lever, the effort lies between the axis
and resistance.
• In this lever, resistance arm is always longer than the
moment arm.
• This means that it will take greater effort to
overcome a given resistance. advantage of the third
class Lever is speed and range of motion.
• Examples- baseball grip, flexion of elbow, javelin
throw
STABILITY AND
EQUILIBRIUM
 Stability and
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Is A State Of Rest Of The Body
Either At Stationary Or In Moving Position, In
Which The Sum Of All The Forces Acting On The
Body Are Balanced, And Sum Of All The Forces And
Sum Of All The Torques Equal To Zero.

In Sports It Is Called Balance Position And Stance.

 Two Types of Equilibrium

Static Equilibrium:-
When sum of the forces and the sum of the
movement acting upon the body is both equal to zero.

Dynamic Equilibrium:-
When body moving with constant linear or
angular velocity. Which can only occur if sum of the forces
and sum of the torque acting on it is zero.
An object can maintain stability only when forces
acting on it have resultant is zero.
Depending upon the degree of stability they are
further divided in three categories.
 Stable
If the position of the object is slightly altered and object tend to
return to its original position the object is in stable.
 Unstable
Equilibrium
With a slight push to destroy it, and it form new position.
 Neutral
Equilibrium
When an objects centre of gravity is neither raised nor
lowered when it disturbed.
Factors on which the degree of static stability
depends

1. Size and shape of support.

2. Stability depend inversely the height of centre of
gravity.
3. Stability depends directly upon the weight of the body.
4. It depends directly upon the horizontal distance of
centre of gravity from the point of support.
5. For maintaining stability, centre of gravity must fall
within the base.
 Factors effecting dynamic stability
1. Friction.
2. During quick change, inward lean toward the direction of
change to maintain centripetal & centrifugal forces equal.
3. Forward and backward rotation increase stability in
space.
4. Physiological balance mechanism such as kinesthetic
sense, co-ordination and inner ear fluid balance mechanism.
5. Visual & psychological factors walking close to an
unprotected edge right above the ground.
6. Other factors.
(a) Experience
(b) Familiarity with surface condition, quality of
equipment etc.
CENTRE OF
GRAVITY
 Centre of gravity:

• Centre of gravity is an imaginary balancing point

where the body weight can be assumed to be
concentrated and equally distributed.
• It is express by COG or CG.
• It is the point of exact centre, around which the
body may rotate freely in all directions.
• The centre of gravity can be located within or
outside the body, depending on the body’s
configuration and position; it is inside an object
when the object is uniform and outside the
object when it is not uniform.
 • At cog; the summation of all the

Centre of forces equal to zero as well as the

summation of moments of torque
equal to zero. So; clockwise moment
gravity… + counter clockwise moment = zero
 Centre of gravity is used for balance or
stability of the body.

Uses of Centre of gravity is used as a reference

point for analysing the movements.
centre of Important consideration in execution
gravity: of skills.

Evaluation of technique.
CONCEPT OF FRICTION
 Definition & Meaning Of Friction

 It is a force which comes

into play when one body
contact with other body or
force which opposes
motion.
 The force of friction always
acts parallel to surface of
contact but in opposite
direction.
 Whenever one body moves,
or tends to move across the
surface of another body,
force is created. This force is
known as frictional force.
Friction is due to small – small
head in their surface.
Friction is a hindrance to motion.
However friction is necessary for
applying force in order to produce
motion.
TYPES OF FRICTION:

1. Static/starting friction
2. Kinetic/Sliding friction
3. Rolling friction
4. Fluid friction
1)Static/starting friction: - When one
body tend to start the motion over
the surface of another body. It
develop maximum amount of force
& maximum amount of force is
needed to over come it.(Friction
which resist the starting of Motion.)
2) Sliding or kinetic:- When one body start sliding
over the surface of another body the force which
resist sliding called sliding friction. So Sliding
friction is always less the static friction.
3) Rolling:- rolling friction takes
place when an object rolls on the
surface. Rolling friction is always
less the sliding.
4) Fluid friction: When an object move through water or
air, friction developed due to these two material
coming in contact it called fluid friction. The degree of
disturbance of fluid depends upon - shape of object ,
its velocity.
Factors deciding friction -
The type of material making up two bodies.
Condition of rubbing surface. (Rough surface
more friction – vice-versa)
Friction is proportional to the weight & force
pressing two surface together. Heavier the
body more will be friction – Vice versa.
 IMPLICATION IN SPORT:

1)Greater amount of friction:

Greater amount of friction is required to perform
locomotion movement. If the sufficient friction will
be there more force can be applied.
• Ex. Sprinter using spicks
2)Less amount of friction :
• Ice-skating Where less amount of friction is needed
to move body. Cycle, Motorbike between axel and
wheel.
Projectile Motion
 When an object project/moving in the air
under the influence of gravitational force, It
is known as projectile motion.

For example: a football moving in the air,

long jumper’s body during flight phase etc.
Projectile
Motion: However, all the object moving in the air
are not come under the projectile motion.

Ex. Rocket or airplane move in the air in the

influence of gravity as well as it caused by
the mechanical force of the engine.
Projectile
motion
Terminologies
in projectile
motion:
• Point/height of release
• Landing point/height
• Trajectory or parabola: the path
followed by the object.
• Apex or maximum Height:
maximum vertical height covered
by the object.
• Range: horizontal displacement
covered by the projectile object.
• Time of accent: time taken
between release point and apex.
• Time of decent: time taken
between apex to landing point.
• Time of flight:
 • Since a projectile moves in 2-
Projectiles move in dimensions, it therefore has 2
components just like a resultant vector.
TWO dimensions • Horizontal(X)
• Vertical (Y)
 Horizontal “Velocity” Component
• NEVER changes, covers equal displacements in equal
time periods. This means the initial horizontal
velocity equals the final horizontal velocity

In other words, the horizontal velocity is

CONSTANT. BUT WHY?

Gravity DOES NOT work horizontally to

increase or decrease the velocity.
Vertical “Velocity” Component
• Changes (due to gravity), does NOT cover equal
displacements in equal time periods.

Both the MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION change:

i. As the projectile moves up the MAGNITUDE DECREASES and its direction is
UPWARD.
ii. as the object reach it’s highest point (apex) vertical velocity will be Zero.
iii. As it moves down the MAGNITUDE INCREASES and the direction is DOWNWARD.
Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory:

1) Angle of release:
 Angle between the
direction at which a
body is projected in
respect to the
horizontal.
 When velocity of
release is kept
constant, the angle of
release makes
difference in projectile.
  Whenever we
apply force on an
object in certain
angle. There are
two components:
vertical and
horizontal:
i. If vertical
Angle of component is
more, help for
release achieving
vertical height.
ii. If Horizontal
cont... component is
more, help in
covering
horizontal
distance.
iii. With constant
speed range will
be same where
angle of release
is 90 degree.
2)Release velocity:
 The speed of a projectile at the instant of release. the speed
of release is proportional to the average force exerted
through the projectile.
 When projection angle and other factors are constant, the
projection speed determines the length / trajectory of the
object.
 Velocity of release has maximum effect on range of motion.
 Ex. In shot put more the force applied during release more
will be the performance.

3)Height of release:
 If an object is projected
from more height it will
travel more distance.
 When projection velocity
is constant, the greater
the height of release the
longer the flight time and
greater the horizontal
displacement.
Low of projection/ optimum projection
condition:
1) In case of level of projection height and the landing height is same, then the
projection angle of the object should be 45 degree angle to cover maximum
horizontal distance.
2) In case of level of projection height is higher than landing height, the angle of release
should be less than 45 degree angle to cover maximum distance. Ex. All the throwing
events in track and field.
3) In case of projection height is lower than the landing height, the angle of projection
should be more than 45 degree angle. Ex. Three point shot in basketball.
4)For optimum vertical height the projection angle should be at 90 degree angle.
THANK YOU