ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES A.

Plane Mirrors
- waves, have wave speed v, wavelength λ, and frequency f - mirrors that we see everywhere e.g. whole-body mirror
- in a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed and cosmetic mirror
known as c = 3 x 108 m/s - the object distance is equal to the image distance
- wave speed is taken to be constant, we find that wavelength and wave - light rays do not actually meet at the image position, because of
frequency have inverse relationship that, a virtual image cannot be projected on a screen.
- Waves in the EM spectrum include the following from the longest Image Formation of a Plane Mirror
wavelength to the shortest wavelength also increasing of frequency and (L) same as the object distance, (O) Inverted, (S) Upright, (T)
energy: Virtual
▪ Radio waves – Microwaves - Infrared waves - Visible light –
Ultraviolet – X-rays – Gamma rays B. Spherical Mirrors
- Most EM waves are invisible to the eye but detectable. Only the - a spherical mirror is a form of a slice of a spherical surface
visible light is seen by humans - concave mirror is a mirror that is curved inward like the hollow
inside of a sphere
APPLICATION OF EM WAVES - convex mirror is when parallel light rays (at infinity) hits the
- Radio waves - Radio and television communication surface
- Microwaves - Satellite television and communication
- Infrared waves - Remote control, household electrical appliances a. Radius of Curvature (R) – the distance from the center of curvature
- Visible light - Artificial lighting, optical fibers in medical uses, to the vertex of the mirror; it corresponds to the radius of the
screen of electronic devices circle
- Ultraviolet - Sterilization, Fluorescence b. Center of Curvature (C) – center of the circle of which the mirror
- X-rays - Medical use, engineering applications represents a small arc
- Gamma rays - Medical treatment c. Focal Length (f) – the distance from the focus to the vertex of the
mirror
RADIATION d. Focus (F) – the point where parallel light rays intersect; it is
- Trefoil known as an international sign used to indicate radioactive one-half the radius
e. Vertex (V) – the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis
sources, containers for radioactive materials, and areas where
radioactive materials are stored and used REFRACTION OF LIGHTS
- Most of the high-energy radiation to which humans are exposed comes - the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another
from natural sources - medium is a substance that can transfer energy from one location to
- Radiation is a process of emitting energy in the form of particles Another
or waves
TYPES OF LENS
- Non-ionizing radiation, includes radio waves, cell phones, - converging lens is a lens that is thicker in the middle than the
microwaves, infrared radiation and visible light edges
- Ionizing radiation, includes ultraviolet radiation, radon, x-rays, - diverging lens or a concave lens is a lens that is thinner at the
and gamma rays middle than the edges

Measuring Radiation Exposure SUMMARY OF M4

- Geiger counter (also called the Geiger-Müller counter) - detects and 1. Reflection of light is the bouncing of the light from a reflecting
measures radiation surface like mirror.
- Scintillation counter - a material that emits light (luminesces) 2. Reflection can be classified into specular or regular reflection
when excited by ionizing radiation and diffuse or irregular reflection.
- Radiation dosimeters - also measure ionizing radiation and are often 3. Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one
used to determine personal radiation exposure medium to another. The greater the refractive index the greater it
bends towards the normal line.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT 4. There are two laws of reflection these are; 1) the angle of
- the bouncing of light from a reflecting surface incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, 2) the incident ray,
- Specular reflection is when the surface of the mirror is very smooth the reflected ray, and the normal line lies on the same plane.
- Diffuse reflection is observed when light hits a rough surface, 5. Images produced through reflection and refraction may be real or
bouncing back to different directions virtual. A real image is formed where reflected rays actually meet at
a point while virtual image appears where the light rays seem to meet
at a point but do not actually do so. A real image can be projected on GENERATORS
a screen but a virtual image cannot. - Generators are a lot like motors and are technically a motor in
6. Plane mirrors produce images that are erect, virtual, equal in size reverse, the parts differ in function in motors
as the object, and laterally inverted.
7. A spherical mirror is one in the form of a slice of a spherical stator - the stationary permanent magnets which provide magnetic force
surface. It can be classified as concave or convex mirror. for the electrons to move through the wires
8. To be able to describe the location, orientation, size, and type of rotor - rotates near the magnets in order to experience a change in a
image formed either a concave or convex mirror or lens, a technique magnetic field for electrons to move
known as ray diagramming is used. commutator - a ring divided into two halves at the end of the coiled
9. Concave mirrors produce a varied image characteristics and location wires and comes in contact with the brushes for continuous flow of
depending on the location of the object. Example, when the object is electricity
located between F and C, the image is located beyond C, the brush - allows the continues flow of electricity from the rotor to the
orientation is inverted, the size is enlarged, and the type is real. terminals without having to move
10. Convex mirrors produce only an erect orientation, reduced in size, shaft - the axle in which mechanical energy is supplied to rotate the
and virtual image. rotors
11. Converging lens or convex lens produce a varied image
characteristics and location. Sometimes the image is real or virtual ADDITIONAL OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS
in terms of type, sometimes it is reduced, enlarged and the same as 1. A magnet is an object that attracts or repels other magnets. It
the object size, sometimes it is erect or inverted depending on the also attracts other magnetic materials such as iron and nickel.
location of the object in front of the convex lens. 2. Magnets have two magnetic poles (North and South). These poles
12. Diverging lens or concave lens produce only an erect orientation, interact with each other; unlike poles attract while like poles repel.
reduced in size, and virtual image. 3. When current flows through a wire, the wire produces a magnetic
field and becomes an electromagnet.
MAGNETS 4. The following are the factors affecting the strength of an
- Magnetism is a term used to refer to the ability of objects to electromagnet: number of loops of the wire, voltage and presence of an
attract or interact with magnetic materials iron core.
- Magnetic field is a space or region around a magnet where it has a 5. Motors are devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical
magnetic influence to other magnetic materials energy. These motors use magnets to function.
6. Simple electric motors and generators technically have the same
ELECTROMAGNETS basic parts. These are the following: rotor, armature, shaft stator,
- Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that deals with brush, terminals and housing.
the study of the relationship of electricity and magnetism 7. Electric motors are widely used by electrical appliances that we
use every day such as electric fan, aircon units, blender, mixer, etc.
MOTORS 8. Generators are devices that convert mechanical energy to electrical
- Motor is a device that converts electrical energy energy. The more mechanical energy is supplied, the more electrical
to mechanical energy, the electrical energy input comes from energy will be generated.
the battery and the mechanical energy output is the motion or the 9. When magnets move around a coil of wire, electrons in the wire move
rotation of the coiled wire thus generating current. This process is called electromagnetic
induction.
stator - refers to all non-moving parts of the motor but usually 10. A generator is the heart of a power plant which serves as the
refers to the stationary permanent magnets which provide magnetic source of electricity that we use every day.
field to the rotor
rotor - usually consists of insulated copper wires wound around a
metal core; this basically becomes electromagnet when electricity is
supplied
commutator - a ring divided into two halves at the end of the coiled
wires and comes in contact with the brushes for continuous flow of
electricity
brush - delivers the electric current to the rotor and is design to
conduct electricity to the moving rotor without having to move
shaft - a structure which allows the rotor to rotate; it is also where
something is attached (such as a fan blade) to deliver motion