Indian Institute of Technology Patna

CDA, Mathematics II, Spring 2023-24

Tutorial Sheet-1

Linear System, Vector Space, Linear Independence

distributed by
Dr. Mahendra Kumar Gupta

Introduction of Matrices
1. Show that a triangular matrix A is invertible if and only if each diagonal entry of A is non-zero.
2. Let A1 , A2 , . . . , Ar be invertible matrices. Prove that the product A1 A2 . . . Ar is also an invertible
matrix.
   
x x
3. Let A and B be 2 × 2 real matrices such that A =B for all (x, y) ∈ R2 . Prove that A = B .
y y
System of Linear Equations
4. What is the value of a if the following system

3x + 2y = 10,
6x + 4y = a

(i) gives no solution

(ii) gives innitely many solutions
What is the solution (when available) in each case? Is it possible that the system has unique solution?
5. Which of the following matrices are row echelon form (REF) matrix. Give a reason when the matrix
is not row reduced echelon.
         
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 2 1 0 3
 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 1 2 , 1 0 4 , 0 2 7 .
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

6. Solve the following linear systems using Gauss-elimination method.

(a) x + y + z + w = 0, x − y + z + w = 0 and −x + y + 3z + 3w = 0.
(b) x − y + 2z = 1, 2x + 2z = 1 and x − 3y + 4z = 2.
(c) x + 7y + z = 4, x − 2y + z = 0 and −4x + 5y + 9z = −9.
(d) −2x − 3y + 4z = 5, y − z = 4 and x + 3y − z = 2.
(e) x + y + z = 3, x + y − z = 1, x + y + 4z = 6 and x + y − 4z = −1.
7. Find the row echelon form of the following matrix:
 
4 0 2 0 −3

 4 1 0 −1 0 

A=
 0 3 1 0 −2 

 8 2 0 −2 0 
0 0 1 0 −3

1
 8. Suppose a, b ∈ R. Consider the following system of equations:
2x + y + az = 1,
x + z = 2,
x+y−z =b

(a) Apply suitable elementary row operations on the augmented matrix to nd an equivalent system
such that its coecient matrix is row echelon form for every a and b.
(b) Using part (a), nd all possible a and b such that the system has
(1) no solution
(2) a unique solution
(3) innitely many solutions.
(c) Write all the solution when system is consistent.
9. Show that every elementary matrix is invertible. Is the inverse of an elementary matrix, also an
elementary matrix?
10. Let A ∈ Mm×n (R) and b ∈ Rm . Let S ⊆ Rn be the set of solutions of the homogeneous linear system
AX = 0. If the system AX = b has a solution X0 , then show that the set of all solutions of the system
AX = b is given by X0 + S .

11. Let A ∈ Mn (R) be a matrix. Show that the following statements are equivalent:
(a) A is invertible
(b) For all b ∈ Rn the system AX = b has a unique solution X ∈ Rn .
12. Let A and B be two matrices. Show that
(a) if A + B is dened, then rank(A + B) ≤ rank(A) + rank(B),
(b) if AB is dened, then rank(AB) ≤ rank(A) and rank(AB) ≤ rank(B).
Vector Space
13. Show that the space of all real m×n matrices is a vector space over R with respect to the usual addition
and scalar multiplication.
14. Construct a subset of the xy -plane (R2 ) that is not a vector space over R because
(a) Closed under vector addition and subtraction but not with scalar multiplication.
(b) Closed under scalar multiplication but not with vector addition. Justify your answers.
15. In R, consider the addition x ⊕ y = x + y − 1 and scalar multiplication a ⊙ x = a(x − 1) + 1. Show that
R is a real vector space with respect to these operations with additive identity 1 (note that 0 is NOT
the additive identity).
16. Find the condition on real numbers a, b, c, d so that the set {(x, y, z) | ax + by + cz = d} is a subspace
of R3 .
17. Let X = R2 . Dene + and ∗ by
 
λ
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 − y2 ) and λ ∗ (x1 , y1 ) = x1 , y1
3

Does (X, +, ∗) a vector space on R ? Justify your answer.

18. Let Pn denote the set of polynomials of degree less than or equal to n over R. Is Pn a vector space
with respect to usual addition of polynomials and scalar multiplication of a polynomials. Justify your
answer.

2
19. For each of the following subsets of the R3 , determine whether it is a subspace of R3 .
(a) V1 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x + 2y + 3z = 0


(b) V2 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | xyz = 0



(c) V3 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x = 5z


20. Suppose that S and T are two subspaces of a vector space V . Dene the sum

S + T = {s + t : s ∈ S, t ∈ T }

Show that S + T is a subspace of V . Moreover, S + T is the smallest subspace of V containing S and

T . That is, Span(S ∪ T ) = S + T .
21. Show that if v ∈ V then Fv := {λv | λ ∈ F} is a subspace of any vector space V over F.
22. Show that the intersection of any collection of subspaces of a vector space is a subspace.
23. Suppose W1 and W2 are subspaces of a vector space V . Show that W1 ∪ W2 is a subspace of V if and
only if either W1 ⊆ W2 or W2 ⊆ W2 .
24. Let X be a non-empty subset of a vector space V over F. Let
( n
)
αi vi : n ∈ N, αi ∈ F, vi ∈ X
X
Span(X) :=
i=1

and let ⟨X⟩ be the intersection of all the subspaces of V which contain X . Show that Span(X) and
⟨X⟩ are subspaces of V . Moreover, Span(X) = ⟨X⟩.
Linearly Independence
25. Let V be a vector space over F. Show that u, v, w ∈ V are linearly independent if and only if u + v, v +
w, w + u are linearly independent.
26. Decide whether each subset of R3 is linearly dependent or linearly independent.
     
 1 2 4 
(a)  −3  ,  2  ,  −4 
5 4 14
 
     
 1 2 3 
(b)  7 , 7 , 7 
7 7 7
 
   
 0 1 
(c)  0 , 0 
−1 4
 
       
 9 2 3 12 
(d)  9  ,  0  ,  5  ,  12 
0 1 −4 −1
 

27. Which of these subsets of P2 are linearly dependent and which are independent over R ?
(a) 3 − x + 9x2 , 5 − 6x + 3x2 , 1 + 1x − 5x2


(b) −x2 , 1 + 4x2



(c) 2 + x + 7x2 , 3 − x + 2x2 , 4 − 3x2



(d) 8 + 3x + 3x2 , x + 2x2 , 2 + 2x + 2x2 , 8 − 2x + 5x2