Topics

• Basic Netiquette and Guidelines • Drawing Instruments

• Online Class Rules • CAD System Requirements

• Introduction • Plate no. 1

• Types of Drawings
SI Prefixes
 Conversion of Units

1 Inch = 1000 mils

1 mm = 1000 microns
1 AU = 9.296E7 Miles
Drawing

- is a two dimensional representation of

three dimensional objects.

- Be it manually drawn or CADD, drawing

is a form of graphical communication,
and NOT just some art class.
Engineering drawing

- Engineering Drawing is called the universal language of engineers,

machinist, mechanics, and manufacturers. Any language to be
communicative, should follow certain rules so that it conveys the
same meaning to every one. Similarly, drawing practice must follow
certain rules, if it is to serve as a means of communication.
 Types of drawing

Detail drawing

- is a description of a single part,

describing by lines, notes, and
symbols the specifications for
size, shape, material, and
methods of manufacture to be
used in making the part.
Detail drawing
Types of drawing
Sectional View Drawings

- A section or sectional view is obtained by cutting

away part of an object to show the shape and
construction at the cutting plane.
Types of drawing
Assembly Drawing

- It describes the object by stating, in a general

way, size and shape. Its primary purpose is to
show the relationship of the various parts.

- An assembly drawing is usually more complex

than a detail drawing, and is often
accompanied by detail drawings of various
parts.
Assembly Drawing.
 Types of drawing
Installation Drawing

- An installation drawing is one which includes

all necessary information for a part or an
assembly in the final installed position in the
aircraft.

- It shows the dimensions necessary for the

location of specific parts with relation to the
other parts and reference dimensions that
are helpful in later work in the shop.
 Types of drawing
Block Diagrams
 Types of drawing
Schematic Drawings/Diagrams
 Types of drawing
Charts and graphs
Paper Sizes
Paper Sizes
 Title Block

- It is a good practice to place the whole

title block at the rightmost part of the
drawing sheet, and the most
important data should also be placed
at the rightmost part of the title block.
Text Height

Whether a drawing is done in CAD or by hand, the letters must be large

enough to be read and reproduced clearly. The minimum height of
letters on a printed drawing is .12 inches (about 3mm). Letters that are
used to indicate section views should be .24 inches (6mm) tall. The
only text that is allowed to be smaller is the text used to label the title
block. This text can be .10 inches (a little bigger than 2.5 mm).
Lines in Engineering Drawing
Lines in Engineering Drawing

Visible Outlines/Visible Edges – these are lines drawn to represent the visible
outlines/visible edges/surface boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in
appearance.

Dimension Lines - these are lines are drawn to mark dimension.

Extension Lines - these are lines extended slightly beyond the respective dimension lines.

Construction Lines – these are lines are drawn for constructing drawings and should not
be erased after completion of the drawing.
Lines in Engineering Drawing

Guide Lines - these lines are drawn for lettering and should not be erased after lettering.

Break Lines - these are wavy continuous narrow line drawn freehand is used to represent
break of an object.

Hidden edges/Hidden Lines - these are shown by dashed lines of short dashes of equal
lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances of about 1 mm. the points of intersection
of these lines with the outlines / another hidden line should be clearly shown.

Border Lines- are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm

Lines in Engineering Drawing

Hatching/Section Lines - these are drawn for the sectioned portion of an object. These
are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the main outline of the section.

Center Lines - these are drawn at the center of the drawings symmetrical about an axis or
both the axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of the drawing.

Cutting Plane Lines- this Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It is long-
dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The
direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
Lines in Engineering Drawing
Lines in Engineering Drawing
Dimensioning

Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description,

must also furnish information regarding the size description. These are provided
through the distances between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface
finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these features on a drawing, using
lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Principles of Dimensioning: Some of the basic principles of dimensioning are given below.
I. All dimensional information necessary to describe a component clearly and completely shall be
written directly on a drawing.
2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing, i.e., dimension marked in one view
need not be repeated in another view.
3. Dimension should be placed on the view where the shape is best seen.
4. As far as possible, dimensions should be expressed in one unit only preferably in millimeters,
without showing the unit symbol (mm).
5. As far as possible dimensions should be placed outside the view.
6. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines.
Dimensioning

Placing the Dimensions where the Shape is Best Shown

Dimensioning

Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines
Dimensioning

Placing Dimensions Outside the View

Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Leader
A leader line is a line that establishes a connection between a graphical
representation of an item and some text. A leader points to a bit of our drawing
and says:

‘hey hey hey – Look Here’ and ‘Read This!’.

Leader
 Leader

• An arrow terminator is used to point

to an edge of an item.
• The dot is used to point to a face.
• The Architectural tick can be used for
referring to multiple parallel edges.
• The final type of line has no
terminator, and is used for pointing at
dimension lines or lines of Symmetry.
Leader
Dimension Termination and Origin Indication
Dimension lines should show distinct termination in the form of arrow heads or oblique strokes or
where applicable an origin indication (Fig.2.22). The arrow head included angle is 15°. The origin
indication is drawn as a small open circle of approximately 3 mm in diameter. The proportion length
to depth 3 : 1 of arrow head is shown in Fig.2.23.
Scale
Projection

The figure or view formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at

which these lines meet the plane is called the projection of the object.
The lines or rays drawn from the object to the plane are called
projectors. The transparent plane on which the projections are drawn
is known as plane of projection.
Types of Views
Projection Systems
Orthographic views
Orthographic views
Methods of Orthographic Projection

1. Natural Method: Revolve the object with respect to observer

2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object.

Glass Box
 Project the views

Imagine placing the

figure inside a glass box Draw the necessary
views

Collapse the glass box

Glass Box
View selection
Orient the object
Selecting the front view
Selecting the front view
Selecting the front view
Selecting an adjacent view
Selecting an adjacent view
Selecting an adjacent view
Object that requires only one view
Object that requires only one view
Object that requires only two view
Object that requires only two view
Object that requires only two view