Preliminary Period

Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction

LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

Outcomes- Based Learning Modules in

Therapeutic Modalities
(For internal use only of Burauen Community College)

Prepared by:

Florens M. Lacambra, RCrim, MSCJ, CCS

 Preliminary Period
Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

Introduction

Therapeutic Modalities is concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of persons deprived of
liberty and prisoners. When we talk about therapeutic it is something that helps to heal or to restore health.
The word therapeutic can be traced back to the Greek word “therapeutikos” from therapeuein which means
“to attend” or “to treat”. This study focuses on an attempt to cure, improve, mitigate or prevent certain
unwanted conditions of a human (Law Insider, nd.)
Therapeutic modalities describe a wide array of treatments and interventions that provide a variety of
therapeutic benefits. These have long been, presently are, and will continue to be a part of rehabilitation. It
provides a well-defined structure for a synchronized and focused implementation of various intervention
strategies or activities taken by concerned agencies.
Throughout, this course will introduce students to the different therapeutic modalities, treatment
models, treatment programs, and policy or program intervention for both Institutional and non-institutional
corrections. The forging of partnerships, involvement, and engagement of the Government Agencies, Religious
Sector, Private Foundations, Institutions, and Non-Governmental Organizations focused on the
Detainee’s/Inmate’s/Person’s Deprived Liberty’s total welfare and well-being.
At the end of this course, the student’s knowledge and understanding of therapeutic modalities and their
ability to use this data in their professional context will be developed. They will be measured as they analyze
situations through case studies and research analysis.

THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
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 Preliminary Period
Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

Prepared by:
Florens M. Lacambra, RCrim, MSCJ, CCS
Module 1: Review on Institutional Correctional and Non-Institutional Correction

Learning Outcome based on the Course Syllabus:

LO1: Asses the salient features of the Institutional Correction and Non-Institutional Correction and comprehend the
standards on treatment and rehabilitation of person’s deprived of liberty.

Learning Objectives
By the end of this term, with the use of various activities, the learning objective will be attained by the BCC 2 nd year
students taking up Institutional Correction with 75% success.
1. The student will be able to analyze the salient features in Institutional Correction and Non-Institutional
Corrections and the Standards on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Person’s Deprived of Liberty.
2. The student will be able to discuss the prisoners and person’s deprived of liberty admission process and
procedures and treatment programs in different confinement facilities.
3. The student will be able to evaluate the therapeutic modalities and its development aspects.

Course Direct Instruction:

Therapeutic Modalities is a part of the rehabilitation program in Institutionalized Correction and Non-
institutionalized Correction or the so-called Community Based Program. Throughout history, rehabilitation has been
discussed and debated as a process, the process to rehabilitate or to do rehabilitation and, simultaneously, as a state or an
outcome, that is to become rehabilitated. At different times and in different places, it has been freighted with the baggage
of or lifted on theology, ideology, and science. The discourse of rehabilitation has been used to justify everything from
political re-programming to castration to aversion therapy to education to family contact to the provision of housing and
work (Burke, et. al., 2019).
There are two main correctional approaches applied in the process of rehabilitation, first is the institutional
correction approach, and second, the non-institutional correction approach.

Institutional Correction
Institutional Correction or Institution Based Correction means that rehabilitation or correctional programs take
place inside the correctional facilities or institutions such as the national penitentiaries and jails.
The foundation of correctional administration encompasses penology and correction. Penology, otherwise known
as Penal Science, is the study of punishment for a crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and
prevention of crime through the punishment of criminal offenders. Its principal aims are; a) to bring light on ethical
barriers of punishment, along with motives and purposes of society inflicting it, b) to make a comparative study of penal
laws and procedures through history between nations and, c) evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at
a given time (Manwong, 2014).
The term Penology was changed to Correction due to its harsh connotation. Thus penal management was also
changed to correctional administration to mean the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement,
as in jails or prisons, including custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders (Manwong, 2014). As a
process, correction is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation
of convicted offenders (Plopinio & Barreda, 2016).

What is the Role of Correctional Institutions?

Correctional institution facilitates in the separation, specifically, physical separation of the offender from society.
This goes with the containment doctrine known as protection of society and betterment of the offender, which assumes
that the conduct of certain crimes is so serious and the repetition so great that the judge, acting for good of society, must
physically separate the offender from any motive or opportunity to harm the public again.
In a larger sense, the existence of a correctional apparatus helps society to enforce its behavioral norms since the
mere existence of a prison system reinforces the belief that there is a place where people can be put who exceed our
tolerance for criminal behavior. Almost all contemporary correctional systems claim the twin goals of public protection
and fair punishment (Clear & Cole, 2005).

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Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

Correction is in a view of re-orientation or re-instruction of the individual to prevent a repetition of the unlawful
activities without the necessity of taking punitive action.
To protect society and rehabilitate criminal offenders, imprisonment is necessary. Imprisonment is the
confinement of a person in prison; restraint of one’s liberty; forcible detention of a man’s person or his movements
(Schmalleger, 2010).
There are agencies of the government charged with correctional responsibility, focusing on the imprisonment,
detention, or custody of a person deprived of liberty. These institutions include the following;

a) Bureau of Correction (BuCor) – is an agency under the Department of Justice and is mandated by Republic Act
10575 or the “Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013”, to take charge in safekeeping and instituting reformation
programs to national inmates sentenced to more than three (3) years. In safekeeping inmates it shall include
decent provision of quarters, food, and water and clothing compliance with established United Nations Standard.
The Bureau of Corrections has begun implementing the so-called Mandela Rule, which categorizes inmates as
“person’s deprived of liberty” (PDL) instead of those who are still awaiting judgment or undergoing trial, while
Prisoners are those who have already been convicted by final judgment. PDL’s are entitled to minimum humanitarian
treatment under the United Nations protocol. The Mandela Rule emphasizes the legal maxim that a person is
considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
The reformation of national inmates or the national prisoners is instituted by the Bureau of Corrections. These
include the following reformation programs; 1) moral and spiritual program, 2) education and training, 3) work and
livelihood, 4) sports and recreation program, 5) health and welfare program, and 6) behaviour modification program,
to include therapeutic community (Bureau of Corrections).
Bureau of Correction has seven (7) operating units located nationwide, namely; 1) The New Bilibid Prison in
Muntinlupa City, 2) The Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) in Mandaluyong City, 3) Iwahig Prison and Penal
farm in Puerto Prinsesa City, Palawan, 4) Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro, 5) San Ramon
Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City, 6) Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog Leyte, and 7) Davao Prison and Penal
Farm in Panabo, Davao Province.

Note: Inmates are now called as Person’s Deprived of Liberty (PDL).

b) Bureau of Jail of Management (BJMP) – the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology also referred to as Jail
Bureau was created pursuant to Section 60 of R. A. 6975 or the “Department of the Interior and Local Government
Act of 1990, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and members of Jail Management and Penology Service
as constituted under P.D. 765.
As mandated by R.A 6975, the BJMP shall operate under the reorganized Department of the Interior and
Local Government (DILG) to supervise and control the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal
jails to affect a better system of jail management nationwide.
The Jail Bureau ensures a secured, clean, sanitary, and equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city
and municipal prisoners, any fugitive from justice or persons detained awaiting investigation or trial and/or transfer
to the National Penitentiary, and any violent, mentally-ill person who endangers himself or the safety of others.
 Provincial and Sub-provincial Jails – was first established in 1910 under the American regime supervised and
controlled by the provincial government and headed by the Provincial Jail Warden. Prisoners in provincial jails are those
sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to three years.

Non – Institutional Correction

Non – Institutional Corrections or Community-based correction refer to that method of correcting sentenced
offenders without having to go to prison. It is the use of a variety of officially ordered program based sanctions that
permits convicted offender to remain in the community. With this community-based program, not all convicted offenders
have to serve behind bars. Some are allowed to stay in the community, subject to conditions imposed by the government.
They are either granted Probation, Parole, and Pardon.
One of the major goals of the government is to establish a more enlightened and humane correctional system that
will promote the reformation of offenders and thereby reduce the incidence of recidivism. The confinement of all
offenders in prisons and other institutions with rehabilitation programs constitutes an onerous drain on the financial

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Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

resources of the country; and there is a need to provide a less costly alternative to the imprisonment of offenders who are
likely to respond to individualized, community-based treatment programs.
Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) – under the provisions of Act No. 4103, as amended, otherwise known as the
Indeterminate Sentence Law, it is the function of the of the Board of Pardons and Parole to uplift and redeem valuable
human material to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessary and excessive deprivation of personal liberty by way
of parole or through executive clemency.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) – is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of
Justice responsible for the providing a less costly alternative to imprisonment of first-time offenders who are likely to
respond to individualized community-based treatment programs.
The Probation Administration was created by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 968 “The Probation Law of 1976”
signed by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos to administer the probation system. It was later on renamed under
Executive Order No. 292 “The Administrative Code of 1987” as Parole and Probation Administration.
The Parole and Probation Administration is mandated to conserve and/or redeem convicted offenders and prisoners
who are under the probation and parole system (Parole and Probation Administration).
It also supervises probationers, and those who after serving part of their sentences in jail are released
on parole or pardon. An added function was further enhanced with an equally important task when Parole and Probation
Administration (PPA) and the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) signed a memorandum of agreement in August 17, 2005.
The agency of PPA is tasked to investigate and supervise first-time minor drug offenders (FTMO) who are placed under
suspended sentence, the agreement also covers the qualification for probation for those who falls under Sections 12, 14, 17
and 70 of R. A. 9165 or the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002”.
 Probation is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the supervision of probation officer (Section 3 (a), P.D. 968). It is a privilege issued by the court
given to a person convicted of a criminal offense to remain in the community instead of actually giving to prison/jail.
Youthful offenders or juveniles can also be granted probation, most especially first time offenders. Juvenile is a child
or young person under the age of eighteen (18) years as cited in the Revised Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A.
9344 “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006” as amended by R.A. 10630 or “An Act Strengthening The Juvenile Justice
System in the Philippines”.
Probationers means a person placed on probation. The grant of probation as amended by R.A. 10707 is not
applicable to those;
a) Sentenced to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more than six (6) years;
b) Convicted of any crime against the national security;
c) Who have previously been convicted by final judgment of an offense punished by imprisonment of more than six
(6) months and one (1) day and/or a fine of more than one thousand pesos (Php 1,000.00);
d) who have been once on probation under the provisions of this Decree; and
e) Who are already serving sentence at the time the substantive provisions of this Decree became applicable
pursuant to Section 33 hereof.”
 Parole is a conditional release of an offender from a correctional institution after he has served the minimum of
his prison sentence. It is given by the parole board after an offender has served a minimum sentence in jail. It is often
given to individuals who have been on good behavior and are deemed safe to regenerate into society (Section 2 (L), Act
4103).
 Pardon is an act of grace from the Chief Executive absolving a person from the punishment prescribed for the
crime he has committed (Section 19, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution). There are two types of pardon the conditional pardon
and absolute pardon.
Conditional Pardon refers to the exemption of an individual within certain limits or conditions, from the
punishment which the law inflicts for the offense he had committed resulting in the partial extinction of his criminal
liability (Section 2 (p), Act 4103).
Absolute Pardon refers to the total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted
without any condition. It restores to the individual his civil and political rights and remits the penalty imposed for the
particular offense of which he was convicted (Section 2 (q), Act 4103).

Standards on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Prisoner’s/Person’s Deprived of Liberty

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Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

The success of prison rehabilitation programs depends on how the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)
handles the orientation, diagnosis, and treatment of newly arrived prisoners. RDC was created through Administrative
Order No. 8, series of 1953 of the Department of Justice.
Every effort is made to determine an inmate’s strength as well as moral weaknesses, physical inadequacies,
character disorders, and educational, social, and vocational needs.
Correctional treatment programs are formulated to rehabilitate the prisoners mainly by changing their attitudes.
The treatment of persons sentenced to imprisonment or a similar measure shall have as its purpose, so far as the length of
the sentence permits, to establish in them the will to lead law-abiding and self-supporting lives after their release and to
fit them so. The treatment shall be such as will encourage their self-respect and develop their sense of responsibility.
Reformation is the rehabilitation component of the BuCor’s present correction system, which refers to the acts which
ensure the public that national prisoners are no longer harmful to the community by being reformed individuals prepared
to live a normal and productive life upon reintegration into mainstream society (Sec. 3 (b), R.A. 10575).
To this end, all appropriate means shall be used including religious care in the countries where it is possible,
education, vocational guidance and training, social casework, employment counseling, physical development, and
strengthening of moral character, following the individual needs of each prisoner, taking account of his social and
criminal history, his physical mental capacities and aptitudes, his temperament, the length of his sentence and his
prospects after release (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners).
The Bureau shall provide the following programs and services;
Basic Needs of Prisoners - The provision of basic needs to prisoners are the first condition to be satisfied before any
effective rehabilitation or treatment program can be undertaken. The basic needs to be provided shall be consistent with
government funds available and the standard of living of the prisoners when they are still in free communities. The basic
needs are food, shelter, clothing, water, lighting, and soap.
 Food service unit in every institution which shall be responsible for the daily preparation, handling and delivery
of food to prisoners.
 Each prisoner upon admission to the Bureau’s custody shall be assigned a cell or dormitory where he is given a
bunk or steel/wooden bed, mat pillow, blanket and mosquito net.
Medical and Dental Services – provides health care and services to the inmates similar to that available in the free
communities and subject to the same regulations. This also includes appropriate provision of medical care or
hospitalization of the sick, mentally impaired, old aged, and disabled inmates. This shall be institutionalized by the
Directorate for Health and Welfare Services (DHWS). Each prison should have at least one qualified medical doctor and
dentist and prisoners requiring special treatment shall be referred to more capable hospitals outside the prisons.
Education and Training – every institution shall provide prisoners with any of the following education and training
programs:
- Adult basic education which is designed to assist adult prisoners in improving their communication and
computation skills.
- Secondary education program is designed to prepare students to successfully pass the National College Entrance
Examination (NCEE) or receive a regular high school diploma.
- College education designed to prepare students obtain a college degree in a course offered by the prison school
system in collaboration with accredited colleges or universities.
- Acquire or improve an employable skill through one or more programs of occupational education which is
designed to enhance the prisoner’s chances for employment upon release. This program is divided into four
major categories; Exploratory Training, Vocational Training, On-the-Job Training and Apprenticeship Training.
Religious Guidance and Counseling Services – every prison shall extend to inmates the greatest amount of freedom
and opportunity in pursuing individual religious beliefs and practices as essential part of the mission to rehabilitate
offenders. Institutional rules, regulations and policies in regard to the safety of the prisoner and institution and the
orderly conduct of the affairs of the institution and inmates shall apply to all places of worship and religious activities or
meetings.
Recreational and Sports activities – refers to the administration of physical and recreational engagement to achieve
mental alertness and physical agility in the spirit of the sportsmanship. This shall be institutionalized by the Directorate
for Sports and Recreation (DSR). Volunteer participating agencies, Non-Government Organizations and individuals shall
be regulated and managed by DSR.

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Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

Work and Livelihood Program – refers to the administration of skills development programs on work and livelihood
for the purpose of developing penal farm land into productive areas and profit centers, giving inmates for compensation
for their labor and keeping them busy while serving their prison sentences.

Custody, Security and Discipline

In prison management, custody and control of prisoners is a tool that leads to the attainment of the rehabilitation
program by effectively implementing the rules and regulations and instilling discipline among inmates. Although the
primary objective of the prison program is security, its ultimate goal is always geared towards the rehabilitation of
convicts.
Custody and Control refer to penal safekeeping or guarding of inmates. The custodial force or division being the
largest component of the whole prison personnel system is responsible for the maintenance of discipline as well as
ensuring the safety of prisoners and preventing escapes and riots. Custody includes measures and activities such as the
implementation of security measures, locking and counting routines, supervision of prisoners to ensure compliance to
punctual and orderly movement inside the prison (Guevara & Bautista, 2013).
The Bureau of Corrections shall be in-charge of safekeeping and instituting reformation programs to national
inmates sentenced to more than three (3) years, mandated under Section 4 of R.A 10575. The BuCor shall also maintain the
custodial personnel-to-inmate ratio of 1:7 and reformation personnel-to-inmate ratio of 1:24 as stated in Section 10 of R.A.
10575.
Safekeeping means that inmates shall include the decent provision of quarters, food, water, and clothing in compliance
with established United Nations standards. The security of the inmates shall be undertaken by the custodial force
consisting of Corrections of Officers with a ranking system and salary grades similar to its counterpart in the BJMP.
The custodial component of the BuCor’s present correction system ensures the public including families of
inmates and their victims that national inmates are provided with their basic needs, completely incapacitated from further
committing criminal acts, and have been cut off from their criminal networks or contacts in the society while serving
sentence inside the premises of the national penitentiary.

Requisites of a well-rounded Custody, Security and Control program;

a. An ample system of classification of prisoners.
b. Regular inspection of security facilities.
c. Measures for control of contraband.
d. Contingency measures during emergencies such riots, escapes, fires and earthquakes.
e. Job description and analysis for all prison personnel.
f. A system of counting inmates.
g. Control of firearms and other deadly weapon.
h. Key control and locking devices.
i. Tools and equipment.

Discipline
The main objective of instilling discipline in the prison system is to inculcate positive habits, values and habits
that wilt make the convicts useful and law abiding members of the society upon his release. This is contrary to the notion
that discipline is a means to prevent escapes and riots and punish infractions to rules and regulations of the institution.
It is a continuing state of good order and behaviour. This would include maintenance of sanitation, work
standards, education, personal health and recreation. Morale is a component of discipline which is defined as mental
condition. It would be safe to conclude that the aim of discipline in giving value formation to the convicts have the
ultimate goal to develop self-respect, self-reliance and self-discipline in conformity with the norms of the free world.

Classification of Prisoners
In order to identify prisoners, they are classified according to the weight of their offenses committed. The purpose
of classification of prisoners is to separate prisoners who are by reason of their criminal record or bad character are likely
to exercise a bad influence on other prisoners. To separate prisoners who by the gravity of their offenses have been
sentenced to longer period of imprisonment and therefore require more secured prison facilities. Another purpose also is
to divide prisoners into classes in order to facilitate their rehabilitative treatment.

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Burauen Community College Modular Home Instruction
LGU Compound, Burauen, Leyte Second Year Professional Criminology and Related Courses
Second Semester, SY 2021- 2022

It is the responsibility of the Directorate for Reception and Diagnostic to undertake conduct of classification of
each and every inmate admitted to BuCor. Inmates shall be classified according to security risk and sentence. Included in
the classification is determining the inmate’s certain skills or talents, physical, spiritual, social, mental and psychological
evaluation and other behavioural assessments (Sec 5. R.A. 10575).

Separation Category
The different categories of prisoners shall be kept in separate institutions or parts of institutions taking account of
their sex, age, criminal record, the legal reason for their detention and necessities of their treatment. Thus,
(a) Men and women shall so far as possible be detained in separate institutions; in an institution which receives
both men and women the whole premises allocated to women shall be entirely separate;
(b) Untried prisoners shall be kept separate from convicted prisoners;
(c) Persons imprisoned from debt and other civil prisoners shall be kept separate from persons imprisoned by
reason of a criminal offense.
(d) Young Prisoners shall be kept separate from adults (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners).

Security Category
1. Super Security Prisoners – are for special group of inmates composed of incorrigible and dangerous inmates who
are difficult to manage for being source of constant disturbance in the maximum security institution.
2. Maximum Security Prisoners – are prisoners whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public. Under this
category are;
- Prisoners whose minimum sentences are 20 years or more.
- Remand or detention prisoners whose sentence is under review by the Supreme Court.
- Recidivist and escapees
3. Medium Security Prisoners – are prisoners who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose less danger to
society if they escape. Under this category;
- Prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years.
- Those that have been processed and recommended by the Reclassification Board to be downgraded from
maximum to medium security or upgraded from minimum to medium security. This also includes first offenders
who have served 5 years of good conduct in maximum security facilities.
4. Minimum Security Prisoners – are prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve their sentences in open
conditions. Under this category are;
- Invalids or prisoners who have physical handicaps in normal movement, hearing, seeing or feeling.
- Prisoners who are aged preferably 65 years old and above.
- Prisoners who have 6 months more to serve before the expiration of their minimum sentence.
Rights and Privileges of a Prisoner
- To receive compensation for labor he performs;
- To be credited with time allowances for good conduct and loyalty;
- To send and receive mail matter;
- To practice his religion and observe his faith;
- To ventilate his grievances through proper channels and;
- To receive death benefits and pecuniary aid for injuries.