Name: Maleah McDonald

Subject: Visual Arts

Due: Monday, February 20, 2023

*~§<Desi
gns>§~*

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 §<In
Art>§
Introduction
In this project entitled “Designs In Art “ , you will find four different types of
designs with their history and definitions. These designs are graphic, fashion,
architectural and interior design. The definition of design is also included as
well as references ( where I have gotten my information from).

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 Table of
Contents
Introduction
——————————————————————————————page

What is a Design
——————————————————————————-page 4

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Graphic Design
———————————————————————————pages 4-7

Fashion Design
——————————————————————————-pages 7-10

Architectural Design———————————————————————-
pages 11-13

Interior Design—————————————————————————-
pages 13-18

References
————————————————————————————-page 18

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 Types of
*…
<Designs
>…*
What is a Design?
A design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or
workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made. Designs
come in many shapes and forms, varying across different genres of art. There
are many different genres of design, some of which include graphic design,
fashion design, architectural design and interior design.

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<Graphic
Design>
Graphic design is a craft where professionals create visual content to
communicate messages. By applying visual hierarchy and page layout
techniques, designers use typography and pictures to meet users’ specific needs
and focus on the logic of displaying elements in interactive designs, to optimize
the user experience.

-{History of Graphic
Design}-
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Graphic Design Roots: 15,000 – 3,600 BC
Graphic design can be traced all the way back to 15,000 BC, when the first
known visual communications arose. These pictographs and symbols are
present in the Lascaux caves in southern France. Fast-forward several thousand
years, and you’ll discover the Blau Monument. It’s the first known artifact to
use both words and pictures on it.

Of course, these designed pieces are far from what we think of as graphic
design today; but they helped spark the idea of placing images on surfaces,
putting us on the path towards things like drawings, posters, banners, and more.

Paper and Printing: 105 AD – 1530 AD

The invention of paper in 105 AD by a Chinese man led to the concept of
printing. Nearly a millennium later (in 1045 AD), moveable type was invented,
which allowed characters to be placed individually for printing. This led to
faster printing options and more flexible, efficient systems. By 1276, a paper
mill arrived in Fabriano, Italy — officially bringing printing to Europe.

It was in 1450, two hundred years after that first paper mill arrived in Europe,
that the system for printing type in books was considered to be perfected. The
first illustrations in a printed book followed shortly after, in 1460. Seventy years
of printing went by before Claude Garamond opened the very first type foundry
— in 1530 — which created and sold fonts to printers.

The Industrial Revolution: 1760 – 1800

The Industrial Revolution hit in the 1760s, and ushered in a new age for graphic
design. Innovative technologies began popping up at an unprecedented rate;
including the method of lithography, which was a printing technique that helped
reduce costs. The Industrial Revolution also welcomed the printing press in
1800, a machine that not only reduced labor by 90%, but also doubled the size
of paper that could be printed.

Growth of Graphic Design: 1900s

Since the time of the Industrial Revolution, graphic design had been easing its
way into business practices, and in the 1900s, its use exploded. In 1901, Frank
Lloyd Wright released “The Art and Craft of the Machine,” which included
basic principles still referenced in modern design. With the growth of the
advertising industry and color printing, businesses began creating logos to help
brand their company. With a custom logo design, your company’s brand

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became more than just a name — it became a striking and memorable piece of
art, with color, shape, and composition all working towards making an
impression on consumers.

Naturally, graphic design became widely used in advertising and other

industries, marking beautiful designs on everything from posters to t-shirts,
record covers, and more. As computer technology was invented and released
throughout the late 1900s, designers began using digital tools — such as
Photoshop, which was first released in 1990 — to create their images. These
digital tools revolutionized the field.

Graphic Design Today

Today, graphic design refers mainly to designing visuals for magazines, books,
advertisements, and digital posters. This intensive branch of design involves the
art form of communicating ideas through visuals and text. Graphic designers
still use drawings and paintings in some cases, but much of graphic design
today is completed using digital technologies. These modern graphic design
skills can be applied to custom logo design, book cover design, magazine
layouts, billboard advertisements, clothing design, online banner ads, and much
more.

Graphic design has been around for quite some time, but as we view it today in
the world of business, it’s only been alive for the last hundred years or so. Over
those hundred years, graphic design has permeated the space of business and
consumerism, grabbing our attentions, sparking our interests, or sometimes,
blending seamlessly into our surroundings. It’s all around us; unless you’re
looking for it, you may not realize how often it shows up in your daily life.
Most likely, we can’t even begin to imagine where graphic design will take us
in the future — after all, do you think the people printing words onto paper on
the first paper mill could have imagined designing the digital banner ads, web
pages, and branded logos we now skim past every day?

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§-Fashion
Design-§
Fashion design is the art of applying design and natural beauty to clothing and
its accessories. It has varied over time and place due to the influence of culture
and trends. And a fashion designer is responsible for it.

Fashion designers produce clothing, including – dresses, suits, pants, skirts and
accessories like shoes and handbags. They can specialise in clothing, accessory
or jewellery design or may work in multiple among them.

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-{History of Fashion
Design}-
Fashion design is generally considered as it was started by Charles Frederick
Worth in the 19th century. He was the first fashion designer to have his own
label sewn into the garments that he created. Before establishing his Maison
Couturier, which is a fashion house in Paris, clothing design was managed by
mostly anonymous dressmakers and high fashion settled from that worn at royal
courts.

Worth’s success was that – he dictates to his clients what they should wear
instead of blindly following their lead as earlier dressmakers. The term couturier
is meant to be the first created. However, clothing created after 1858 is
considered fashion design and till then was described as a costume design.

And coming to the present, are the days that many design houses began to
employ artists to sketch, paint or illustrate designs for garments. These images
were for clients’ reference, which was much cheaper than producing an actual
sample garment. If the client is interested in their design, they produce the
garment and made money for the house.

Types of Fashion
Garments produced by manufacturers fall into three main categories:

Haute Couture
Until the 1950s, they designed fashion clothing on a made-to-measure basis,
with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is
made for an individual customer and is usually made from high-quality,
expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using
hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials
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due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for
the fashion houses.

Mass Market
Currently, the fashion industry believes more in mass-market sales that provide
for a wide range of customers, which is all about producing ready-to-wear
garments with trends set by famous designers in fashion. They often wait to
ensure that a style is going to catch on the next season before producing the
original look. To save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler
production techniques, therefore, they can be sold much more cheaply.

Ready-to-Wear
Ready-to-wear is a go among high fashion and the mass market. These aren’t
for individual customers, however excessive care is taken withinside the desire
and cut of fabric. These are made in small amounts to assure exclusivity, so they
are expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are normally supplied via way of
means of fashion houses every season in Fashion Week, which takes vicinity on
a citywide basis that takes place two times a year.

Half-way clothes are an opportunity to ready-to-put on and are deliberately

unfinished collections that in addition co-design among the number one fashion
dressmaker of the garment and the passive purchaser. This differs from ready-
to-wear fashion because the purchaser is in a position to take part withinside the
method of creating and co-designing their clothing.

Fashion Design Terms

 A style fashion designer conceives garment combos of line, proportion,
colour and texture while stitching and pattern-making competencies
are beneficial and they’re now no longer a pre-needful of a successful
fashion design. Most fashion designers are officially educated or
apprenticed.

 A pattern maker – additionally referred to as a sample cutter drafts the

styles and sizes of a garment’s portions that can be completed
manually with paper and measuring equipment or through the usage of

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 a CAD software program. Another method is to drape material without
delay onto a get-dressed form.
 A textile designer creates fabric weaves and prints for garments and
furnishings. Most of these designers are officially skilled as
apprentices and in school.
 A stylist coordinates the garments, jewellery and accessories utilized in
fashion photography and catwalk displays. A stylist may also work
with individual clients to lay out a coordinated cabinet of garments.
Many stylists are skilled in fashion design, the history of fashion, and
historical costume and feature an excessive stage of know-how
withinside the modern-day style marketplace and destiny marketplace
trends
 A model wears and shows garments at fashion shows and in
photographs.
 A fashion journalist writes fashion articles describing the clothes
supplied or style traits for magazines or newspapers

*=Architectura
l Design=*
Architectural design is a discipline that focuses on covering and meeting the
needs and demands, to create living spaces, using certain tools and especially,
creativity. Therefore, the aim is to combine the technological and the aesthetic,
despite the general belief that architecture is only a technological task.

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-{History of
Architectural Design}-
To understand how architectural design has evolved, we must start with the
prehistoric age. Starting around 11,600 BC (or more accurately, the Neolithic
Age), people would make stone circles, mud-brick houses, and big stone-slab
tombs. Stonehenge in the United Kingdom is also an example of a famous
prehistoric structure. The pyramids of ancient Egypt would follow in the
centuries to come, as would architecture in the Byzantine empire (such as
Italy’s Basilica of San Vitale). In the next centuries, the Gothic era during
Medieval Ages would lead to other iconic works, such as Paris’ Notre-Dame
Cathedral.

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Perhaps the most well-known era that occurred before the Renaissance is known
as the Classical period, which those getting their diploma in architectural design
technologies may recognize as encompassing both Roman and Ancient Greek
architecture. This era helped introduce architecture as a means of creating
spaces for the public (particularly in Ancient Greece), as well as using materials
like canopies and concrete and elements such as arches, columns, and stone
symmetry.

Later Eras, from the Renaissance to Neo-Gothic to Others in Between

Around the year 1400 would see the beginning of the Renaissance era for
architecture. Beginning in Florence, Italy, this era took influence from Classical
architecture in Ancient Greece and Rome, eventually seeing aspects of its
designs appear in architecture across Europe. The Renaissance age would lead
to structures such as the dome of Rome’s St. Peter’s Basilica, the Florence
Cathedral, and Antwerp City Hall in Belgium.
Subsequent eras that an architectural technician may be interested in would
include the Baroque age, which is remembered for its highly detailed and
extravagant designs and shapes seen on structures such as Rome’s Church of St.
Ignatius of Loyola, the Dôme des Invalides in Paris, and the Belvedere in
Vienna. Students may also be interested in the more simplistic Neoclassical era,
which started in the mid-1700s and begat structures such as Paris’ Palais de la
Légion d’Honneur and Washington, D.C.’s U.S. Capitol. The Neo-Gothic age
(also known as Gothic Revival), was a medieval-inspired trend which is
believed to have begun with Sir Horace Walpole’s Strawberry Hill House in
London, and can be seen in structures such as London’s Palace of Westminster,
the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in
Mumbai.
The Modern Era of Architectural Design, and the Trends Borne From It
Those doing their architectural design technology training may be especially
interested in more modern movements. The beginning of the 20th century is
when the more modern eras of architectural design began in earnest. Among
these styles are the Art Deco movement, which began around 1925 and is
perhaps best known through structures such as New York’s Empire State
Building and Chrysler Building. There was also Expressionism, which was
highly experimental and rooted in Germany via architects like Erich
Mendelsohn and Bruno Taut. In addition, the 20thcentury saw movements such
as Internationalism (sometimes known as the Bauhaus style), which began in
the 1920s and is typically defined by steel and glass materials, open interior
spaces, heavy use of straight exterior lines, and a general lack of decorative
qualities. In general, modernist architecture can be defined through its
preference for functionality over decorative tendencies.

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Post-modern architecture is also a trend that has gained momentum in more
recent times, with older methods juxtaposed with future-forward approaches to
shapes and designs through structures like the Piazza d’Italia in New Orleans,
Frank Gehry’s Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, and 550 Madison Avenue
(formerly the AT&T Building) in New York.

{§~Interior Design~§}
Interior design is science of understanding behaviors to help property owners
create a functional room within a building, including the shapes of a room's
walls, floors, and more or the art or process of designing the interior decoration
of a room or building. A professional interior designer must
understand interior architecture and work closely with architects to design the
interior space.

-{History of Interior
Design}-
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Stone Age 6000 to 2000 BC

The first sign of an approach to interior design was noted in prehistoric

dwellings featuring flora and fauna. Those dwellings were made of mud, animal
skins, and sticks.

Neolithic Europe 2000 to 1700 BC

In comes the first defined handmade pottery that was used for both practical and
decorative reasons.

Ancient Egypt 2700

The rise of royal families saw for the first time people living in structures
besides mud huts. The new structures boasted murals that portrayed their history
and beliefs. And they had basic furnishings and decorative objects like vases
and sculptures – seen for the first time.

Greek Empire 1200 to 31 BC

Advancements in civilization and lifestyles saw citizens decorating their homes

in their own unique style for the first time ever with wealthier Greeks
possessing furnishings inlaid with ornate ivory and silver details. Iconic and
statement-making pillars and columns were key motifs during this era and the
Greeks also created standard rules and procedures for building construction.

Roman Empire 753 BC to 480 AD

An austere age when royals weren’t able to evoke their wealth simply through
their homes. The Romans decorated their homes with murals and mosaics, and
furnishings featured clawed feet.

The Dark Ages 900 to 1500

The Dark Ages saw disinterest in interior design with people opting for simple
paneled wood walls, minimal furnishings, and stone slab floors.

The Renaissance Period 1400 to 1600

The beauty of interior design was a major feature during the Renaissance period
with grand furnishings and art realized in vibrant hues and luxurious textiles
like silk and velvet along with marble surfaces. And since carpets were too
precious and expensive for even the wealthiest of patrons, they were used as
wall art when possible.

Gothic 1140 to 1400

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In response to the dark ages, decorative ornamentation and bold colors were
once again prominent interior design features. Two hallmarks of the era carried
over through to today are more windows for brighter homes along with open
floor plans.

Traditional 1700 to Today

Embodied by a formal spirit, traditional interior design is still a mainstay to this

day. Traditional interior design is a broad term that highlighting varied design
styles and movement’s that aren’t nailed down to one locked direction or spirit.

Traditional design celebrates the illustrious, rich history of the past by

contrasting it with decidedly modern elements for an elegant spin on beautiful
design while highlighting 18th and 19th-century European decor. It’s a timeless
design style that evokes easy glamor and comfort and is a great direction for
those who appreciate antiques, classic art, symmetry, and design rich with
history.

Tropical 1880’s to Today

As the British empire swept through countries like India and territories like the
West Indies, they combined interior design elements from their home country
and the regions they were occupying to create a heady mix of the traditional and
the extoic.

Aesthetic Movement 1800’s to Today

With ‘art for art’s sake’ in mind, the Aesthetic Movement was a way for
radicals to express their dislike of current, tired interior design. The key here
was in practicality and function taking importance before beauty.

Arts & Crafts 1860 to 1910

In order to highlight their opposition to mass-produced ordinary items due to the

innovations of the Industrial Revolution, people turned to traditional crafts and
classic elements to produce furnishings.

Rustic 1870’s to Today

Rustic interior design features handmade furnishings and large, open rooms
boasting wooden beams and columns.

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Rustic decor provides the perfect combination of comforting, fuss-free design
and practical, functional decor, put together to create a warm rustic interior.
Natural materials work as the foundation and starting point for creating enviable
rustic home decor celebrating the authentic beauty of natural materials to create
a cozy, beautiful space.

Modernism 1880 – 1940

The modernist movement stressed simplicity, clarity of form, and rejected noise
in design. Some of the movement’s leading figures in include Mies van der
Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Eero Saarinen, whose signatures seen in his forever
popular Saarinen table and Saarinen chair are the epitome of the design style.

Modern 1918 to 1950

With a focus on sparse interiors and bold primary colors, Modern interior
design eschewed the typically ornate and over decorated design aesthetic
trending at the time.

Art Deco 1920’s to 1960

This movement features an intoxicating blend of early 20th century design

styles including Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Bauhaus, Art Nouveau,
and Futurism. One of the most well-known interior design styles, Art
Deco represented modernity, everyday glamor, and elegance. The era relied
heavily on clean lines, fuss-free angular shapes, bold color, and stylized patterns
like zig-zags and optical figures. For added glamor, ornate embellishments and
metallic surfaces were also hallmarks of the era.

Materials used in art deco interior design are slick and reflective for everyday
glamor in the home. Plenty of metallics are present in this style; from gold to
silver, stainless steel, and chrome. They lend any room an elegant and luxurious
feel, and they can be used everywhere. Imagine a modern art deco living room
with a glass topped gold coffee table, chrome lamps, and a bold geometric
patterned rug in black, gold, and white. Glass is also a frequently used material
in art deco design; whether that’s through mirrors, glass-topped tables,
sculptural elements or an art deco vase or lamp, as glass adds to the elegant feel
of an art deco room.

Mediterranean 1920’s to Today

To evoke the feel of coastal European countries, textures from terra cotta, stone,
and patterned tiles were heavily featured along with wrought iron, and aquatic
hues.

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Mid-Century Modern 1930’s to Today

Though the term mid century modern wasn’t coined until the mid-80’s, and
though no one really knows it’s true timeline, the era represents a combination
of post World War II practicality, 50’s era optimism, 60’s era earthiness, and
70’s era tones and textures neatly wrapped up in a stylish ode to Scandinavian
simplicity.

Call it a reaction to the decadence and gilt adorned stuffiness of interior design
and architecture through to the 40’s if you will, as at the time of its inception,
mid century modern decor was a complete rebuttal and restart for the senses.

The vibe is fresh and poppy, retro-tinged, and completely alluring with its
dedication to comfort and practicality wrapped up in beautiful design that never
goes out of style. Unlike other aesthetic movements, mid century modern decor
is streamlined in design, as form follows function while highlighting the
materials used, rather than making them something they aren’t.

Transitional 1950’s to Today

With the invention of the television and its prominence throughout most homes
across the U.S, the interior design of sets helped feed the masses appetite for
décor more than ever.

Transitional style refers to a mix of traditional and modern furnishings,

fabrications, and decorative features that lend you more freedom when looking
to decorate your home with ease as there’s no end to the directions you can take
the design style. In essence, transitional interior design is the combination of
various design styles brought together simultaneously to create a cohesive
design in one room.

Postmodernism 1978 - Today

This movement born as a challenge to what people saw to be the generic

blandness of the Modernist movement. One of its main figures was Italian
architect and designer Ettore Sottsass, with his signature playful shapes, abstract
prints, and powerful color stories.

References
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Team, D. A. (2021, July 14). Interior Design History And Origins Explained. Décor
Aid. https://www.decoraid.com/blog/interior-design-history/

M. (2007, December 5). What is fashion design? Fibre2Fashion.

https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2860/what-is-fashion-design

NewSchool of Architecture & Design. (2021, March 26). Interior Designer vs.
Decorator | Academic Degree | NewSchool.
https://newschoolarch.edu/academics/school-of-design/bachelor-of-interior-design/
interior-designer-and-decorator/

What is Graphic Design? (2023, February 23). The Interaction Design Foundation.
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/graphic-design

Logos, C. (2017, January 12). A Brief History of Graphic Design. Custom Logos.
https://customlogos.com/blog/history-graphic-design/

MCH [MCHmasters]. (2020, March 23). Architectural design: Definition, types and
examples. MCHmasters. Retrieved February 18, 2023, from
https://www.mchmaster.com/news/architectural-design-definition-types-and-
examples/#:~:text=Architectural%20design%20is%20a%20discipline,is%20only
%20a%20technological%20task.

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