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Chapter No:-10

Simple Harmonic motion

1.What is meant by oscillation?

Ans: When a body moves back and forth or to and fro about its mean position. This is called vibration or oscillation.

Example:

Motion of simple pendulum.

2. Define simple harmonic motion?

Ans: Simple Harmonic Motion: Simple harmonic motion occurs “When the net force is proportional to the displacement from the mean position and is always
directed towards the mean position”.

OR

The acceleration of a body executing SHM is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from the mean position and is always
directed towards the mean position.

Mathematically a  x

3.Define Hooke,s law?

Ans: According to Hooke‟s law the exerted force is directly proportional to the displacement .
F  x  F   kx

4.How does stiffness of the spring affect the value of k?

Ans: The value of k is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.

5.What is the function of restoring force during oscillatory motion?

Ans:A restoring force always pushes or pulls the object performing oscillatory motion towards the mean position.
Fr  kx

6. Which type of forces are acting on a displaced pendulum?

Ans: The restoring force that causes the pendulum to undergo simple harmonic motion is the component of gravitational
force mg sin  tangent to the path of motion.

7.Define time period and write down formulas of time period for mass attached to a spring and for simple pendulu

Ans: Time Period (T): Time required to complete one vibration is called time period. It is denoted by “T”. The time period T of the SHM of
m
mass m attached to a spring is given by following equation: T  2
k


Formula for the time period of simple pendulum T  2
g

8. Define following terms which characterize SHM.

(i) Vibration (ii) Time period (iii) Frequency (iv) Amplitude (v) Displacement

Ans: (i) Vibration:- One complete round trip of a vibrating body about its mean position is called o vibration.

(ii) Time period (T): The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one vibration is called time period.

(iii) Frequency (f): The number of vibrations per cycle of vibrating body in one second is called its frequency. It is reciprocal of time period
1
i.e f 
T

(iv) Amplitude (A):The displacement of a vibrating body on either side from its mean position to extreme position is called its amplitude.

(v) Displacement (D) :- Distance covered by the vibrating body at any instant during the vibration from mean position.

9. Write down important features of Simple Harmonic Motion.

i. A body executing SHM always vibrates about a fixed position.

ii. Its acceleration is always directed towards the mean position.
iii .The magnitude of acceleration is always directly proportional to its displacement from mean position i.e. acceleration will be zero at the
mean position while it will be maximum at the extreme positions.
iv. Its velocity is maximum at the mean position and zero on the extreme positions.

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10. Define time period and frequency in case of vibratory motion.

Ans:

Case Time Period Frequency

Vibratory Motion The number of vibrations completed
The time required to complete one vibration is known in one second is known as frequency.
as time period.

Waves
The time required to pass one wave from a certain The number of waves passing
point is called time period. through a certain point in one second
is known as frequency.

11. Differentiate between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

Ans:
Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves
The waves which require medium for their The waves which do not require medium for their
propagation are known as mechanical waves. propagation are known as electromagnetic waves.
Examples Examples
 Sound waves  X-rays
 Waves produced on a rope  Radio waves
 Water waves  Heat and light waves

12. Differentiate between transverse waves and compressional waves or longitudinal waves.

Ans:

Transverse waves Longitudinal waves.

The waves in which the direction of vibratory The waves in which the direction of vibratory
motion of particles of medium is perpendicular to motion of particles of medium is parallel to the
the direction of propagation of waves are called direction of propagation of waves are called
transverse waves. longitudinal waves.
Examples Examples
 Waves produced in a rope  Sound waves
 Water waves  Speaking on the mic
 Ripples on the surface of water.  Earthquake (Seismic-P wave)
 Vibrations in a guitar string.
 Electromagnetic waves – e.g. light waves,
microwaves, radio waves.
 Seismic S-waves.

13. Write down the relationship between frequency and time period.

Ans: Frequency is a reciprocal of time period.

1
f 
t

14. Find the time period and frequency of a simple pendulum 1.0m long at a location where g  10ms 2

Ans:

Given data L=1.0m, g  10ms 2

Required data T=? f=?

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Time period Frequency
L 1
T  2 f 
g t
By putting values 1
f 
1
T  2  3.14 
1.99
10 f  0.5 Hz
T  1.99 s
15. When the ball is at the centre of the bowl what will be the net force?

Ans: When the ball is at the centre of the bowl the net force acting on the ball is zero because at this position weight of the ball acts downward
and is equal to the upward normal force of the surface of the bowl.

16.What is the displacement of an object in a simple harmonic motion when kinetic energy and potential energy are equal?
Ans: Kinetic energy and potential energy are equal when the body is at the middle of mean and extreme position.

17.If we replace iron bob of simple pendulum with the wooden bob what will be affect of time period of simple pendulum?

Ans: The time period of simple pendulum would remain same because period of a pendulum is independent of mass and amplitude.

T  2
g

Damped Oscillations and Wave Motion

18.What is meant by damped oscillation?

Ans: The oscillations of a system in the presence of some resistive of force are damped oscillations.

19. How does the mechanical energy of system reduce?

Ans:The friction reduces the mechanical energy of the system as time passes and the motion is said to be damped, this damping progressively
reduces the amplitude of motion.

20. Explain the function of shock absorber (application of shock absorber).

Ans : Shock absorbers are one practical application of damped oscillation. A shock absorber consists of a piston moving through a liquid such as
oil. The upper part of the shock absorber is firmly attached to the body of car travels over a bump on the road, the car may vibrate violently. The
shock absorbers damp these vibrations and convert their energy into heat energy of the oil.

21. How a wave can be defined? In which categories are these divided?

Ans: A wave is a disturbance in the medium which causes the particles of the medium to undergo vibratory motion about their mean position in
equal interval of time. There are two types of waves. (i) Mechanical waves (ii) Electromagnetic waves

22. Define electromagnetic waves and give its examples.

Ans: Waves which do not require a medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

 Radio waves
Examples:  Heat waves
 X  rays

23. Define mechanical waves. Give examples.

Ans: The waves which require a medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves.

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 Water waves
Examples:
 Sound waves etc.

24.Why mechanical waves do not pass through space?

Ans: No, mechanical waves do not pass through the space because they require medium for their propagation.

Types of mechanical waves

25. Define longitudinal or compressional waves?

Ans: The waves in which the particles of medium move back and forth along the direction of propagation of the wave are called longitudinal or
compressional waves.
Examples:
Sound waves
26. Differentiate between compression and rarefaction?

Ans:

Compression Rarefaction
The region of a wave where loops of spring are close
together is called compression. The region of a wave where the loops of spring are
space apart is called rarefaction.

OR
The region of a wave where particles of medium are
closed to each other is called compression of wave.

OR
The region of a wave where particles of medium are
closed to each other is called compression of wave.

27. Differentiate between crest and trough?

Ans:

Crest:-
The highest point on the wave is called crest.

Trough:-

The lowest point on the wave is called trough.

28.What is wave equation?

Ans: The relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength of wave is given as:
V  f

This is called wave equation.

29. How energy can be transferred from one place to another?

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Ans: Energy can be transferred from one place to another through waves.

30. A wave moves on a slink with frequency of 4 Hz and wavelength of 0.4m.what is the speed of wave?

Solution: Given that f  4Hz,   0.4m

V  f
Required: wave speed V=? V   4  0.4 
V  1.6ms 1

Ripple tank

31.What is a ripple tank?

Ans:- Ripple tank is a device to produce water waves and to study their characteristics.

32.What is wave front?

Ans:- A wave front is a surface over which an optical wave has a constant phase. For example, when a stone is dropped in a still
water, waves spread out along the surface of water in all directions with same velocity. Emits a spherical wave front.

33.Why bright lines and dark lines are seen on the screen of ripple tank?

Ans: The bright lines on the screen of ripple tank indicate the crest of a wave and the dark lines indicates the trough of a wave.
34. Plane waves in the ripple tank undergo refraction when they move from deep to shallow water. What change occurs in the speed of
the waves?

Ans: Speed of waves is larger in deep water than in shallow water. Due to difference in speed of waves in different
medium, when they move from deep water to shallow water, causes them to change their direction, this change is called
refraction of waves.

35.Explain the following properties of waves with reference to ripple tank experiment:

a. Reflection b. Refraction c. Diffraction

Ans: (a) Reflection: “When waves moving in one medium fall on the surface of another

medium they bounce back into first medium such that the angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. This phenomenon is
called reflection of waves”.

Place a barrier in the ripple tank. By switching the vibrator ON, the waves start to generate. The water will reflect from the barrier.

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(b) Refraction: “When waves from one medium enter in second medium at some angle their direction of travel may
change. This phenomenon is called by refraction of waves.”

Switching the vibrator ON, the waves start to generate. The boundary between
deep and shallow water is at some angle to wave front. So, change in direction
or path of waves is refraction.

(c) Diffraction: Bending of waves around the sharp edges of obstacles is called diffraction.
To observe diffraction, generate plane waves in ripple tank and place two obstacles in line such a way that separation between
them is equal to wavelength of water waves.

36. Waves are the means of energy transfer without transfer of matter. Justify this statement with the help of a simple
experiment.

Ans: Experiment: Dip a pencil into a tub of water the disturbance is produced which results in the production of waves
which move the cork near disturbance. It moves up and down and the waves travel outwards. The cork repeats vibratory
motion about its mean position. But it does not move outwards with waves. Hence waves transfer energy without transfer
of matter.

37. Think of several examples in everyday life that are simple harmonic?

Ans: The common examples are motion of ball in bowl, motion of swing, motion of simple pendulum, motion of mass
attached to spring etc.

(1) What are damped oscillations? How damping progressively reduces the amplitude of oscillation?

Ans: Damped Oscillation:“The oscillations of a system in the presence of some resistive force are damped oscillations”.

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Friction reduces the mechanical energy of system as time passes and the motion damped as shown in fig.

Conceptual Questions

1. If the length of a simple pendulum is doubled, what will be the change in its time period?
Ans:- If the length of pendulum is doubled then time period will be increase by 2 times:
As the time period of simple pendulum is:-

T=2  1
g
According to given condition.
 =2 put in eqs.1
2
T   2
g
  
T   2  2 
 g 
T   2T By equation.1 putting value of T.

2. A ball is dropped from a certain height onto the flour and keeps bouncing. Is the motion of the ball simple
harmonic? Explain.

Ans: No, the ball will not execute S.H.M because its motion does not fulfill the conditions of S.H.M like its acceleration
is not directed towards mean position.

3. A student performed two experiments with a simple pendulum. He / She used two bobs of different massed by
keeping other parameters constant. To his / her astonishment the time period of the pendulum did not change!
Why?

Ans: The time period of pendulum is independent of mass of bob. It depends upon the length of string of pendulum and
gravitational acceleration, According to formula.


T=2
g

4. What types of waves do not require any material medium for their propagation?

Ans: Electromagnetic waves require no material medium for their propagation.

Example:
i). X –rays ii). Light waves etc

5. Plane waves in the ripple tank undergo refraction when they move from deep to shallow water. What change
occurs in the speed of the waves?

Ans: Speed of waves is larger in deep water than in shallow water. Due to difference in speed of waves in different
medium, when they move from deep water to shallow water, causes them to change their direction, this change is
called refraction of wa

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Chapter N0:11

Sound

1.What is necessary condition for the production of sound?

Ans: Sound is produced by vibrating bodies. Due to vibration of bodies the air around them also vibrates and the air
vibration produces sensation of sound in air.

2.What is the effect of the medium on the spped of soun? In which medium sound travels more faster; air, solid or
liquid? Justify your answer.

Ans: Every medium has distinct density. Speed of sound increases with the increase in density. So, the speed of sound is
maximum in solids due to their high density. Speed of sound in solids is about fifteen times than that in gases and speed of
sound in liquid is five times than gases.

3. How can you prove the mechanical nature of sound by a simple experiment?

Ans: Sound waves require material medium for their propagation, therefore, they are mechanical waves.

Experiment: Suspend an electric bell in bell jar with help of two wires connected to a power supply. When we switch ON
the power supply, electric bell will begin to ring. Now pump out air from jar by vacuum pump. Again switch ON, no
sound is heard in absence of air as a medium. Now start pumping out air from jars, the sound of bell starts becoming
more and more feeble and eventually dies out. It is concluded that sound waves can only propagate in presence of
air (medium).

4. What do you understand by the longitudinal wave? Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves.

Ans: Longitudinal waves: “In longitudinal wave the particles of the medium move back and forth along the direction of
propagation of wave.”

Explanation: Propagation of sound waves produced by vibrating tuning fork can be understood by a vibrating tuning fork
as shown in fig. before the vibration of tuning for, density of air molecules on the right side is uniform (Fig a). When the
right prong of tuning fork moves from mean position O to B (Fig b), it exerts some pressure on the adjacent layer of air
molecules and produces a compression and after some time rarefaction is also produced thus this sound wave show the
longitudinal nature.

5.Sound is aform of wave. List at least three reasons to support the idea that sound is a wave.

Ans:Reasons: Sound is a form of wave as:

i. Sound shows reflection like waves.

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ii. Sound shows refraction like waves.

iii. Sound shows diffraction like waves.

6.What is the difference between the loudness and intensity of sound? Derive the relationship between the two.

Ans: Loudness of sound:“It is the characteristics of sound by which loud and faint sound can be distinguished.”

Intensity of sound:“Sound energy passing per second through a unit area held perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of sound waves is called intensity of sound.”

Relationship between loudness and intensity of sound: Loudness (L) is directly proportional to the logarithm of
intensity  I  .

LI
L  k log I

Where K is constant of proportionality.

7.On what factors does the loudness of sound depend?

Ans: Factors: Loudness of sound depends upon number of actors. Some of them are given

below:

i. Amplitude of vibrating body

ii. Area of vibrating body

iii. Distance from vibrating body

8.What do you mean by the term intensity level of the sound? Name and define the unit of intensity level of sound.

Ans: Intensity level of the sound:“The difference between loudness L of unknown sound and loudness Lo is called
intensity level of sound.”

Unit:The unit of intensity level of sound is bel.

Bel is bigger unit while decibel is a smaller unit.

1bel = 10dB

9. What are the units of loudness? Why do we use logarithmic scale to describe the range of the sound intensities we
hear?

Ans: Unit of Loudness: Loudness depends upon the physical condition of the listener. It has no specific units. It is
measured in terms of intensity level whose unit is (bel).

The use of logarithmic scale is due to the following law i.e. Loudness is directly proportional to logarithm of
intensity. So, we use logarithmic scale.

10.What is Difference between frequency and pitch?

Ans: Frequency:“Number of waves passing through a point in unit time is called frequency.”

Pitch:“It is the characteristics of sound by which we distinguish between a shrill and an grave sound.”

Relation between frequency and pitch: Frequency is directly proportion to pitch.

11. Describe the effect of change in amplitude on loudness and the effect of change in frequency on pitch of sound.

Ans: If the amplitude of vibrating body increases then loudness also increases, and vice versa. Similarly if frequency
increases pitch also increases and vice versa.

12.If the pitch of sound is increased, what are the changes in the following?

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(a)Frequency (b) wave length(c) wave speed (d) Amplitude

Ans:

(a) If the pitch of sound is increased, frequency also increases.

(b) Wavelength decreases when pitch of sound increases. (c) Wave velocity remains same.

(d) Amplitude doesn‟t change.

13.If we clap or speak in front of a building while standing at a particular distance, we rehear our sound after
sometime. Can you explain how does it happen?

Ans: This sound which we hear is called an echo and is a result of reflection of sound from the surface. When sound is
incident on the surface of a medium it bounces back into the first medium. This phenomenon is called echo or
reflection of sound.

14. What is the audible frequency range for human ear? Does this range vary with the age of people? Explain.

Ans: Audible frequency range is from 20Hz to 20,000H and it varies with the age of people.

15.Explain that noise is a nuisance.

Ans: Noise is a nuisance: Some sounds produce unpleasant effects on our ears such as sound of machinery, the slamming
of a door, and sound of traffic in big cities. Sound which as jarring and unpleasant effect on our ears is called noise.
Noise corresponds to irregular and sudden vibrations produced by some sounds. Noise has negative effects on human
health as it can cause conditions such as hearing loss, sleep disturbances, aggression, hypertension, high stress levels.
Noise can also cause accidents by interfering with communication and warning signals.

16. Describe the importance of a acoustic protection.

Ans: Importance of Acoustics protection:

i. Reflection of sound is less prominent if the surface is soft and irregular, but it is more prominent on rigid
and smooth surface.
ii. Soft porous material such as draperies and rugs absorb large amount of sound energy and thus quit echoes and
softening noises.

iii. By using soft and sound insulating materials and double glazed windows we can reduce the level of noise
pollution.
iv. If surface of the class rooms and public halls are too absorbent, then sound level
is low for audience.
17. What are the uses of ultrasound in medicine?

Ans: Uses of Ultrasound:

i. In medical field, ultrasonic waves are used to diagnose and treat different ailments.

ii. Powerful ultrasound is now being used to remove blood clots formed in the arteries.

iii. Ultrasound can also be used to get the pictures of thyroid gland for diagnosis purposes.

Conceptual Questions

1.Why two tin cans with a string stretched between them could be better way to communicate than merely shouting
through the air?

Ans: Reasons:

i. It is due to the fact that speed of sound is 15 times higher in solids than air. So, it is easy to communicate
through tin cans.

ii. The other reason is that, it avoids spreading of sound waves in air.

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2.We can recognize persons speaking with the same loudness from their voice. How is this possible?

Ans: We can recognize persons due to difference in the quality of their sounds because every person has unique quality of
sound.

3.You can listen to your friend round a corner, but you cannot see him / her. Why?

Ans: Diffraction of sound is more prominent than diffraction of light as light waves have smaller wavelength than sound
waves. So, you can‟t see your friend at a round corner but listen him / her.

4.Why must the volume of a stereo in a room with wall-two-wall carpet be tuned higher than in a room with a
wooden floor?

Ans: The reflection of sound waves in wooden floor is maximum so, the sound will be higher. On the other hand, in a
carpeted room reflection of sound waves is minimum so, the sound will be lower.

5.A student says that the two terms speed and frequency of the wave refer to the same thing. What is your response?

Ans: Speed is the distance covered by waves in unit time while frequency is number of waves passing from a point in unit
time so, they are two different quantities. But the time factor is similar in both quantities.

6.Two people are listening to the same music at the same distance. They disagree on its loudness. Explain how this
could happen?

Ans: Loudness depends upon the physical conditions of listener so, the sound appears louder to a person with a sensitive
ear than a person with defective ears.

7.Is there any difference between echo and reflection of sound? Explain.

Ans: There is no difference between echo and reflection of sound because when sound falls on the surface of medium then,
it bounces back to first medium this is called reflection of sound or echo of sound.

8.Will two separate 50dB sounds together constitute a 100dB sound? Explain.

Ans: No, since decibel scale is not a linear scale but a logarithmic scale, therefore, they cannot be added simply.
Hence, two separate 50 dB . Sounds together would 100dB sound.

9.Why ultrasound is useful in medical field?

Ans: Uses of Ultrasound:

i. In medical field, ultrasonic waves are used to diagnose and treat different ailments.

ii. Powerful ultrasound is now being used to remove blood clots formed in the arteries.

iii. Ultrasound can also be used to get the pictures of thyroid gland for diagnostic pure Poses.

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Chapter # 12 (Geometrical Optics)

Short Questions

1.What do you understand by reflection of light? Draw a diagram of a reflection at a plane surface?

Ans: Reflection of light:“When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a part of it
bounces back in the same medium this is called reflection of light.”

2. Describe the following terms used in reflection

(a) Normal (b) Angle of incidence

(c) Angle of reflection

Ans: Normal: A line (imaginary) at right angle to plane is called normal. ON in figure
shows.

Angle of incidence: Angle between incidence ray and normal is called angle of
incidence.

Angle of reflection: The angle between the reflected ray and normal is called angle of
reflection.

3. State laws of reflection. Describe how they can be verified graphically?

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Ans:

i. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray at the point of incidence all lie in

the same plane.

ii. The angle of incidence is equal to the agle of reflection i.e. i = r.

4. Define refraction of light. Describe the passage of light through parallel sides

transparent material.

Refraction of light:“The process of bending of light as it passes from air into glass and

vice versa is called refraction of light.”

Explanation: Refraction of light can be explained with the help of Fig. a ray of light IO

travelling from air falls on the surface of a glass block.

At the air glass interface, the ray of light IO changes direction and bends towards the

called the incident ray and the refracted ray respectively.

5.Define the following terms used in refraction:

(a) Angle of incidence (b) Angle of refraction

(a) Angle of incidence:“The angle formed by incident ray with normal is called angle

of incidence.”

(b) Angle of refraction:

“The angle formed by refracted ray with normal is called angle of refraction.”

6.What is meant by refractive index of a material? How would you determine the refractive index of a rectangular
glass slab?

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Ans: Refractive index:“The refractive index ‘n’ of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light „c‟ in air to the speed of
light in the medium„v‟

c
n
v

7.State the laws of refraction of light and show that how they may be verified using rectangular glass slab and pins?

Ans: Laws of refraction of light:

i. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

ii. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence „i‟and the sine of angle of reftaction „r‟is always equal to a
sin i
constant i.e. n 
sin r

8. What is meant by the term total internal reflection?

Ans: Total internal reflection:“When angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then no refraction occurs but light
reflects back into denser medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.”
9.State the conditions for total internal reflection.
Ans: Conditions for T.I.R:

i. The angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle.

ii. The light should enter from a denser medium to a rarer medium

ic

i c

i c

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10. What is critical angle? Derive a relationship between the critical angle and the refractive index of a substance.
o
Ans: Critical angle:“The angle of incidence that causes the refracted ray in rarer medium to bend through 90 called
critical angle.”

Relationship between critical angle and refractive index:The relationship for rays from denser to rare medium is.

1 sin i sin c
 
n sin r
sin r
sin r  i  c 
n
sin c  r  90  0

sin 90 0
n
sin c  sin 90  1
0

1
n
sin c
11.What are optical fibres? Describe how total internal reflection is used in light propagating through optical
fibres?

Ans: Optical fibres: A thin like glass rod through which light propagates by total internal reflection is called optical fiber.
In figure shows that light through optical fiber passes by T.I.R due to high refractive index of core.

Core: The inner light-carrying member with a high index of refraction.The refractive index of core is n  1.53

Cladding: The middle layer, which serves to confine the light to the core. It has a lower index of refraction. The
refractive index of cladding is n  1.39

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12. Define the following terms applied to a lens.

(a) Principal axis (b)Optical centre (c) Focal length

Ans: Principal axis: Each of the two surfaces of a spherical lens is a section of a sphere. The line passing through the two
centres of curvatures of the lens is called principal axis.

Optical centre:“A point (C) on the principal axis at the centre of lens is called optical centre.”

Focal length, f:“This is the distance between the optical centre and the principal focus.”

13.What is meant by the principal focus of a (a) convex lens (b) a concave lens? Illustrate your answer with ray
diagrams.

Ans: Principal focus of convex lens: The light rays travelling parallel to the principal axis of a convex lens after
refraction meet at a point on the principal axis, called principal focus or focal point F. Hence, convex lens is also
called converging lens.

Principal focus of a concave lens: For a concave lens, the parallel rays appear to come from a point behind the lens
called principal focus F. Hence concave lens is also called diverging lens.

14.How light is refracted through convex lens?

Ans: Refraction through convex lens:

i. When parallel light rays passes through the center of lens, they pass through focal point after refraction.

ii. When they pass through optical center they does not refract.

iii. The rays passing through principal focus become parallel to principal axis after refraction.
15.With the help of a ray diagram, how you can show the use of thin converging lens as a magnifying glass.

Ans: Magnifying glass is a convex lens which magnifies images of small objects.

16. A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an image formed? What is its nature?

Ans: No, image is formed because light rays move parallel to each other after refraction.

17.What are the difference between real and virtual images?

Ans:

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Virtual image Real image

1. Virtual image can‟t be obatinaed on 1. Real image can be obtained on the

screen. screen.

2. This image is larger than object. 2. This image is smaller than object.

3. Convex mirror forms virtual image. 3. Concave mirror forms real image.

4. For virtual image, q is taken as 4. For real image, p and q are taken as
Negative. Positive.

5. Virtual image is upright, erect. 5. Real image is inverted.

18. How does a converging lens form a virtual image of a real object? How does a diverging lens can form a real
image of a real object?

Ans: Virtual image of real object through converging lens: The real object is placed between optical center and focus
point of converging lens. If the object is on left side the virtual image is formed behind the object on the left side of
lens.

Real image of real object formed by diverging lens: No, real image is formed of real object by diverging lens.
Instead, it forms virtual image.

19. Define power of a lens and its units.

Ans: Power of lens:“The power of lens is the reciprocal of focal length.”

1
Formula: P
f

Unit: Its unit is Dioptre (D)

-1
1D = 1m

20. Describe the passage of light through a glass prism and measure the angle of deviation.

Ans: Refraction through prism: Prism is a transparent object (made of optical glass) with at least two polished plane
faces inclined towards each other from which light is refracted. In case of triangular prism, the emergent ray is not
parallel to the incident ray. It is deviated by the prism from its original path. the incident ray PE makes an angle of
incidence „i‟ at point E and is refracted towards the normal N as EF. The refracted ray EF makes an angle „r‟ inside
the prism and travels to the other face of the prism. This ray emerges out from prism at point F making and angle „e‟.
Hence the emerging ray FS is not parallel to the incident ray PE but is deviated by an angle D which is called angle
of deviation.

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21.Define the terms resolving power and magnifying power.

Ans: Resolving power:“The resolving power of an instrument is its ability to distinguish between two closely placed
objects or point source.”

Magnifying power:“The ratio of angles subtended by image as seen through optical device to that subtended by
object at unaided eye is called magnifying
power.”

M
22.Draw the ray diagrams of: 
(a) Simple microscope (b) Compound microscope

(c) Refracting telescope

Ans: (a)Simple microscope

(b) Compound microscope

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(c) Refracting telescope

23. Mention the magnifying powers of the following optical instrument?

(a) Simple microscope (b) Compound microscope

(c) Refracting telescope

Ans: Simple microscope:

 d
M   1
 f
(b) Compound microscope

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L d
M  1  
f0  fe 

(c) Refracting telescope

f0
M
fe

24. Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the normal human eye.

Ans:

25. What is meant by the terms nearsightedness and farsightedness? How can these defects be corrected?

Ans: Nearsightedness (myopia): A person suffering from nearsightedness or shortsightedness cannot see distant objects
clearly.

i. This can be corrected by using diverging lens (concave lens).

Farsightedness (hypermetropia) :The disability of the eye to form distinct image of nearby objects on its retina is known
as farsightedness.

This can be corrected by using converging lens (convex lens).

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26.What is near and far point?

Ans: Near Point or Least distance of distinct vision:

The minimum distance from the eye at which clear detail of an object can be seen is known as near point or

least distance of distinct vision.

For young people in their early twenties with the normal vision the near point is 25cm. It increase about 50cm at the age of 4O
and it is 500cm at the age of 60.

Far Point

The far point of the eye is maximum distance of a distant

object from the eye on which fully relaxed eye can be focus. A person with normal eyesight can see the distant objects clearly
which are far away such as planets, stars etc. Majority of people not have “normal eyes” in this sense.

27. What is Accommodation?

Ans:The „ciliary muscles‟ control the size of lens. In this way the focal length of lens can be increased or decreased.

This is called accommodation.

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Conceptual Questions

(1) A man raises his left and in a plane mirror, the image facing him is raising his right hand. Explain why?

Ans: Light rays from left and reflected in a mirror causing an inverted image. So, the image of whole body is inverted and
image of left hand appears as right hand.

(2) In your own words, explain why light waves are refracted at a boundary between two materials?

Ans: Speed of light is different in different mediums. When light waves enter from one material to other, their speed is
changed which results in change in wavelength as well. Therefore, light waves deviate from their path and refract.
Thus, light waves are refracted at a boundary between two materials.

(3) Explain why a fish under water appears to be at a different depth below the surface than it actually is. Does it
appear deeper or shallower?

Ans: This phenomenon is due to refraction of light as light enters from air to water. it beds towards the normal. That‟s why
image do not form at actual depth.

(4) Why or why not concave mirrors are suitable for make up?

Ans: If the object is at focus point then its magnified and real image is formed. In this case it is suitable for makeup but
when the object is behind focus point then its clear image is not formed so in this case it is not suitable for makeup.

(5) Why is the driver‟s side mirror in many cars convex rather than plane or concave?
Ans: Convex mirror is a converging mirror which forms the clear image of far objects. So, in car the mirror gives the
accurate picture of road and other vehicles.

(6)When an optician‟s testing room is small, he uses a mirror to help him test the eye sight of his patients. Explain
why?

Ans: To increase the distance of alphabets from patient, the optician uses plane mirror if his testing room is small.

(7) How does the thickness of lens affect its focal length?

Ans: Thickness of lens is greatly affected by its focal length. If the thickness of lens is large, focal length will be short and
vice versa.

(8)Under what conditions will a converging lens form a virtual image?

Ans:When an object is placed among principal focus and optical centre then the image formed will be virtual.

(9)Under what conditions will a converging lens form a real image that is same size as the object?

Ans:When the object is placed at “2F” from optical centre of convex lens, it forms a real image that has same size as that of
object.

(10) Why do we use refracting telescope with large objective lens of large focal length?

Ans: In refracting telescope, objective lens of larger focal length is used to gather more light from weak distant sources. It
not only makes them more visible but increases resolving power of telescope.

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Chapter # 13 (Electrostatics)
Short Questions

1. How can you show by simple experiments that there are two types of electric charges?

Ans: Ans:Experiment: Take a glass rod and rub it with silk and suspend it horizontally. When we bring the plastic rod
rubbed with fur near to the suspended glass rod, we observe that both the rods attract each other because the rods are
unlike and their attraction implies that charges on two rods are not of the same kind but of opposite nature.

2. Describe the method of charging bodies by electrostatic induction.

Ans: Method of charging bodies by electrostatic induction: If we bring charged plastic rod near suspended neutral
aluminium rod, both rods attract each other as shown in Fig. this attraction between the charged and uncharged rods
shows as if both rods have unlike charges, but this is not true. Charged plastic rod produced displacement of positive
and negative charges on the neutral aluminium rod which is the cause of attraction between them. But total charge on
aluminium rod is still zero. This shows that a body can be charged by electrostatic induction.

Figure Support
Aluminium rod

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3. What is charge and write its properties

Ans: Charge is property of a material body due to which it attracts or repels another object.

(1) Friction produces two different types charge on different material (such glass and plastic).r
(2) Like charges always repel each other.
(3) Unlike charges always attract each other.
(4) Repulsion is the sure test of charge on a body.

4. How does electrostatic induction differ from charging by friction?

Ans: Electrostatic induction is different from charging by friction because in electrostatic induction we charge a body with
another charged body without physical contact but in friction, body is charged by rubbing or physical contact.

5. What is gold leaf electroscope? Discuss its working principle with a labeled diagram.

Ans: Gold leaf electroscope: The gold leaf electroscope is a sensitive instrument for detecting presence and nature charges.

Principle: It works on electrostatic induction.

Working: It consist of a brass rod with a brass disk at the top and two thin leaves of gold foil hanging at the bottom.
The rod passes through an insulator that keeps the rod in place. Charges can move freely from the disk to the leaves
through the rod. A thin aluminium foil is attached on the lower portion of the inside of the jar. Usually, the
aluminium foil is grounded by connecting a copper wire. This protects the leaves from the external electrical
disturbances.

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6.Suppose you have a glass rod which becomes positively charged when you rub it with wool. Describe how would
you charge the electroscope.

(a) Negatively (b) Positively

Ans: Charging on Electroscope: Electroscope can be charged by the process of electrostatic induction.

Negatively: Electroscope can be charged by process of conduction. Touch a negatively charged rod with disk of a
neutral electroscope. Negative charge from rod will transfer to electroscope and will cause its leaves to diverge.

Positively: in order to produce positive charge on the electroscope, bring a negatively charged body near the disk of
the electroscope. Positive charge will appear on the disk of the electroscope while negative charges will shift to the
leaves. By connecting to earthed aluminium foil, charge of the leaves will flow to the Earth through the wire. Now
break the Earth connection, remove the rod, the electroscope will be left with positive charge.

7.With the help of electroscope how you can find presence of charge on a body?

Ans: Detecting presence of charge: In order to detect the presence of charge on anybody, bring the body near the disk of
an uncharged electroscope. If the body is neutral there will be no deflection of the leaves. But if the body is positively
or negatively charged, the leaves of the electroscope diverge. For example, if the body is negatively charged then due
to electrostatic induction, positive charge will appear on the disk while negative charge will appear on the leaves.
The leaves of electroscope repel; each other and diverge because each leave gets similar charge. The divergence of
leaves will depend on the amount of charge.

8.Describe how you would determine the nature of charge on a body by using electroscope?

Ans: Detecting the nature of charge: For the detection of type of charge on a body, electroscope is first charged either
positively or negatively. Suppose the electroscope is positively charged as explained before. Now in order to detect
the type of charge on a body, bring the charged body near the disk of the positively charged electroscope. If the

divergence of the leaves increases the body carries positive charge. On the other hand if the divergence decreases,
the body has negative charge.

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9.Explain Coulomb‟s law of electrostatic and write its mathermatical form.

Ans: Coulomb‟s law:“The force of attraction or respulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the magnitude of charges and inversely proportion to the square of the distance between them”.
Therefore,

Mathematical expression:

q1q2
F k 2
r
Where k  9 109 Nm2c 2

10.What is meant by electric field and electric intensity?

Ans: Electric field:“It is a region around the charge in which it exerts electrostatic force on another charge.”

Electric intensity:“The strength of electric field at any point in space is called electric field intensity.”

F
Formula: E 
q0

Unit: NC 1

11.Is electric intensity a vector quantity? What will be its direction?

Ans: Yes, electric intensity is vector quantity.

Direction: its direction is same as that of the force acting on the positive charge. If the
test charge free to move it will move in the direction of electric intensity.

12. How would you define potential difference between two points? Define its unit.

Ans: Potential difference:“The energy supplied by a unit charge as it moves from one point to other in the direction of
field is called potential difference.”

Unit: The unit of potential difference is volt (V).

Volt:“If one joule of work is done against electric field in bringing one coulomb positive charge from infinity to a
point in the electric field then potential at that point is one volt.”

13.Show that potential difference can be described as energy transfer per unit charge between the two points?

Ans: If the potential of point A is Va and that of point B is Vb, the potential energy of the charge at these points
will be qVa and qVb respectively.the change in potential energy of the charge when it moves from point A to B
will be equal to qVa – qVb. This energy is utilized in doing some useful work.

Thus energy supplied by the charge  q Va  Vb 

W  q Va Vb 
If „q‟ is one coulomb, then the potential difference between two points becomes equal to the energy supplied by the
charge.

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A B

14.What do you mean by the capacitance of a capacitor? Define unit of capacitance.

Ans: Capacitance:“Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store charge.”

Q
C
V
Units: Its unit is Farad (F).

One Farad:“ If one coulomb of charge given to the plates of a capacitor produces a potential difference of one volt between
the plates of the capacitor then its capacitance would be one farad.”

15.Define a capacitor?

Ans: A device which is used to store the charge called capacitor. It consists of two thin metal plates, parallel to each other.

Symbol:

16. Derive the formula for the effective capacitance for a series combination of a number of capacitors.

Ans: Effective capacitance of series combination:

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i. Each capacitor has the same charge across it.

Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q

ii. The voltage of the battery has been divided among the various capacitors. Hence

V  V1  V2  V3
Q Q Q
V   
C1 C2 C3
 1 1 1 
V  Q   
 C1 C2 C3 
V 1 1 1
  
Q C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1
  
Ceq C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1 1
    
Ceq C1 C2 C3 Cn

17.Derive the formula for the effective capacitance for a parallel combination of a number of capacitors.

Ans: Effective capacitance of parallel combination:

i. Each cacapcitor has the same voltage acros it.

V1  V2  V3  V
ii. The charge developed across the plates of each capacitor will be different due to different value of
capacitances.
iii. The total charge Q supplied by the battery is divided among the various capacitors..Hence

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Q  Q1  Q2  Q3
Q  C1V  C2V  C3V
Q  V  C1  C2  C3 
Q
 C1  C2  C3
V
Ceq  C1  C2  C3
In case of „n‟ capacitors connected in parallel ,

Ceq  C1  C2  C3 Cn
18.Discuss different types of capacitors.

Ans: Types of capacitors: Capacitors are generally of two types:

i. Variable capacitors ii. Fixed capacitors

Fixed capacitors: Fixed capacitors are further types:

i. Parallel plate capacitors ii. Spherical capacitors

iii. Paper capacitor iv. Mica capacitor

v. Cylindrical capacitor

19.What is the difference between variable and fixed type capacitor?

Ans:

Fixed Capacitor Variable Capacitor

“The capacitor which has fixed “The capacitor whose capacitance is

capacitance is called fixed capacitor.” variable is called variable capacitor.”

Variable capacitor:

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20. What is electrolytic capacitor?

Ans: An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve a larger capacitance than other capacitor types.
An electrolyte is a liquid or gel containing a high concentration of ions.

21.Enlist some uses of capacitors.

Ans: Uses of capacitors:

i. They are used for tuning transmitter and radio.

ii. They are used in fan motors.

iii. They are used in circuits of computer etc.

22. Discuss one application of static electricity.

Ans: Electrostatic air cleaner: An electrostatic air cleaner is used in homes to relieve the discomfort of allergy sufferers.
Air mixed with dust and pollen enters the device across a positively charged mesh. The airborne particles become
positively charged when they make contact with the mesh. Then they pass through a second, negatively charged
mesh. The electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged particles in the air and the negatively
charged mesh causes the particles to precipitate out on the surface of the mesh. Through this process we can
remove a very high percentage of contaminants from the air stem.

23.What are hazards of static electricity?

Ans: Hazards of static electricity: Static electricity is a major cause of fires and explosions at many places. A fire
or an explosion may occur due to excessive build-up of electric charges produced by friction. Static electricity can be
generated by the friction of the gasoline begin pumped into a vehicle or container. It can also be produced when we
get out the car or remove an article of clothing. Static charges are dangerous. If static charges are allowed to
discharge through the areas where there is petrol vapour a fire can occur.

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Conceptual Questions

(1) An electrified rod attracts pieces of paper. After a while these pieces fly away! Why?
Ans: When electrified rod attracts pieces of paper, after while these pieces fly away because some electrons move to rod and
rod becomes neutral.
(2) How much negative charge has been removed from a positively charged electroscope, if it has a charge of
11
7.5 × 10 C?
-11
Ans: Charge of -7.5 × 10 C has been removed from positively charged electroscope beacause negative charge is equal to
positive charge
(3) In what direction will a positively charged particle move in an electric field?

Ans: The positively charged particle move along the direction of electric intensity. In an electric field the direction of
electric field intensity can also be represented by electric lines of force. So, the positive charge particle move in the
direction of electric lines of force. i.e. from higher to lower potential.

(4) Does each capacitor carry equal charge in series combination explain.

Ans: Yes, each capacitor carries equal charge because if the battery supplies charge on the left plate of a capacitor (C1), -Q
charge is induced, then on its right plate, +Q charge on the left of the capacitor C2 is induced.

i.e. Q1 = Q2 = Q

(5) Each capacitor in parallel combination has equal potential difference between its two plates justify the statement.

Ans: Each capacitor carries equal potential difference because each capacitor is connected directly with the terminals of
battery. i.e.

V = V1 = V2

(6) Perhaps you have seen a gasoline truck trailing a metal chain beneath it. What purpose does the chain serve?

Ans: Due to friction the truck body gets charged and it may cause explosion. So, the metal chain continuously transfers the
charge from truck to ground and the spark is removed.

(7) If a high-voltage power line fell across your car while you were in the car, why should you not come out of the
car?

Ans: Because the tyres of the car are insulator. So, that the current can‟t pass through them but when we come out and in
contact with the car and from the body of car the current will pass through our body which may cause death.

(8) Explain why, a glass rod can be charged by rubbing when held by hand but an iron rod cannot be charged by
rubbing, if held by hand?

Ans: By rubbing glass rod, charge does not flow to our body (which is a good conductor) and remains on rod. But charge
of iron rod flows to earth through our body and rod loses its charge.

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Chapter # 14 (Current Electricity)

Short Questions

1.Define and explain the term electric current.

Ans: Electric current:“The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross- sectional area is called current.”

If the charge Q is passing through any area in time t, then current I flowing through it will be given by.

ch arg e
current 
time
Q
I 
t
Unit: SI unit of current is ampere (A).

One ampere:“If a charge of one coulomb passed through a cross-sectional area in one second, then current is one
ampere.”

2. What is the difference between electronic current and conventional current?

Ans:

electronic curre

Electronic current Conventional current

Rate of flow of charges through any cross sectional area from Current flowing from positive terminal to negative terminal of a
negative terminal to positive terminal is called electronic current. battery due to the flow of positive charges is called conventional
current.

3.What do you mean by the term e.m.f? Is it really a force? Explain.

Ans: E.m.f: “It is the energy supplied by a batter to a unit positive charge when it flows through the closed circuit.”

OR

“The energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form when one coulomb of positive charge passes through
the battery.”

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Formula:

Energy
e.m.f 
Ch arg e
W
e.m.f 
Q

-1
Unit:The unit for e.m.f is JC which is equal to volt (V) in SI system.

E.m.f is not a force, it is actually a voltage between terminals of battery, when no current flows is circuit.
4. How can we differentiate between e.m.f and potential difference?

Ans: Difference between emf and potential difference: E.m.f of a battery is total energy supplied in driving one
coulomb of charge in complete circuit in which the cell is connected. The complete circuit includes cell and external
circuit. Whereas, potential difference determines the energy required between two terminals of circuit to move
charge (only external circuit).

5. Explain Ohm‟s law. What are its limitations?

Ans: Ohm‟s law:“The amount of current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical state of the conductor does not change.”

Mathematical form:

V I
where T  constant
V  IR
Where R is the constant proportionality and is the resistance of the conductors. Its SI units is ohm, denoted by a symbol Ω.

Limitations of Ohm‟s law:

i. Ohm‟s law is applicable when temperature of conductor is kept constant.

ii. Conductors obey Ohm‟s law as the electric current through them is not very large.

iii. The physical state of the conductor also remains same.

6. Define resistance and its units.

Ans: Resistance:“The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of current through, it is called its
resistance.” Unit: Its unit is Ohm    .

Ohm:
“When a potential difference of one volt is applied across the ends of a conductor and one ampere of current passes
through it.”

Its resistance will be one ohm.

Symbol:

7. What is the difference between conductors and insulators?

Ans:

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Conductors Insulators

“Conductors are those substances from which electricity “Insulators are those substances from which electricity
and heat can pass easily.” and heat can’t pass easily.”
e.g. Metals are mostly conductor. e.g. Rubber glass etc.

8. Explain the energy dissipation in a resistance. What is Joule‟s law?

Ans: Energy dissipation: The electrical energy can be utilized for different useful purposes. For example, bulb converts
electrical energy into light and heat. Heater and iron into heat and fans into mechanical energy.

Energy dissipated = W = I2Rt

Joule‟s law: “The amount of heat generated in resistance due to flow of charges is equal to the product of square of
current I, resistance R and the time duration.”

Mathematical equation:

2
W = I Rt

9. What is the difference between A.C and D.C?

Ans: A.C:“The current which changes its direction again and again is known as alternating current (A.C).”

D.C:“The current which always flows in one direction is called direct current (D.C).”

10. Discuss the main features of parallel combination of resistors.

Ans: Parallel combination of resistor:

i. The voltage is same across each resistor which is equal to the voltage of the battery.

V  V1  V2  V3
ii. The current through each resistor is not same.

I  I1  I 2  I 3
V V V
I   
R 1 R2 R3
I 1 1 1
  
V R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
  
Re R1 R2 R3

iii. Hence, equivalent resistance will be:

1 1 1 1
  
Re R1 R2 R3

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11.Determine the equivalent resistance of series combination of resistors.

Ans: Series combination:

i. The current passing through each resistor is the same. i.e. I = I1 = I2 = I3

ii. The total voltage in a series circuit divides among the individual resistors.

V = V1 + V2 + V3

According to Ohm‟s law

V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

V = I(R1 + R2 + R 3)

We know that

V = IRe

Put in above equation,

IRe = I(R1 + R2 + R 3)

Re = R1 + R2 + R3

12.Describe briefly the hazards of household electricity.

Ans: Insulation damage: All electrical wires are well insulated with some plastic cover for the purpose of safety. But
when electrical current exceeds the rated current carrying capacity of the conductor, it can produce excess current
that can damage insulation due to overheating cables. This results into a short circuit which can severely damage
electrical devices or persons.

Damp conditions: Dry human skin ahs a resistance of 100,000 ohms or more! But under damp conditions (wet
environment) resistance of human skin is reduced drastically to few hundred ohms, which cause fatal accidents.

13.Describe four safety measures that should be taken in connection with the household

circuit.

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Ans: In order to protect persons, devices and property from the hazards of electricity there is a

need of extensive safety measures in household electricity.

i. Fuse ii. Circuit breaker

iii. Earth wire iv. Neutral wire

14. Define the following.

i. Fuse ii. Circuit breaker

iii. Earth wire iv. Neutral wire

Ans:
Fuse Circuit breaker

Fuses are sacrificial devices used to protect much more expensive A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical
electrical components from the damaging effects of over switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
current. Fuses consist of a low-resistance metal or wire that is caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit. Its
used to close a circuit. basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected.

Earth wire Neutral wire

The earth wire is connected to a large metal plate A wire having Zero potential with respect to
buried deep in the ground. Earth is a Neutral wire.

15. What is house wiring?

Ans: House wiring consists of an electrical wiring system that distributes energy to be used in
equipment and appliances around the house. It also involves the proper installation and operation of
the electrical outlets, switches, breakers, meter base and different electrical circuits.
All appliances are connected in parallel with each other.

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16. Differentiate between A.C & D.C?

Ans:
Alternating current
Alternating current is defined as the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. The result obtained will be, the voltage level

also reverses along with the current. Basically, AC is used to deliver power to industries, houses, office buildings, etc.

A.C source:

Direct current
In a DC circuit, electrons emerge from the minus or negative pole and move towards the plus or positive pole. Generally, the basic
source of direct current is produced by batteries, electrochemical, and photovoltaic cells.

D.C source:

17. Give use of Ammeter & Voltmeter?

Ans: Ammeter: The device which is used to measure the current flowing through circuit is called ammeter.Its range is1A-10A.

Voltmeter :The device which is used to measure the potential across the circuit is called Voltmeter.

18. Design a circuit diagram for a study room that needs the following equipments in parallel:

(a) One 100W lamp operated by one switch.

(b) One reading lamp fitted with a 40W bulb which can be switched ON and OFF from two points.

(c) What is the advantage of connecting the equipments in parallel instead of series combination?

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Ans: Following is the circuit diagram of part (a)

(b) One reading lamp fitted with a 40W bulb which can be switched ON and OFF from two points.

(c) What is the advantage of connecting the equipments in parallel instead of series combination?
Ans: The circuit of parallel combination is better than series combination because in parallel combination each appliance
gains voltage equal to voltage of battery.

Conceptual Questions
(1) Why in conductors charge is transferred by free electrons rather than by positive charges?

Ans: Positive charges are bound to nucleus and cannot move randomly while free electrons are not bound to the force of
nucleus and can move randomly. These electrons travel in specific direction, when conductor is connected with
battery.

(2) What is the difference between cell and battery?

Ans: Cell: A cell consists of two metal electrodes dipped into an electrolyte. It is a device which converts chemical energy
into electrical.

Battery: Batter is the group of large number of cells. Batteries store larger energy as compared to cell.

(3) Can current flow in a circuit without potential difference?

Ans: No, current can‟t flow in a circuit without potential difference.

(4) Two points on an object are at different electric potentials. Does charge necessarily flow between them?

Ans: Yes, due to potential differences, charges always flow from higher to lower potential.

(5) In order to measure current in a circuit, why ammeter is always connected in series?

Ans: Ammeter is always connected in series so that current flowing in series combination always remains same and the
current flowing through the circuit will be equal to current flowing through ammeter.

(6) In order to measure voltage in a circuit voltmeter is always connected in parallel. Discuss.

Ans: Voltmeter is connected parallel to the circuit so that the voltage in the parallel combination always remains same and
the voltage across the circuit will be equal to voltage of voltmeter.

(7) How many watt-hours are there in 1000 joules?

Ans: Energy=1000

Energy
Power=
time

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W
P
t
W  Pt
1 joule  1watt 1sec ond

1
1 joule  1watt  hour
3600

Multiplying both sides by 1000 ,we get

1
1000 j  1000 watt  hour
3600
1000 j  0.277 watt  hour

(8) From hour experience in watching cars on the roads at night, are automobile connected in series, or in
parallel?

Ans: The headlamps of automobiles are connected in parallel so that the potential at both sides of headlamps remains
same.

(9) A certain flash light can use a 10 ohm bulb or a 5 ohm bulb. Which bulb should be used to get the brighter
light? Which bulb will discharge the battery first?

Ans: Bulb with 5 ohm resistance will be more brighter and will discharge first. As lower resistance means larger current
will pass through and it will glow more brightly. When larger current passes through circuit, battery will discharge
quickly.

(10) It is impracticable to connect and electric bulb and an electric heater in series. Why?

Ans: If these appliances are connected in series the voltage across both the appliances change and the circuit will be short.
As it will increase resistance of circuit and decrease current as well as power through appliances.

Chapter # 15 (Electromagnetism)

Short Questions

1.Demonstrate by an experiment that a magnetic field is produced around a straight current carrying conductor.

Ans: Experiment: We take a straight conductor wire and pas it vertically through cardboard and then connected the two
ends with opposite battery terminals now current flows in clockwise direction. The lines of forces of the magnetic
field produced around the wire would be in the form of concentric circles. If we place a compass needle at different
points in the region of magnetic field, it will align along the direction of magnetic field. i.e. clock wise direction.

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If we reverse the direction of the current by reversing the terminals of the battery, the compass needle also reverse its
direction. The magnetic field lines will align in the anticlockwise direction.

2. State and explain the rule by which the direction of the lines of the force of the magnetic field around a current
carrying conductor can be determined?

Ans: Right hand grip rule: Direction of the lines of force of magnetic field can be determined by right hand grip rule
stated as follow:

“Grasp a wire with your right hand such that your thumb is pointed in the direction of current. Then curling fingers
of your hand will point in the direction of the magnetic field.”

4.You are given an unmarked magnetized steel bar and bar magnet, its north and south ends are marked N and S
respectively . State how you determine the polarity at each end of the unmarked bar?

Ans: When the north pole of marked bar magnet attracts the unmarked magnet this shows that there is a south pole on
unmarked magnet and if magnets repel each other then there is a north pole.

5.When a straight current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. State the rule by
which the direction of this force can be found out?

Ans: Fleming‟s left hand rule: The direction of the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field can be found by
using Fleming‟s left hand rule stated as:

Stretch the thumb, forefinger and the middle finger of the left hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the
forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of the current, then the
thumb would indicate the direction of the force acting on the conductor.

6. State that a current carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a torque.

Ans: Place a current carrying loop inside the magnetic field the loop will rotate due to the

torque acting on the coil because when we placed the loop in magnetic field i.e. in North, pole and south and
connected the end points of the loop with battery terminals. Now current flows through the loop and with the help of
Fleming‟s left hand rule to each side of the coil. We can see force is acting upward on one side on other side force
acts downward thus this couple produces a torque.

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7. What is an electric motor? Explain the working principle of DC motor.

Ans: Electric motor:“Electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.”

Working principle: Current carrying coil in a magnetic field produces torque. (electromagnetism)

Working of DC motor: D.C. motor consists of a rectangular coil PQSR mounted on a shaft or axle. Coil is placed in
a field of permanent magnet or in a field which is produced by an electromagnet called field of coil.

When the coil of the motor is connected to the battery, then current starts flowing through it. Simple coil cannot
o
rotate more than 90 and in vertical position no force acting on this loop so the loop will not continue to turn because
both upward and downward forces are balanced so if we change the direction of current with the help of commutator
which is also connected to the brushes then this reversal of current will allow the coil to rotate continuously. In this
way, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.

8. Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate that a changing magnetic field can induce e.m.f in a circuit.

Ans: Principle:If we change the number of magnetic lines of force through a coil by moving it in the magnetic field, this
will induce an e.m.f in the coil.

Experiment: Take a bar magnet and a coil, due to relative motion of coil and bar magnet, current flows through the
coil placed at different distances from the magnet.

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9.What are the factors which affect the magnitude of the e.m.f induced in a circuit by a changing magnetic field?

Ans: Factors: The magnitude of induced e.m.f in a circuit depends on the following factors:

i. Speed of relative motion of the coil and the magnet.

ii. Number of turns of the coil.

10. Describe the direction of an induced e.m.f in a circuit. How does this phenomenon relate to conservation of
energy?

Ans: Direction of induced e.m.f:“The induced e.m.f is always opposite to the cause which produces it.”

Relation between e.m.f and conservation of energy: When we put the wire loop in a magnetic field, work is done
on the magnet to bring it close to coil. This work appears as electrical energy in the conductor. Hence, this
phenomenon is manifestation of law of conservation of energy.

11.What do you understand by the term mutual induction?

Ans: Mutual induction:“The phenomenon of production of induced current in one coil due to change of current in a
neighboring coil is called mutual induction.”

SI unit: The SI unit of mutual induction is Henry.

Henry:“The mutual inductance of two coil is one henry if the current to changing at the rate of one ampere per
second in primary coil produces an e.m.f of 1 volt in secondary coil.”

12.What is a transformer? Explain the working of transformer in connection with mutual induction.

Ans: Transformer:“Transformer is an electrical device which is used to increase or decrease the value of alternating
voltage.”

Working principle: Transformer works on the principle of “Mutual induction.”

Working of a transformer: A transformer has two coils, electrically insulated from each other, but wound around
the same iron core. One coil is called the primary coil. The other coil is called the secondary coil. Number of turns on
the primary and the secondary coils are represented by Np and Ns respectively.

The e.m.f induced in the secondary coil, called the secondary voltage Vs. The secondary voltage also depends on the
ratio of the number of turns on the secondary coil to the number of turns on the primary coil, as shown by the
following expression:

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13. Define Armature? How forces acting on it increase.

Ans:In practice electric motor the coil is used called armature. It is made of many loops mounted on shaft.
The total forces on armature increased by:
i) Increasing number of turns in coil.
ii) Increasing current in coil.

iii)Increasing strength of magnetic field.

iv)Increasing Area of coil.
14.Differentiate b/w Step-up &Step-down transformer?
Ans: The main difference between step-up and step-down transformer is that, step-up transformer increases the voltage whereas a step-
down transformer decreases the voltage.

Step up transformer Step down transformer

The secondary voltage of step-up The secondary voltage of step-down
transformer is more than that of its primary transformer is less than its primary voltage.
voltage
Vs  V p or
Ns  N p

Vs  V p or
Ns  N p

15. Differentiate b/w Generator & DC-motor?

Ans.

Generator DC-motor
1.Generator converts mechanical energy into 1.DC motor converts electrical energy into
an electrical energy. mechanical energy.
2.DC generators, generated EMF is more 2. Furthermore, in DC motors, EMF in the
than its terminal voltage (Eg>V). armature is less than its terminal voltage
(Eb<V).

16.The voltage chosen for the transmission of electric power over large distance is many times greater than the
voltage of the domestic supply. State two reasons why electric power is transmitted at high voltage?

Ans: Power is transmitted over long distances at high voltages because:

i. To minimize the loss of energy in form of heat during transmission.

ii. This voltage is transmitted and further stepped down at main or city sub-stations.

iii. A high power transformer can reduce the voltage keeping power constant.

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That‟s why alternating voltage is stepped-up at generating station.

17.Why is the voltage used for the domestic supply much lower than the voltage at which the power is transmitted?

Ans: The voltage used for domestic supply is much lower than voltage at generating station because required domestic
voltage is 220V, but there is some loss of energy in form of heat during transmission. This power loss can be reduced
by using high (Stepped-up) voltage at generating station.

Conceptual Question
1. Suppose someone handed you three similar iron bars and told you one was not magnet, but the other two were.
How would you find the iron bar that was not magnet?

Ans: Similar poles of magnet repel each other while opposite poles attract each other. The non magnetic bar is not repelled
by magnetic bar. But attract the no magnetic bar. The iron bar which is not repelled by magnetic bar is the non
magnetic bar.

2. Suppose you have a coil of wire and a bar magnet. Describe how you could use them to generate an electric current

Ans: By changing magnetic flux through coil we can generate electric current. Both coil and bar magnet move back and
forth to change magnetic flux. This change of flux produces current in the coil.

3. Which device is used for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy?
Ans: D.C motor is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

4.Suppose we hang a loop of wire so that it can swing easily. If we now put a magnet into the coil, the coil will start
swinging. Which way will it swing relative to the magnet and why?

Ans: When we put a bar magnet into the coil, the coil will starts swinging because when we put magnet into coil, the
magnetic flux changes in the coil, so e.m.f is induced in the coil. The magnetic field produced by it, that opposes the
motion of bar magnet. Direction is determined by Fleming‟s left hand rule.

A conductor wire generates a voltage while moving through a magnetic field. In what direction should the wire be
5.
moved, relative to the field to generate the maximum voltage?

Ans: When conductor wire is held perpendicular to direction of magnetic lines of force, maximum lines pass through it
and hence maximum voltage is induced. While minimum voltage is produced by placing conductor horizontally to
magnetic field.

6.What reverses the direction of electric current in the armature coil of DC motor?

Ans: The direction of current is reversed in coil of DC motor with the help of split rings (commutator).

7.A wire lying perpendicular to an external magnetic field carries a current in the direction shown in the diagram
in front. In what direction will the wire move due to resulting magnetic force?

Ans: According to Fleming‟s left hand rule. It will move in downward direction.

8. Can a transformer operate on direct current?

Ans: No, the transformer does not operate on direct current. As transformer works on principle of mutual induction and
mutual induction is shown always by alternating current.

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Chapter # 16
(Basic Electronics)

Short Questions

1. Describe, using one simple diagram in each case, what happens when a narrow beam of electrons is passed
through (a) a uniform electric field (b) a uniform magnetic field. What do thes results indicate about the
charge on electron?

Ans: (a) Deflection of electrons by electric field:When an electron beam passed between the two plates, it can be seen
that the electrons are deflected towards the positive plate. The degree of deflection of electron from their original
direction is proportional to the strength of the electric field applied.

(b) Deflection of electrons by magnetic field: Now we apply magnetic field at right angle to the bema of
electrons by using a horseshoe magnet. We will notice that the sport of the electrons beam on the screen is getting
deflected from its original direction.

2. Define electronics?

Ans: The branch of applied physics which deals with behavior of electrons using different devices for various purposes is called
electronics.
3. Define thermionic-emission?

Ans: The process of emission of electrons from the hot metals surface is called thermionic emission.
4.How thermionic emission produced?
Ans: There are many ways by which thermionic emission produced given below:
i) There are a number of free electrons in metals but are not in position to escape at room temperature due to forces
of atomic nucleus .If metals are heated at high temperature some electrons gain sufficient energy to escape &
emission produced.
ii) It can also be produced by heating a fine tungsten filament.

5.Differentiate between analogue electronic and digital electronic. Write down the names of five analogue and five
digital devices that are commonly used in everyday life.

Ans:

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Analogue Electroncis Digital Electronics

“The branch of electronic which deals with “The branch of electronic which deals with
analogue quantities is called analogue digital quantities is called digital

electronics.” electronics.”

Devices: Radio, Amplifier, loudspeakers, Devices: Computers, Radar system,

Microphone, Television. Modern CD and DVD players.

6.What do you understand by digital and analogue quantities?

Ans:

Analogue Quantities Digital Quantities

“The quantities whose values vary “The quantities whose values vary in non
continuously are called analogue continuous manner are called digital

quantities.” electronics.”

Examples: Temperature, time, pressure Examples: Radar system, digital watches,

etc. digital telephones.

7.DefineLogic-gates,Boolean-Algebra&Truth-Table?

Ans: Logic-Gates:-Logic gate is a switching circuit which is used to implement certain logic which Shave only one of two possible
states. Either HIGH or LOW, ON or OFF, 1 or 0.

Boolean-Algebra: The algebra used to describe logic operations by symbols is called Boolean-Algebra.

Truth-Table:-Truth-Table is at able which is used to give relation b/w output due to certain input.

8.What are logic states/logic variables?

Ans: Digital devices operate on binary values so there are only two allowable digital states. Each of these states is called
a Logic State.
9.What is Binary variable?

Ans: A binary variable is a variable with only two values. For example:

 1 / 0.
 Yes / No.
 Success / Failure.
 Male / Female.
 Black / White

10. Differentiate b/w ADC & DAC?

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Ans:

ADC DAC
ADC converts the analog signal collected by audio input DAC converts the processed digital signal back into the
equipment, such as a microphone, into a digital signal that analog signal that is used by audio output equipment such as
can be processed by computer. a speaker.

11.Explain the working of different parts of oscilloscope.

Ans: The cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O) consists of the following components:

Components:

i).The electron gun ii).The deflection plates iii).A fluorescent screen

The electron gun: Produces a beam of act moving electrons with the help of filament, grid and set of anodes.

The deflection plates: After leaving the electron gun, the electron beam passes between a pair of horizontal plates. A potential
difference applied between these plates deflects the beam in a vertical plane.

The fluorescent screen: The screen of a cathode-ray tube consists of a thin layer of phosphor, which is a material that gives light as a
result of bombardment by fast moving electrons.

12.Name some uses of oscilloscope.

Ans: Uses of oscilloscope:

i. Oscilloscope is used for displaying wave form.

ii. Measuring voltages. iii. Range finding (In Radar).

iv. Echo (by sound find the depth of sea).

v. In medical instrument i.e. show heart beat.

13. Considering and oscilloscope explain:

(a) How the filament is heated?

(b) Why the filament is heated?

(c) Why the anode potential is kept positive with respect to the cathode potential?

(d) Why a large potential is applied between anode and cathode?

(e) Why the tube is evacuated?

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Ans:

i. It is heated by a tungsten filament inside it, and the heat from the filament causes the outside surface of the
oxide coating to emit electrons. The filament of an indirectly heated cathode is usually called the heater.
ii. By heating filament a fine beam of electrons is obtained.

ii. The anode potential is kept positive w.r.t cathode to attract the electrons emitted from cathode.

iii. To accelerate the electrons emitted from heated filament positive potential of anode is used. In this way
the electrons are focused into a fine beam as they pass through anode.

iv. Ionization of gases present in tube occurs due to high voltage applied across tube so it must be
evacuated.

14.What is electron gun? Describe the process of thermionic emission.

Ans: Electron gun: The electron gun consists of an electron source which is an electrically heated cathode that ejects
electrons.

Process: Electron gun also has an electrode called grid G for controlling the flow of electron in the beam. The grid is
connected to a negative potential. The more negative this potential, the more electrons will be repelled from the grid. The
negative potential of the grid can be used as brightness control. The anode is connected to positive potential and hence is
used to accelerate the electrons. The electrons are focused into a fine beam as they pass through the anode.

15. Write down some benefits of using digital electronics over analogue electronics.

Ans: Advantages of digital electronics:

i. The big advantage of digital electronic is quality.

ii. There is no interference or loss of strength in digital signal travelling in an optical fibre.

iii. Digital technology in TV gives excellent view and allow you to be interactive.

iv. Smart ID cars are being developed. Passport, national insurance card and driving license, all of this data
would be held digital in the tiny chip.

v. Now, today everything is going digital like digital cameras are fast replacing traditional film equipment.

16. What are the three universal logic gates? Give their symbols and truth tables.

Ans: AND-Gate

“The circuit which implements the AND operation is known as AND gate.”
Symbol

X=A.B

Truth table:

Input Output
A B X=A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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OR-GATE:-
“The electronic circuit which implements the OR operation is known as OR gate.”
Symbol

X=A+B

Truth table:

Input Output
A B X=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT-GATE

“NOT gate performs the basic logical function called inversion or complementation.”

X A
X A

17.Give uses of Logic-Gates?

Ans: We can use logic-gates in electronic circuit to do useful tasks some given below:

i) These circuits used in Light depending circuits(LDR‟s)to keep input low. An LDR can act as switch that closed when illuminated
& open in dark.

ii) We can use logic gate to make burglars alarm.This can be done by using NAND gate, an LDR,a push-button, & an alarm.

Conceptual Questions

1. Name two factors which can enhance thermionic emission.

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Ans: Factors: The two factors which can enhance thermionic emission are:

i. By increasing temperature of Filament.

ii. By increasing voltage.

2. Give three reasons to support the evidence that cathode rays are negatively charged electrons.
Ans:

i. They deflected towards positive terminal when pass through electric field.

ii. While passing from magnetic field they bend towards the North pole.

iii. Cathode rays have reducing effect and cause chemical change, which shows they are negatively charged.

3.When a moving electron enters the magnetic field, it is deflected from its straight path. Name two factors which
can enhance electron deflection.

Ans: Factors: The factors which enhance the electron deflection are:

i. By increasing strength of magnetic field.

ii. By increasing the strength of electric field.

4. How can you compare the logic operation X = A.B with usual operation of the multiplication?

Ans: According to the truth table of AND gate operation (X=A.B) it is clear that (X=A.B) behave as multiplicative
inverse. Every time the result is zero when multiplied with Boolean variable. So, logic operation X=A.B act as
operation of multiplication.

Truth Table

A B X = A.B

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

5. NAND gate is the reciprocal of AND gate. Discuss

̅̅̅̅̅
Ans: NAND gate is the reciprocal of AND gate as in NAND gate the values of AND gates are inverted by NOT gate X = A̅̅̅̅̅.B.

6. Show that the circuit given below acts OR gate.

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Ans: X=A+B
But after NOR operation
X=A+B
Again after NOT operation
X=A+B
so,
A+B  A+B

Now see the table of this case as a truth table:

A B X=A+B X=A+B X=A+B
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1

7. Show that the circuit given below acts as AND gate.

Ans: In this circuit two NOT operations are working as inputs terminals of NOR gate. From the following table it is clear
that this circuit acts as AND gate:

A B A B AB AB

0 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

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Chapter # 17
(Information and
Communication Technology)
Short Questions

1.What is the difference between data and information?

Ans: Data:“Data is the collection of acts and figures that are used by programs to produce useful information.”

Information:“Computer processes data and converts it into useful information. Data after process is called information.”

2. Define Communication?
Ans: The method that is used to communicate information to far off places instantly is called telecommunication.

3. What do you understand by information and Communication Technology (ICT)?

Ans: Information and Communication Technology: Information and Communication Technology is defined as the
scientific methods and means to store, process and transmit vast amounts of information in seconds with the help of
electronic equipments.

4. What are the components of information technology” clearly indicate the function of each component.

Ans: Components of Information Technology:

Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This includes the central processing unit (CPU) and all of its
support equipments.

Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals that support them.

Data: Data are facts and figures that are used by programs to produce useful information.

Procedures: These are set of instruction and rules to design and use information system.

These are written in manuals and documents for use.

People: Every CBIS needs people if it is to be useful, who influence the success or failure of information systems.
People design and operate the software, they feed input data.

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5. Differentiate between primary memory and secondary memory.

Ans:

Primary memory Secondary memory

1. The main memory of computer is 1. The secondary level memory of

called primary memory. computer is secondary memory.

2. It is used in computer as temporary 2. It is used to store data permanently in

memory. computer.

3. It vanishes when computer is 3. When we open a program, data is

switched off. moved from secondary storage into

primary storage.

4. RAM is primary memory. 4. The secondary storage devices are

audio-video, cassettes, hard disk.

6.Name different iformation storage devices and describe their uses.

Ans: Information storage devices:

Primary memory: It is based on electronics and consists of integrated circuits (ICs).

Random access memory (RAM), is used in computer as temporary memory. RAM vanishes when the computer is
switched off.

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Secondary storage devices: The data storage devices are generally the secondary memory of the computer. It is
used to store the data permanently in the computer.

Audio and video cassettes: These devices are based on magnetism, audio cassettes consists of a tape of magnetic
material on which sound is recorded in a particular pattern of a magnetic field.

Magnetic disks: There are different types of magnetic disk coated with a layer of some magnetic material. The read
/ write head of disks are similar to the record replay head on a tape recorder. It magnetizes parts of the surface to
record information.

Hard disk: Most users rely on hard disks are their primary storage devices. A hard disk is a rigid, magnetically
sensitive disk that spins rapidly and continuously inside the computer chassis or in a separate box connected to the
computer housing.

Compact disc (CDs): This is based on laser technology. It is a molded plastic disc on which digital data is stored in
the form of microscopic reflecting and non-reflecting spots which are called “pits” and “lands” respectively.

Flash drive: It is also an electronic based device and consists of data storage ICs. A flash drive is a small storage
device that can be used to transport files from one computer to another.

7. Explain briefly the transmission of radio waves through space?

Ans: Transmission of radio waves through space: Information in the form of audio frequency (AF) signals may be
transmitted directly by cable. However, in order to send information over a long distance, it has to be superimposed on
electromagnetic waves. The transmission by radio waves consists in two parts i.e radio station and receiver. In radio station
sound waves changed into electromagnetic waves and through in space and receiver receive these signals through space and
convert into again sound waves.

8.How light signals are sent through optical fibre?

Ans: Light signals through optical fibre: Waves of visible light have a much higher frequency than that of radio waves.
This means, rate of sending information with light beams is larger than that with radio waves or microwaves. An
optical fibre has been used as transmission channel for this purpose. An optical fibre with a coating of lower
refractive index is a thin strand of high-quality glass that absorbs very little light.

Light that enters the core at one end of the optical fibre goes straight and hits the inner wall (the cladding) of fibre
optics. If the angle of incidence with cladding is less than the critical angle, some of the light will escape the fibre
optics and is lost.

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9. What is computer? What is the role of computer in everyday life?

Ans: Computer:Computer is machine that can be programmed to accept the data (input) process it (processing) to give
useful information (output) and store it (storage) for future.

i. Computer work through an instruction of hardware and software.

Use of computer in everyday life:

i. Computer is used in offices for preparing letters, documents and reports.

ii. In hotels, computers are used for advance booking of rooms, preparing bills and providing enquiry service.

iii. In railways, computer are used for rail reservation, printing of tickets and preparation of reservation charts.

iv. In medical field, doctors use computer for diagnosing illness and treatment of diseases.

v. An architect engineer use computer for building designing and city planning.

vi. In meteorology department, computers are used for weather forecasting.

10.What is the difference between hardware and software? Name different softwares.

Ans: Hardware:“The term hardware refers a machinery (physically existence).” This includes the central processing unit
(CPU), and all of its supporting equipments.

Examples: CPU, monitor, mouse, printer.

Software:“The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals that support them.”

Examples: Microsoft window, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft word

11. What do understand by the term word processing and data managing?

Ans: Word processing:“Word processing is such a use of computers through which we can write a letter, article book or
prepare a report.”

Data managing:“To collect all information regarding a subject for any purpose more than one inter linked files
which may help when needed is called data managing.”

12. What is internet? Internet is a useful source of knowledge and information. Discuss.

Ans: Internet:“Internet is a system in which many computer networks all over the world are connected together to
communicate with each other through communication medium.”

OR

The internet is the interconnection of millions of computers.

Importance of internet: In internet, millions of computers remain connected together through well laid
communication system. Thus like a telephone system any computer of any city ca n establish a connection with any
other computer of any other city and exchange data or message with it. It is essential that every educated person
becomes familiar with computer. The ability to use computer is basic and necessary to a person‟s formal education as
reading, writing and arithmetic. The internet is connection of millions computers all over the world. So, people
exchange information and knowledge at international level.

13.Discuss the role of information technology in school education.

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Ans: Role of IT in education: The role of IT in school education cannot be ignored. In fact, use of computer in school
education has made it easier for teachers to impart knowledge and for students to acquire it. Today teachers are using
multimedia in classrooms to make the teaching and learning process more effective. The use of audio-video visuals
in class room teaching invites greatest interests for students.

14. What is monitor?

Ans: A computer is an electronic device that show picture on its screen. It is similar to television but it does not have a tuner
like television.
15.What is CPU?
Ans:

CPU. Stands for "Central Processing Unit." The CPU is the primary component of a computer that processes instructions. ...
The CPU contains at least one processor, which is the actual chip inside the CPU that performs calculations.

16.Give importance of computer?

Ans: Computer plays an important role in our daily-life:

i)In offices computer are used for preparing letters documents & reports.

Ii)In hotels computers used for advance booking of rooms ,preparing bills etc

ii)Doctor uses it for diagnosing illness & treatment of diseases.

iii)Architects use them for building ,designing & it planning.

16.What is floppy?

Ans:

A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for computer systems. The floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible
magnetic disk sealed in a square plastic carrier. In order to read and write data from a floppy disk, a computer system must have
a floppy disk drive (FDD).

17.Give uses of internet?

Ans: Ans:The main services used on internet include:

i)Web-Browsing :This function allows user to view web pages using a web browser.
ii) E-Mail :This allows people to send & receive text messages.

18.Define Browser? Give names of common Browser.

Ans:A browser is an application which provides a window to web.All browsers are designed to display pages of information.

Most popular browser are: Internet-explorer, The world ,Opera .Safari ,Mozilla ,Fire-Fox & Chrome.
19.What is electronic mail ?Give advantages.
Ans: One of most widely used application is electronic mail which gives very fast delivery of messages to any enabled site on internet.
Some advantages of e-mail are:
i)Fast-communication ii) Simple to use iii) Cost free service iv) More efficient.
20. Give use of internet?
Ans: Internet has proved to be very beneficial to us some given below:
i) Faster communication ii)E-Commerce iii)Big source of information
iv) Source of entertainment v)Access to social media vi)Access to online service
21.Give Hazards of ICT to society & environment?

Ans: Today information & communication technology is important but blind faith is dangerous as follows:
i) Over use of computer is dangerous for health.
ii) Computers crime a real so very common these days.

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i) Hacking is still another illegal activity which is committed on computer.

i) There is also word theft are used for steal money ,goods information etc.

22.Give ways to reduce these Hazards?

Ans: To reduce the risk of safety some following steps required:
i) Allow only authorized person on computer.
ii) We can use, an ID-Card with photo ,voice printer or finger print as password.
23.Differentiate between Byte & bit.

Ans:- A Bit
This is the most basic unit of digital measurement. A bit is one binary unit, meaning it can either have a value of “0” or “1”. With
computers, this can indicate “true” or “false”.
A Byte
A byte is a collection of 8 bits.

Conceptual Questions

1. Why optical fibre is more useful tool for the communication process?

Ans: In optical fibre data transferred in form of light waves. So, very large amount of data can

be sent over long distances without any interruption on other hand. Copper cables are

interrupted by large data, long distance and noise etc.

2. Which is more reliable floppy disk or hard disk?

Ans:

Hard Disk Floppy Disk

1.Hard disk can hold hundreds 1.Floppy disk can hold 3

or thousands of megabytes of megabytes.
information.
2.It can store data for long time 2. It can store data for short
time
3. Data can be transferred 3. Data cannot be transferred
quickly. quickly.

3. What is the difference between RAM and ROM memories?

Ans:

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RAM ROM
1. RAM stands for Random 1. Rom stands for Read Only
Access Memory. Memory.
2. It is main memory of computer 2. This memory is permanent and
and vanishes when the does not vanish when
computer is switched. computer is switched off.

3. It is primary memory. 3. It is secondary memory.

Chapter # 18
(Atomic and Nuclear physics)
Short Questions
1.Define Atom?

Ans:The smallest particle of matter that can not be divided further .The word atom is derived from“Greek” with “otomos” meaning
indivisible.
2. Give Parts of Atom?
Ans: Ruther ford discovered that positive charge in an atom was converted in a small region called nucleus .The nucleus contains
protons & neutron which called nucleon .Atom also contain electron which revolves in circular orbits around nucleus.
3. Define Nucleon?

Ans: Positively charged nucleus at center of atom contains protons & neutrons which collectively are called nucleon.
4.What is difference between atomic number and atomic mass number? Give a symbolical representation of a
nuclide.
Ans:

Atomic number Mass number

1. The number of protons inside the nucleus is called the 1. The sum of protons and neutrons present inside the
atomic number. nucleus of an atom is called its atomic mass number.
2. Atomic number depends upon the number of protons or 2.Atomic mass number depends upon the number of neutrons.
electron of an atom.
3. Atomic number is represented by Z. 3. It is represented by „A‟ which is written as: A = Z + N
4. It is written at the bottom left side of the symbol of an 4. It is written at the top left side of the symbol of an element
element e.g e.g

4 4
2 H e
here 2 is atomic number of H e
. 2 H e
here 4 is atomic number of H e
.
Symbolic representation of an element is AZ X here Z is atomic Symbolic representation of an element is AZ X here A is mass
Number. number

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5. What do you mean by the term radioactivity? Why some elements are radioactive but some are not?

Ans: Radioactivity:“The spontaneous emission of radiations by unstable nuclei is called natural radioactivity.”

Radioactive elements:“The elements which emit such radiations are called radioactive elements.” e.g uranium, polonium
and radium etc. the element whose atomic number is less than 82, does not emit such radiations because they are stable.

6. How can you make radioactive elements artificially? Describe with a suitable example.

Ans: The process in which bombardment of protons and neutrons on the stable nuclei makes it radioactive element which
is also called artificial radioactivity .When an element whose atomic number is less than 82 is bombarded with
protons or neutrons, it starts emitting radiations . e .g

n  11 N a  11 N a    rays
1 23 24
0

7.What are the three basic radioactive decay processes and how do they differ from each other?

Ans:There are three basic radioactive decay process and they differ by change in the atomic number and mass number.

Gamma rays are usually emitted along with either an alpha or a beta particle.

8.What do you understand by half-life of a radioactive element?

Ans: Half life: “The time during which half of the unstable radioactive nuclei disintegrate is called the half life of the
sample of radioactive element.”

The process of radioactivity is random and the rate of radioactive decay is proportional to the number of unstable
radioactive nuclei decays in a certain time.

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Remaining atoms=original atoms  1

2t

N  N 0 1
2t

9.Is radioactivity a spontaneous process? Elaborate your answer with a simple experiment.

Ans: Yes, radioactivity is a spontaneous process because such elements having atomic number more than 82 are unstable.
These elements emit radiations naturally. That‟s why radioactivity is a spontaneous process .In radioactive decay an
unstable parent nuclide X changes into a daughter nuclides Y with the emission of alpha (  ), beta (  ) and
Gamma (  ) particles.

10. What is meant by background radiations? Enlist some sources of background radiations.

Ans: Background radiations:“Radiations present in atmosphere due to different radioactive substances are called
background radiations.”

Sources: Everywhere in rocks, soil, water and air of our planet (Earth) there are traces of radioactive elements. They
emit the radiation every time, this natural radioactivity is called the background radiation.

11. Describe two uses of radioisotopes in medicine, industry or research.

Ans:In medicine:

i. Radio Iodine -131 is used in curing cancer of thyroid gland.

ii. P – 32 is used to diagnose the brain tumors.

i. To locate the wear and tear of the moving parts of machinery.

ii. For the location of leaks in underground pipes.

i. P – 32, to find how well the plants are absorbing fertilizer.

12. What are two common radiation hazards? Briefly describe the precautions that are taken against them.

Ans: Radiation hazards:

i. Radiation burns, mainly due to beta and gamma radiations, which may cause redness and sores on the skin.

ii. Sterility (i.e. inability to produce children)

iii. Genetic mutations in both human and plants. Some children are born with serious deformities.

Precautions to minimize radiation dangers:

i. The sources should only handled with tongs and forceps.

ii. The user should use rubber gloves and hands should be washed carefully after the experiment.

iii. All radioactive sources should be stored in thick lead containers.

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13. Nuclear fusion reaction is more reliable and sustainable source of energy than nuclear fission chain reaction.
Justify this statement with argument.

Ans: Nuclear fission is more reliable than nuclear fission.

i. Nuclear waste doesn‟t produce.

ii. Small nuclei combine to form heavy and large nucleus with the evolution of large amount of heat.
14. A nitrogen nuclide decay to become an oxygen nuclide by emitting an electron. Show this process with an
equation.

Ans:-
14
7 N  148 O  0
1 

15.Define the following terms.

(a)Cosmic radiations (b) Secondary radiations (c) Tracers (d) Carbon dating (e) Fission(f) Fusion

Ans:-

Cosmic radiations:-

The Earth , and all living things on it also receive radiation from outer space. This radiation is called cosmic radiation

which primarily consists of protons, electrons, alpha particles and larger nuclei.

Secondary radiations:-

The cosmic radiation interacts with atoms in the atmosphere to create a shower of secondary radiation,

including X-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, electrons, and neutrons.

Tracers:-

Radioactive tracers are chemical compounds containing some quantity of radio isotope.

Carbon dating:-

Carbon dating, or radiocarbon dating, is a method used to date materials that once exchanged carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. In
other words, things that were living. .By measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in the organism, it's possible to work out how old it
is.

Fission:-
Nuclear fission takes place when a heavy nucleus, such as U-235, splits, or fissions, into two smaller nuclei by absorbing a slow
moving (low-energy) neutron.

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Fusion:- When two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the process is called nuclear
fusion.

Conceptual Questions

1. Is it possible for an element to have different types of atoms? Explain.

Ans: Yes, it is possible as from the definition of isotopes the elemtn could have same atomic number but different atomic
mass. Hydrogen has three isotopes.

2. What nuclear reaction would release more energy, the fission reaction or the fuision reaction? Explain.

Ans: The fusion reaction release large amount of energy because two hydrogen atoms combine to form a single helium
atom with 25.7MeV of energy and neutrons.

3. Which has more penetrating power, alpha particle or gamma ray photon?

Ans: Gamma rays has more penetrating power, due to negligible ionization in materials, that is why beta particles have
range of several metres in air. On the other hand, alpha particles have high mass and more ionizing power, therefore, its

range is only a few centimeters in air.

4. What is the difference between natural and artificial radioactivity?

Ans: Natural radioactivity:“The spontaneous emission of radiation by unstable nuclei (having atomic no. more than 82)
is called natural radioactivity.”

Artificial radioactivity:“The emission of radiations by stable nuclei (atomic no. 82 or less than 82) with bombardment of
neutrons is called artificial radioactivity.”

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5.How long would you likely have to wait to watch any sample of radioactive atoms completely decay?

Ans: None of elements can ever decay completely. It depends upon the half life of radioactive element.

6. Which type of natural radioactivity leaves the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus

unchanged?

Ans: Gamma decay is a type of natural radioactivity which leaves the number of protons and the number neutrons in the
nucleus unchanged.

7.How much of a 1g sample of pure radioactive matter would be left undecayed after four half lives?
Ans.Given data

we know that
1
Hald life= t
2
T 4
Remaining atoms=original atoms  1
2t

N  N 0 1
2t
4
1
N  1g   
2
1
N=1 
16
Re maining quantity=0.0625gm

8. Tritium, 13 H is radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It decays by emitting an electron.

What is the daughter nucleus?

Ans:-

General equation:
A
Z H A
Z 1 Y 0
1 e  Energy
Equation of Tritium:
1
3 H 3
11 X 0
1 e  Energy
Daughter nuclei is an isotope of helium 23 H e .

14
9. What information about the structure of the nitrogen atom can be obtained from its nuclide 7 N ? In what way

atom in 147 N is different from the atom i 167 N ?

Ans.

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Nuclide of Nitrogen= 147 N

Structure:-
Electrons=7
Protons=7
Neutrons=7
14 16
Secondly, 7 N is different from 7 N due to different number of neutrons.In 167 N the number of neutrons are 9,
but number of protons are same i.e 7.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

Chapter no:-10

Impotant formulas

Time period of simple  Time period of mass spring m

T  2 T  2
pendulum g system k
Frequency n
f 
Speed v
s
t t
Time period 1 Wave equation v f
T
f

Important values and units

Physical unit symbol

quantity
1.time period second s
2.frequency Hertz Hz
3.wavelength meter m
4.unit of g Meter per ms-2
second square

Important values
1m 102cm
1M 106

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-11

Impotant formulas

Values & units

Physical quantities units
Intensity= I wm 2
Sound level= L  L0 dB(decibel) or
bell(larger unit)
Wavelength=  m(meter)
Frequency= f Hz (HertzS)

Important formulas
n d 1 v f s  vt
f  v T
t t f
I 0  1012 wm2
og10  1 wm 2

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-12

Impotant formulas

R sin 1
f  n
2 sin  2
1 1 1 sin i
  n
f p q sin r
h q 1
m m i  sin c 
hr p n

For mirrors:

Quantity When positive (+) When negative (-)

Real object Virtual object

Object distance (p)
Real image Virtual image
Image distance (q)
Concave mirror Concave mirror
Focal length (f)

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-13

Impotant formulas

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-14

Impotant formulas

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-15

Impotant formulas

N s Vs

N p Vp
VP I P  VS I S

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-18

Impotant formulas

Total time
Number of half life=
Half life
T
n
T1
2
1
Remaining quantity=   N0
2n

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

Chapter no:-18

ALTERNATE SOLUTION

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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Written By:- Shamoon Bahadar SST.Physics GHS COMPREHENSIVE SAHIWAL 0345-7444372

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