INTEGR ATED PRINC IPLES OF

EIGHTEENTH EDITION
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
PR OFE SSOR E MER I T US
WASHINGT ON AND LEE UNI VER SI T Y

Susan L. Keen
UNI VER SI T Y OF C ALIFORNI A–DAV IS

David J. Eisenhour
MOREHE AD STAT E UNI VER SI T Y

Allan Larson
WASHINGT ON UNI VER SI T Y

Helen I’Anson
WASHINGT ON AND LEE UNI VER SI T Y

Original Artwork by
WILLIAM C. OBER, M.D.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
and
CLAIRE W. OBER, B.A.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY

Reinforced Binding
What does it mean?
Since high schools frequently adopt for several years, it is important that a textbook can
withstand the wear and tear of usage by multiple students. To ensure durability, McGraw-Hill
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 CONTENTS IN BRIEF

About the Authors ix 20 Crustaceans 428

Preface x
21 Hexapods 450
22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 480
23 Chordates 506
PART ONE 24 Fishes 524
25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552
Introduction to Living Animals
26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571
1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1 27 Birds 593
2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20 28 Mammals 619
3 Cells as Units of Life 36
4 Cellular Metabolism 57

PART FOUR
PART T WO Activity of Life
29 Support, Protection, and Movement 648
Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
5 Genetics: A Review 73 and Temperature Regulation 669
6 Organic Evolution 103 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689
7 The Reproductive Process 137 32 Digestion and Nutrition 711
8 Principles of Development 158 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 729
34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755
PART THREE 35 Immunity 773
36 Animal Behavior 787
Diversity of Animal Life
9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187
10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201 PART FIVE
11 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220
12 Sponges and Placozoans 250 Animals and Their Environments
13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264 37 Animal Distributions 806
14 Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294 38 Animal Ecology 826
15 Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325
16 Molluscs 338 Glossary G-1
17 Annelids 369 Index I-1
18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 391
19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Authors ix 3.3 Mitosis and Cell Division 51

Preface x Summary 54

CHAPTER 4
PART ONE Cellular Metabolism 57
4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 58
4.2 The Role of Enzymes 59
4.3 Enzyme Regulation 61
4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 62
4.5 Cellular Respiration 63
4.6 Metabolism of Lipids 69
4.7 Metabolism of Proteins 70
Summary 71

PART T WO

Introduction to Living Animals

CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the Science
of Zoology 1
1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life 2
1.2 Zoology as a Part of Biology 9
1.3 Principles of Science 9
1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity 13
Summary 18

Continuity and Evolution

CHAPTER 2 of Animal Life
The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20
2.1 Water and Life 21 CHAPTER 5
2.2 Macromolecules 23 Genetics: A Review 73
2.3 Chemical Evolution 26
2.4 Origin of Living Systems 29 5.1 Mendel’s Investigations 74
2.5 Precambrian Life 31 5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 74
Summary 34 5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 79
5.4 Gene Theory 88
5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 88
CHAPTER 3 5.6 Gene Mutations 98
Cells as Units of Life 36 5.7 Molecular Genetics of Cancer 99
Summary 99
3.1 Cell Concept 37
3.2 Organization of Cells 39

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 Table of Contents v

CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 9
Organic Evolution 103 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187
6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 104 9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 188
6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence 107 9.2 Animal Body Plans 189
6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory 125 9.3 Components of Animal Bodies 193
6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species 126 9.4 Complexity and Body Size 198
6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 132 Summary 199
Summary 134

CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201
The Reproductive Process 137
10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy 202
7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process 138 10.2 Species 204
7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 142 10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 209
7.3 Reproductive Patterns 146 10.4 Theories of Taxonomy 211
7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems 147 10.5 Major Divisions of Life 217
7.5 Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction 149 10.6 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 217
Summary 156 Summary 218

CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 11
Principles of Development 158 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220
8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 159 11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 221
8.2 Fertilization 160 11.2 Form and Function 225
8.3 Cleavage and Early Development 163 11.3 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 231
8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 165 11.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 245
8.5 Mechanisms of Development 167 Summary 248
8.6 Gene Expression During Development 170
8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals 173
8.8 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 178 CHAPTER 12
8.9 Vertebrate Development 178 Sponges and Placozoans 250
8.10 Development of Systems and Organs 181
Summary 185 12.1 Origin of Animals 251
12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges 251
12.3 Phylum Placozoa 262
Summary 263
PART THREE
CHAPTER 13
Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264
13.1 Phylum Cnidaria 265
13.2 Phylum Ctenophora 287
13.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 290
Summary 292

CHAPTER 14
Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294
14.1 Phylum Xenacoelomorpha 295
14.2 Clades Within Protostomia 297
14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes 297
Diversity of Animal Life 14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha 312
14.5 Clade Gnathifera 313
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14.6 Phylum Gnathostomulida 314 18.8 Phylum Tardigrada 404

14.7 Phylum Micrognathozoa 315 18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 406
14.8 Phylum Rotifera 316 Summary 407
14.9 Phylum Acanthocephala 318
14.10 Phylum Mesozoa 320
14.11 Phylogeny 320 CHAPTER 19
Summary 322 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409
19.1 Phylum Arthropoda 410
CHAPTER 15 19.2 Subphylum Trilobita 413
Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325 19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata 414
19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda 422
15.1 Clade Polyzoa 327 19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 425
15.2 Phylum Cycliophora 327 Summary 426
15.3 Phylum Entoprocta 327
15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 328
15.5 Clade Trochozoa 331 CHAPTER 20
15.6 Clade Brachiozoa 331 Crustaceans 428
15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda 331
15.8 Phylum Phoronida 332 20.1 Subphylum Crustacea 430
15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 333 20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 438
15.10 Phylogeny 335 20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 447
Summary 336 Summary 448

CHAPTER 16 CHAPTER 21
Molluscs 338 Hexapods 450
21.1 Classes Entognatha and Insecta 451
16.1 Molluscs 339
21.2 External Form and Function 451
16.2 Form and Function 341
21.3 Internal Form and Function 457
16.3 Classes of Molluscs 344
21.4 Metamorphosis and Growth 464
16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 364
21.5 Behavior and Defense 466
Summary 367
21.6 Insects and Human Welfare 470
21.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 476
Summary 477
CHAPTER 17
Annelids 369
CHAPTER 22
17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids), Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and
Sipunculans, and Echiurans 371
17.2 Errantia 374
Hemichordates 480
17.3 Sedentaria 376 22.1 Phylum Chaetognatha 482
17.4 Clade Clitellata 381 22.2 Form and Function 482
17.5 Evolutionary Significance of a Coelom and Metamerism 388 22.3 Clade Ambulacraria 483
17.6 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 389 22.4 Phylum Echinodermata 483
Summary 389 22.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Echinoderms 499
22.6 Phylum Hemichordata 500
22.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Hemichordates 503
CHAPTER 18 Summary 504
Smaller Ecdysozoans 391
18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms 392 CHAPTER 23
18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha 400 Chordates 506
18.3 Phylum Loricifera 401
18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha 401 23.1 Ancestry and Evolution of the Chordates 507
18.5 Phylum Priapulida 402 23.2 Five Chordate Characteristics 510
18.6 Clade Panarthropoda 403 23.3 Subphylum Urochordata 512
18.7 Phylum Onychophora 403 23.4 Subphylum Cephalochordata 514
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23.5 Subphylum Vertebrata 515

Summary 522 PART FOUR

CHAPTER 24
Fishes 524
24.1 Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups
of Fishes 525
24.2 Living Jawless Fishes 525
24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 531
24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods 535
24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 539
Summary 549

CHAPTER 25
Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552
Activity of Life
25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods 553
25.2 Temnospondyls and Modern Amphibians 555
25.3 Caecilians: Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) 557 CHAPTER 29
25.4 Salamanders: Order Urodela (Caudata) 557 Support, Protection, and Movement 648
25.5 Frogs and Toads: Order Anura (Salientia) 560
Summary 569 29.1 Integument 649
29.2 Skeletal Systems 652
29.3 Animal Movement 658
Summary 667
CHAPTER 26
Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571
CHAPTER 30
26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes 572
26.2 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
Groups 577 and Temperature Regulation 669
Summary 591
30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation 670
30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures 674
30.3 Vertebrate Kidney 676
CHAPTER 27 30.4 Temperature Regulation 682
Birds 593 Summary 686

27.1 Origin and Relationships 594

27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight 597 CHAPTER 31
27.3 Flight 605 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689
27.4 Migration and Navigation 608
27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction 610 31.1 Internal Fluid Environment 690
27.6 Bird Populations and Their Conservation 613 31.2 Composition of Blood 691
Summary 617 31.3 Circulation 693
31.4 Respiration 701
Summary 709
CHAPTER 28
Mammals 619 CHAPTER 32
28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals 620
Digestion and Nutrition 711
28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 623 32.1 Feeding Mechanisms 712
28.3 Humans and Mammals 637 32.2 Digestion 715
28.4 Human Evolution 638 32.3 Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals 717
Summary 646 32.4 Regulation of Food Intake 722
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32.5 Nutritional Requirements 724

Summary 727 PART FIVE

CHAPTER 33
Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and
Sense Organs 729
33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 730
33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 734
33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems 736
33.4 Sense Organs 742
Summary 753

CHAPTER 34
Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755 Animals and Their Environments
34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 756
34.2 Invertebrate Hormones 758
34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 760 CHAPTER 37
Summary 770
Animal Distributions 806
37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography 807
CHAPTER 35 37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth 813
Immunity 773 Summary 824

35.1 Susceptibility and Resistance 774

35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms 774
35.3 Immunity in Invertebrates 778 CHAPTER 38
35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 778 Animal Ecology 826
35.5 Blood Group Antigens 784
Summary 785 38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology 827
38.2 Populations 828
38.3 Community Ecology 832
CHAPTER 36 38.4 Ecosystems 836
38.5 Extinction and Biodiversity 840
Animal Behavior 787 Summary 843
36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 789
36.2 Control of Behavior 790 Glossary G-1
36.3 Social Behavior 794 Index I-1
Summary 803