One-Dimensional, Steady-State

Conduction

CHAPTER 3

Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Ed., Wiley, 2017 1
Chapter Map
Part I: One dimensional, steady state CONDUCTION with No heat generation
3.1 The Plane Wall
3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis
3.3 Radial System
3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Results
Part II: One dimensional, steady state CONDUCTION with heat generation
3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation
Part III: 3.6 Heat Transfer for Extended Surfaces (Separated PowerPoint file)
3.10 Summary (Reading)
Not included in this course:
3.7 The Bioheat Equation 3.8 Thermoelectric Power Generation 3.9 Micro and Nanoscale Conduction

Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Ed., Wiley, 2013 2
 3.1 Plane Wall

3.1.1 Temperature Distribution

• Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:

◦ if k = constant, general heat diffusion equation reduces to

d 2T d  dT 
0 or  0
dx 2
dx  dx 
◦ separating variables and integrating yields

dT
 C1 and then T ( x)  C1 x  C2
dx
◦ where T(x) is the general solution; C1 and C2 are integration
constants that are determined from boundary conditions.

T  x   T s ,2 T s ,1 1 T s ,1
◦ Boundary Conditions: x
 3.3
T  0   T s ,1, T  L   T s ,2
After substituting BCs
L

3
Recall
Chapter 1
1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept
The heat transfer rates for the three modes of heat transfer, can be expressed in the form

T 1 T 2
qcond  kA qconv  hA s ( T s  T  ) q rad  hr A s (T s T surr )
L
T T s T  T s T surr
  
R cond R conv R rad

L 1 1
R cond  Rconv  R rad 
kA hAs hr A s
hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2
 1.9 
 3.1 Plane Wall (cont.)

3.1.2 Thermal Resistance

Heat Flux Heat Rate:

 T s ,1 T s ,2  T s ,1 T s ,2 
dT k dT kA
q x  k (3.5) q x  kA  (3.4)
dx L dx L

T
* Recall; Thermal Resistances Rt  * Thermal Circuits for combined modes:
q

L
Conduction in a plane wall: Rt ,cond  (3.6)
kA
1
Convection: q = hAs(TS - T∞) Rt ,conv  (3.9) Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:
hA

Rt ,rad 
1 T ,1 T ,2 1 L 1
Radiation: qrad = hrAs(TS - Tsurr)
hr A
(3.13)
qx  (3.11) R tot    (3.12)
R tot h 1A kA h 2A

5
 3.1 Plane Wall (cont.)

3.1.3 The Composite Wall

• Composite Wall with Negligible Contact Resistance:

T  ,1 T ,4
qx  (3.14)
 Rt

• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :

A modified form of Newton’s law of cooling to
encompass multiple resistances to heat transfer.
For the temperature distribution
shown, kA > kB < kC.
q x  UA T overall (3.17)

1  1 L A L B LC 1  R tot

R tot 
1
(3.19)
 Rt  R tot        
UA A  1
h k A k B k C h 4 A

6
Problem 3.12

7
Example from old major exam
A house has a composite wall of plywood, fiberglass insulation, and plaster board, as indicated in the sketch. On a cold
winter day, the convection heat transfer coefficients are ho = 60 W/m2.K (outside) and hi = 30 W/m2.K (inside). The wall
surface area is 200 m2. The thermal conductivities are
kb = 0.038 W/m⋅K ks = 0.12 W/m⋅K kp = 0.17 W/m⋅K

• Draw the thermal circuit and determine the expression for the total thermal
resistance of the wall, including inside and outside convection effects for the
prescribed conditions.
• Determine the total heat loss through the wall?
T0 T1 T2
1 K
R tot  0.033  0.059  2.63  0.167  0.0167  14.5 103
200 W
T ,i T ,o 20  (15)
qx    2.4kW
Rtot 14.5  103
• Determine the temperature T0 and the interface temperatures T1 and T2?
The rate equation can be written as
T T 0 T T 1 T  ,i  T 2
q   ,i   ,i   2400 W
R conv ,i R conv ,i  R p R conv ,i  R p  R b
 0.033 
 T 0  20  2400     19.6 C
o  0.033  0.059 
 T 1  20  2400     18.9 C
o
1  1 L p Lb Ls 1 
 200   200  R tot       
 0.033  0.059  2.63 
 T 2  20  2400     12.6 C
o A  hi k p k b k s ho 
 200 

8
 3.1 Plane Wall (cont.)

3.1.4 Contact Resistance:

• Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:
L
Rt,cond 
k Units: Rt  K/W
1
Rt,conv 
h Rt  m 2  K/W
1
Rt,rad 
hr

T T B Rt,c
Rt,c  A Rt ,c 
q x Ac
𝑅″ 𝑡,𝑐 : values depend on: Materials A and B, surface
finishes, interstitial conditions, and contact
pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)

9
 3.3 Radial Systems
Heat Diffusion Eq. for cylindrical
wall: 1D, SS, no heat generation

3.3.1 The Tube Wall 1 d  dT 

 kr 0 (3.28)
r dr  dr 
General form of heat diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates:
1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr  2 k  k   q   c
 r     z  z
p
r r  r  t
One-dimensional conduction No heat generation
Steady state

1 d dT Ts ,1  C1 ln r1  C2
(kr )0
r dr dr Ts ,2  C1 ln r2  C2
d dT
k is constant: (r )0 Subtract
dr dr
T1 T 2  C 1 ln r1  C 1 ln r2 T s ,1 T s ,2 r 
dT T (r )  ln   T s ,2
1st integration: r  C1 r
 C 1 ln( 1 ) ln (r1 r2 )  r2 
dr r2

2nd integration with Ts ,1  Ts ,2 Note that the temperature distribution associated with
separation of variables: C1 
ln(r1 r2 ) radial conduction through a cylindrical wall is
T(r) = C 1 ln  r  +C 2 logarithmic, not linear, as it is for the plane wall
T T
T(r1 )= Ts ,1 C 2  T 2  s ,1 s ,2 ln  r2  under the same conditions.
Need 2 B.C’s: T(r2 )= Ts ,2 ln(r1 r2 )

10
 3.3 Radial Systems (cont.)

3.3.1 The Tube Wall

qr  k
dT

k
dr r ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  [W/m2]

2 k
• Heat Flux and Heat Rate: qr  2 rqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
Ts,1  Ts,2  [W/m]

2 Lk
qr  2 rLqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  [W] (3.32)

• Conduction Resistance:
ln  r2 / r1 
Rt ,cond  [K/W] (3.33)
2 Lk
ln  r2 / r1 
Rt,cond  [m  K/W]
2 k

Why doesn’t a surface area appear in the expressions for the thermal resistance?

11
 3.3 Radial Systems (cont.)

3.3.1 The Tube Wall

• Composite Wall with Negligible Contact Resistance

T,1  T,4
qr 
Rtot

 UA T,1  T,4  (3.35)

Note that
UA  Rtot 1
is a constant independent of radius,

but U itself is tied to specification of an interface.

1
U i   Ai Rtot  (3.37)

12
 3.3 Radial Systems

3.3.2 Spherical Shell

1 d  2 dT 
- Heat Equation:
2 dr 
r 0
r  dr 
oWhat does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr
with r? Is this result consistent with conservation of energy?

oHow does qr vary with r ?

- Temperature Distribution for Constant k - Heat Rate:

T  r   Ts ,1  Ts ,1  Ts ,2 
 
1  r1/ r
qr 
4 k
T T  (3.40)

1  r1 / r 2  1/ r1   1/ r2  s ,1 s ,2

- Heat flux: - Thermal Resistance:

qr  k
dT
 2
k
Ts,1  Ts,2  Rt ,cond 
1 / r1   1 / r2  (3.41)
dr r 1 / r1   1 / r2   4 k
13
 A composite spherical shell of inner radius r1 = 0.25 m is constructed from lead of outer radius r2 = 0.30 m and AISI
302 stainless steel of outer radius r3 = 0.31 m. The cavity is filled with radioactive wastes that generate heat at a rate
of 𝑞ሶ = 5 × 105 W/m3. It is proposed to submerge the container in oceanic waters that are at a temperature of T = 10
0C and provide a uniform convection coefficient of h = 500 W/m2.K at the outer surface of the container.

Are there any problems associated with this proposal?

ASSUMPTIONS:
(1) One-dimensional conduction,
(2) Steady-state conditions,
(3) Constant properties at 300K,
(4) Negligible contact resistance.

ANALYSIS: Draw the thermal circuit, which follows that PROPERTIES: Table A-1,
Lead: k = 35.3 W/m∙K, Melting Point = 601 K;
T -T 4 
q = 1   q   r13   5 105 W/m3  4 / 3 0.25m   32, 725 W
3 Stainless Steel (302) : k = 15.1 W/m∙K.
R tot 3 
The inner surface temperature is
The thermal resistances are: T1  T   R tot  q  405 K  MP  601 K
 1 1 
RPb  1/  4  35.3 W/m  K     0.00150 K/W
 0.25m 0.30m  Hence, from the thermal standpoint, the proposal is adequate.
 1 1 
RS.Steel  1/  4 15.1 W/m  K      0.000567 K/W Rtot  0.00372 K/W
 0.30m 0.31m 
COMMENTS: In fabrication, attention should be given to
   
Rconv  1/ 4  0.312 m 2  500 W/m 2  K   0.00166 K/W maintaining a good thermal contact. A protective outer coating should
be applied to prevent long term corrosion of the stainless steel.

14
Problem 3.50

15
 3.3 Radial Systems (cont.)

Example 3.6: Critical radius of insulation

TT11 TT11
Competing effects:
h,h,TT∞∞ h,h,TT∞∞ Although the conduction resistance increases with the addition of insulation,
rr11
the convection resistance decreases due to increasing outer surface area.
T T
qq  T11 T; ; T T From Example 3.6
RRcnv qq T1 1 T; ;
RRcnv T1  T 
q
cnv

R tot  r2 
cnv

1 1 11  1
 1 RRcnv  Rcnv
22rr hh h  2 r1l 
Rcnv
RRcnv
cnv hA hA cnv
dR tot k
hA
 0  rcr  Cylinder 
dr2 h
TT11
TT11 2k
rcr  Sphere 
h,h,TT∞∞ h,h,TT∞∞ h
rr11
So, Rtot is minimum at r = rcr.
Hence q is maximum at r = r cr.
rr22 T T
qq  T11 T
T T
LL qq T1 1 T - below which q increases with r
RRcnd RRcnv RRcnd RRcnv - above which q decreases with r
cnd cnv cnd cnv r2 – r1
L 1 ln  r r  1
RR cnd  L ; R
L ; Rcnv 11 RR  lnlnrr2/ /r1r11; ;R Rcnv  11 Even with adding insulation of 20 mm thick, we are not

R cnd kAkA; R cnv hA hA
cnd cnv Rcndcnd  2kAk ; Rcnvcnv 2 hr h2 r2l 
cnd
kA hA 2 k 2 r h thermally benefiting from this extra material.

16
3.4 Summary

20
One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
with Thermal Energy Generation

CHAPTER THREE
SECTION 3.5, APPENDIX C

21
3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation

1-D, S-S Conduction in Simple Geometries with

Heat Generation
 Thermal energy can be generated within a material due to conversion from some other energy form:
◦ Electrical
◦ Nuclear
◦ Chemical

 The source may be uniformly distributed, as in the conversion from electrical to thermal energy (Ohmic,
resistance or Joule heating):
Eg I 2 Re
Energy Rate: E g  I Re
2
Volumetric Rate: q  (3.43)
V V

 Or it may be non-uniformly distributed, as in the absorption of radiation passing through a semi-transparent

medium. For a plane wall, q  e  x
 T q / k  0
2

 Governing heat diffusion equation if k = constant: d T

2

T 
2
where 2
for Cartesian systems
dx

22
3.5 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation (Cont.)

3.5.1 The Plane Wall

• Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a plane wall of constant k, uniform generation, and
asymmetric surface conditions:

d  dT  d 2T q
• Heat Equation: k  q  0   0 (3.44)
dx  dx  dx 2 k

• General Solution: T  x    
 q  2
 x  C 1x  C 2 (3.45)
 2k 

What is the form of the temperature distribution for

q  0? q > 0? q < 0?

How does the temperature distribution change with increasing q?

23
 End of lecture 10

3.5.1 The Plane Wall

(Symmetric Surface Conditions or One Surface Insulated):

• Temperature Distribution:

q L2  x 2 
T x    1  2  T s (3.47)
2k  L 

• How do we determine Ts?

Overall energy balance on the wall →  E out  E g  0

hA s T s T    q A s L  0

qL
Ts T  (3.51)
h

• How do we determine the heat rate at x = L?

24
 Example 3.7
A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B.
- Material A has uniform heat generation q˙ =1.5×106 [W/m3], kA = 75W/m.K,

LA = 50 mm. The inner surface of material A is well insulated.

- Material B has no generation , kB =150 W/m.K LB = 20 mm. The outer
surface is cooled by a water stream T∞ = 30 C and h = 1000 W/m2 K.

1. Sketch the temperature distribution that exists in the composite under steady-state
conditions.
2. Determine the temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 of
the cooled surface.
qL A
T2 T   105 o C
h

T 0  25  115  140 o C

25
 3.5.2Radial Systems (be careful!! Tube vs Rod)
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)

Cylindrical Rod
Solid Sphere
Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod)

Cylindrical Spherical

• Heat Equations: 1 d  dT  1 d  2 dT 
 kr  q  0  kr  q  0
r dr  dr  r 2 dr  dr 

26
 3.5.2 Radial Systems
Heat generation in a “Solid” cylinder
1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr  k   k   q  c p
r r  r  r 2     z  z  t
The 1st B.C at r1 requires that C1 = 0 1q 2 1q 2
1 d  dT
 kr

q 0
T (r )  T s  r0  r
r dr  dr  dT 1 qr 4k 4k

dr 2 k qr02 r2
T (r )  (1  2 )  Ts
1 q r2 4k r0
T (r )   C 2
2k 2
To find Tmax , substitute r = 0 at the center
Apply the 2nd B.C at r0
1 2
dT q r2
1q 2 Tmax  Ts  r0 q
r.   C1 Ts   .r0  C 2 4k
dr k 2 4k
To find Ts, apply overall energy balance
1q 2 qro
dT

1 qr C 1
 C 2 Ts  .r0 • • Ts T 
dr 2 k r 4k E g  E out  q ( ro 2 L )  h (2 ro L )(T s -T  ) 2h

27
1D – Steady State with NO Heat Generation

28
1D – Steady State with Uniform Heat Generation

Asymmetrical Surface Conditions, Walls

29
1D – Steady State with Uniform Heat Generation

Symmetric (One adiabatic surface) Ts,1= Ts,2

30
 Problem 3.85
Schematic:

If thermal energy is uniformly generated in the fuel element at a rate q  10 W/m ,

8 3

What are the temperatures T1 and T2 at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively, of the fuel element?

Assumptions: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant

properties, (4) Negligible contact resistance, (5) Negligible radiation.

Properties: Table A.1, Thorium: T mp  2000K; Table A.2, Graphite: T mp  2300K.

31
Problem: 3.100 (cont.)

Analysis: (a) The outer surface temperature of the fuel, T2 , may be determined from the rate equation

T 2 T  1n  r3 / r2  1
q  where  
R tot   0.0185 m  K/W

R tot 2 k g 2 r3h

• The heat rate may be determined by applying an energy balance to a control surface about the fuel
element,
• •
E out  E g or, per unit length, E out  E g

• Since the interior surface of the element is essentially adiabatic, it follows that

q   q   r22  r12   17,907 W/m

•

  T   17,907 W/m  0.0185 m K/W   600K  931K

Hence, T 2  q R tot
Since T1 and T2 are well below the melting
• With zero heat flux at the inner surface of the fuel element, Eq. C14 yields points of thorium and graphite, the prescribed
operating condition is acceptable.
•
 2 2 
•
q r  r1  q r12  r2 
T1  T 2  1 2 
2
1n    931K  25K  18K  938K <
4k t  r2  2k t  r1 
 

32
 Class Activity
Draw equivalent thermal circuit for this composite wall;
A- if it is cylinder,
B- and if it is sphere.
And write Rtot between T∞,1 and T∞,4 ?

1 ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(r4 / r3 ) 1

Rtot ,cyl     
2 r1Lh1 2 Lk A 2 Lk B 2 Lk C 2 r4Lh4

1 (1/ r1  1/ r2 ) (1/ r2  1/ r3 ) (1/ r3  1/ r4 ) 1

Rtot , sph     
4 r12Lh1 4 k 4 k 4 k 4 r4 2h4

T  ,1 T  ,4
The heat transfer is q
R tot

33