READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THAT

[Reviewer] CAN HELP STUDYING HISTORY

Sociology – the science of society, social

SOCIAL SCIENCE institutions, and social relationship; the systematic
- the study of society and the manner in which study of the development, structure interaction, and
people behave and influence the world collective behavior of organized groups of human
around us. being.
- it tells us about the world beyond our
immediate experience and can help explain Archeology – the scientific study of material
how our own society works – from the remains (such as tools, pottery, jewelry, stone walls,
causes of unemployment or what helps and monuments) of past human life and activities.
economic growth, to how and why people
vote, or what makes people happy. It Cartography – the science or art of making maps.
provides vital information for governments
and policymakers, local authorities, non- Anthropology – the study of the human race, its
governmental organizations, and others. culture and society, and its physical development;
the science of human beings; especially the study of
BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE human beings and their ancestors through time and
1. History space and in relation to physical character,
2. Geography environmental and social relations, and culture.
3. Political Science
4. Economics READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
5. Archaeology - analyzes Philippine History from multiple
6. Anthropology perspectives through the lens primary and
7. Psychology secondary sources.
8. Law - to analyze the author’s background and main
9. Linguistics arguments, compare different points of view,
identify biases, and examine the evidence
Psychology presented in the document.
- the science of the mental or behavioral
characteristics of an individual or group; the HISTORY
study of mind and behavior in relation to a - has always been a subject dreaded by
particular field of knowledge or activity. students because of one thing:
memorization,
Economics (1) - taken for granted by so many youths today.
- a social science concerned chiefly with - improper way of teaching Philippine History
description and analysis of the production, deprived many students the story of our
distribution, and consumption, of good and nation and the formation of our identity as
services. Filipinos.

Geography WHAT IS HISTORY?

- a science that deals with the description, - It is a continues process and written in a
distribution, and interaction of the diverse chronological order of events and it is
physical, biological, and cultural features of important to our society. It’s from the Greek
the earth’s surface; the study of the features word “HISTORIA” which means to search
and systems of the earth’s surface, including or look into. (2) As the time past by there are
continents, mountains, seas, weather, and some changes into its meaning. History is a
plant life, and the way in which countries brief summary or result based on a factual
and people organize life within area. research and it also deals with the sequence
of important events. It deals with science
 that describe and examine past event in the
specific group of people. - this means looking at the roots of modern
institutions, ideas, values, and problems.
The meaning of “History” excerpts from
Understanding History: A Primer of Historical - looking at the past teaches us to see the
Method by Louis Gottschalk (1950,New York: world through different eyes.
Knopf, p.17)
- The English word history is derived from the - appreciating the diversity of human
Greek noun ιστορία meaning learning. As perceptions, beliefs, and cultures
used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle,
history meant a systematic account of a set Significance of History
of natural phenomena, whether or not Studying history is really important especially in the
chronological factoring was a factor in the Philippine setting. These are the reasons why we
account in the course of time, however, the need to study:
equivalent Latin word (3) scientia (English,
science) came to be used more regularly to 1. We could determine and understand the
designate non-chronological systematic contribution of our ancestor in the foundation of our
accounts of natural phenomena; and the humanity, origin, and inherent culture. History gives
word history was reserved usually for picture to our humanity and to our society.
accounts of phenomena (especially human 2. We could understand the task in the present and
affairs) in chronological order. future if we study the history. The events in the past
- to make sense of history, it is necessary to has relation to our present and future. It gives
first understand what it is all about meaning in different things and events in our
- many people think that history is merely list society.
of names, dates, places, and “important” 3. History can be used to examine and forecast the
events, is more than just knowing and things in the environment and society. We’ve
memorizing facts learned to appreciate culture, love, and respect other
- the study of history, therefore, is the study of people in the world.
the beliefs and desires, practices and 4. History can give us deeper understanding of
institutions of human beings different problems and offer solutions in our present
- with this definition, history becomes an and future. In the study of the past events, we
active factor in the study of Philippine discover new ways in studying in solving problems
society. in the present and future.
- a look into the development of Philippine 5. History is an eye opener to understand our
culture, the influences of the colonial period culture, language and society. History may arouse
that would eventually shape the present patriotic, humanitarian nature in people
Philippine identity 6. History develops our knowledge about different
- by its most common definition, the word race of people, culture, place, and time.
history now means, “the past of 7. The stories of past about people and things in the
mankind.”… world we live provide valuable lessons to us.
- thee term ‘History’ has been taken from the
German word ‘Geschichte’ means an HISTORIOGRAPHY (4)
intelligible and significant narration of the • refers to the theory and history of historical
past events. writing
- Infact development of history started with • the writing of history, especially the writing of
the ancient Greek historians such as history based on the critical examination of sources.
Herodotus and Thucydides • the selection of particular details from the
authentic materials in those sources, and the
Why Study History? synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands
- an examination of the past can tell us the test of critical examination.
great deal about how we came to be
who we are.
• Modern historians aim to reconstruct a record of The historian, however, has to use many
human activities and to achieve a more profound materials that are not in books
understanding of them.
• This conception of their task is quite recent, dating Classification and Types of Historical Sources
from the development in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries of “scientific” history and the Main Types of Written Sources
simultaneous rise of history as an academic
profession. Primary Source
Historical research involves the following steps: A good definition of primary source is provided by
1. Identify an idea, topic, or research question Louis Gottschalk (1950) in his book Understanding
2. Conduct a background literature review History. According to him, a primary source is
3. Refine the research idea and questions ―the testimony of an eyewitness, or of a witness by
4. Determine those historical methods will be any other of the senses, or of a mechanical device
the method used like the Dictaphone–that is, of one who or that
5. Identify and locate primary and secondary which was present at the events of which he or it
data sources tells. Based on this definition, a myriad of examples
6. Evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of include the following: diaries, audio recordings,
source materials artifacts, letters, newspaper articles and documents
7. Analyze the date and develop a narrative such as birth certificates, marriage contracts, and
exposition of the findings. death certificates. Visual sources like works of arts,
photographs and videos are also included in this
Historical research relies on a wide variety of category.
sources, both primary &
secondary including unpublished material. Secondary Source
(5) Gottschalk (1950) defines a secondary source as
Primary Sources ―the testimony of anyone who is not an
- Eyewitness accounts of events eyewitness–that is, one who was not present at the
- Can be oral or written testimony events of which he tells.
- Found in public records & legal documents,
minutes of meetings, corporate records, Thus, the main difference between it and a primary
recordings, letters, diaries, journals, source is the presence of the writer or author or
drawings. observer to the event being described. Secondary
- Located in university archives, libraries or sources may include sources as bibliographies,
privately run collections such as local commentaries, annotations, dictionaries,
historical society. encyclopedias, journal articles, magazines,
monographs, and textbooks.
Secondary Sources
- Can be oral or written Unwritten Sources.
- Secondhand accounts of events Unwritten sources include the following: (1)
- Found in textbooks, encyclopedias, journal archaeological evidence; (2) oral evidence; and (3)
articles, newspapers, biographies and other material evidence. (6)
media such as films or tape recordings.

HISTORICAL SOURCES Tertiary Source

Understanding Sources The last kind of sources is the tertiary source. It
provides third hand information by reporting ideas
What are Sources? and details from secondary source. An eyewitness is
more reliable than testimony at second hand, which
In his work, Understanding History, is more reliable than hearsay or tertiary sources.
Gottschalk (1950) discusses the importance This does not mean that tertiary sources have no
of sources for the historian’s work: value, merely that they include potential for an
additional layer of bias. Some examples of this kind
of source are encyclopedia, almanac, Wikipedia, - What are the meanings in context?
YouTube,dictionaries, message boards, social media
sites and other search sites.
“History is written by the winners” – Napoleon
Bonaparte

Primary Sources “Those who cannot remember the past, are

condemned to repeat it.” – George Santayana
- Created at the time of an event, or very soon
after “The most effective way to destroy people is to
- Created by someone who saw or heard an deny and obliterate their own understanding of their
event themselves history” – George Orwell (7)
- Often one-of-a-kind, or rare
- Letters, diaries, photos and newspapers (can “Study the past if you would define the future” –
all be primary sources) Confucius

Secondary Sources “We are not makers of history. We are made by

history” – Martin Luther King Jr.
- Created after event, sometimes a long time
after something happened “The lack of a sense of history is the damnation of
- Often uses primary sources as examples the modern world” – Robert Penn Warren
- Expresses an opinion or an argument about a
past event “If you don’t know history, then you don’t know
- History textbooks, historical movies and anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t know it is a
biographies (can all be secondary sources) part of a tree” – Michael Crichton

SOURCE CRITICISM Selected Philippine Historian

EXTERNAL CRITICISM - Ayon kay Zeus Salazar, bagama’t
- appraises the AUTHENTICITY and magkatumbas, hindi magkasingkahulugan
AUTHORSHIP of the data source ang dalawang salitang ito. Kung ang
“History” ay “written record,” ang salitang
- When (date) was it written and published? ugat naman ng “Kasaysayan” ay “saysay”
- Where (localization) was it written and na dalawa ang kahulugan: (1) isang
published? salaysay o kwento, at (2) kahulugan,
- Who is the author? Is he/she credible? katuturan, kabuluhan at kahalagahan.
- Why did the document/story survive? Samakatuwid, ang “Kasaysayan” ay “mga
- From what pre-existing material was it salaysay na may saysay.”
produced?
- In what original form was it produced?
- What is the evidential value of its contents? Si Teodoro Agoncillo (8) ang kinikilálang ”ama ng
makabansang pananaw sa pagsulat ng kasaysayan.”
Iginiit niyá na dapat sulatin ang kasaysayan ng
INTERNAL CRITICISM Pilipinas ng isang Filipino at sa pananaw na Filipino
- appraises the MEANING and INTENT of at ipinakita ito sa kaniyang mga aklat, upang matigil
the data source ang lubhang pananalig noon sa historyang likha ng
mga dayuhan.
- Why was it written?
- What is the literal meaning of the text(s)?
- Is there internal consistency? Ayon kay Renato Constantino, ang kasaysayan ay
- What are the connotations? hindi lamang para sa mayaman at mga kilala sa
lipunan ngunit para din ito sa mga ordinaryong tao Trade and Industry, and succeed to the
at mamamayan (9) chieftainship of the barangay in the absence
of a male heir.
- had the exclusive right to name their
Para kay Jose Rizal, malaki ang halaga ng children
kasaysayan sa paglalarawan, pagpapaliwanag, at - men walked behind them as a sign of respect
paghuhusga ng kasalukuyan at sa paglalantad ng (15)
hinaharap. Ilan sa kanyang mga akda ang
naghahayag kung gaano kaimportante ang Marriage Customs
kasaysayan sa paghubog ng indibidwal, grupo, at - men were in general monogamous; while
bansa. “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa their wives are called asawa, while
pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa concubines are called “friends”. (16)
paroroonan.” - in order to win the hand of his lady, the man
has to show his patience and dedication to
both the lady and her parents.
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE - courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
(17)
HISTORY - if the man wins the trust of the parents, he
does not immediately marry the woman, but
MODE OF DRESSING he has to satisfy several conditions:
- Male attire: Kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and a. give a dowry or bigay-kaya
Bahag (loincloth) b. paid the panghihimuyat
- the color of the Kanggan indicates rank – c. pay the wet nurse of bigay-suso
red (11) for the chief, black or blue for the d. pay the parents himaraw
commoners. e. bribe for the relatives called sambon
- Men also wear Putong (turban), which also
tell the social status/achievement of the
individual wearing it.
- Female attire consisted of baro or camisa
(jacket with sleeves) and saya or patadyong
(a long skirt); some women wore a piece of
red or white cloth on top of their skirt called
tapis. (12)

Social classes
- the society was made up of three classes:
nobles (made up of the datu and their
families) mahadlika or maharlika (freemen)
and the alipin (dependants) (13)
- members of the nobility were addressed with
the title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs
- Alipin or dependents acquired their status by
inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to
settle debts, or by committing a crime.
- there were two kinds of dependent: aliping
namamahay and aliping sagigilid. (14)
- in the Visayas dependants were of three
kinds: tumataban, tumarampok, and ayuey.

Status Of Women
- Women in precolonial Philippine society
had the right to inherit property, engage in