Certificate

Certified that the work in this journal is the bona

fide works of Master -----of class XII division
A roll no: ---- recorded in the school laboratory
during the academic year 2022 - 2023.

Date:

Teacher in charge

Physics
MAPPING MAGNETIC
FIELD LINES OF A BAR
MAGNET
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time we are utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project. We take this
profound gratitude and deep regard to thank our physics
teacher Mrs.------------------------, for the vital support,
guidance and encouragement. Then we would like to thank
our parents and friends who have worked collectively with
their valuable suggestions and guidance which has helped in
various phases for the completion of the project. Last but not
the least we thank God, who made all the things possible
 INDEX

SI.
No. Name Page No. Signature
1 History
2 Introduction
3 AIM
4 THEORY
5 MAGNETIC FIELD
6 PROCEDURE

7. OBSERVATION

8 NEUTRAL POINTS
 History
 People have been aware of magnets and magnetism for

thousands of years. The earliest records date back to

ancient times, particularly in the region of Asia Minor

called Magnesia—the name of this region is the source of

words like magnet. Magnetic rocks found in Magnesia,

which is now part of western Turkey, stimulated interest

during ancient times. When humans first discovered

magnetic rocks, they likely found that certain parts of these

rocks attracted bits of iron or other magnetic rocks more

strongly than other parts. These areas are called the poles of

a magnet. A magnetic pole is the part of a magnet

that exerts the strongest force on other magnets or magnetic

material, such as iron. If a bar magnet is suspended so that

it rotates freely, one pole of the magnet will always turn

toward the north, with the opposite pole facing south. This

discovery led to the compass, which is simply a small,

elongated magnet mounted so that it can rotate freely.. The

pole of the magnet that orients northward is called

the north pole, and the opposite pole of the magnet is

called the south pole.

Introduction
 Magnetic field mapping is the production of maps or

images of magnetic fields in space. Magnetic field maps are

needed for designing and optimizing of magnets used in

particle accelerators, spectrometers (mass, nuclear magnetic

resonance, and electron paramagnetic resonance), and

magnetic resonance imaging systems.1 Two methods used for

mapping the magnetic field of a bar-magnet are: (i) Iron-

filings method. (ii) Compass needle method.

The objective of this lab is to understand the magnetic fields of

permanent magnets and
electromagnets. Permanent magnets are defined as a magnet
that retains its properties in the absence of
an inductive field or current. On the contrary, an electromagnet
is a magnet in which its magnetic field is
produced by an electric current. During the first part of the lab,
we will map the magnetic fields of a bar
magnet and an electromagnetic coil. After this, we will find the
magnetic field with a fixed current, and
then we will find the current with a fixed magnetic field
The objective of this lab is to understand the magnetic fields of
permanent magnets and
 electromagnets. Permanent magnets are defined as a magnet
that retains its properties in the absence of
an inductive field or current. On the contrary, an electromagnet
is a magnet in which its magnetic field is
produced by an electric current. During the first part of the lab,
we will map the magnetic fields of a bar
magnet and an electromagnetic coil. After this, we will find the
magnetic field with a fixed current, and
then we will find the current with a fixed magnetic field.

I. AIM:
 To find the magnetic field lines originating from
the bar magnet placing horizontally in the presence
in of the Earth’s magnetic field.
 To find the resultant of the bar’s magnetic field in
the presence of Earth’s magnetic field.
  Find the null points when the bar magnet is
placed with its magnetic south facing geographic
north and when its magnetic north is facing
geographic south.

II. THEORY:
 The property, due to which a substance attracts
iron pieces towards it, is called Magnetism. The
substance possessing the property of magnetism is
called as Magnets. Both poles of the magnets are
equally strong. For this reason, a magnet is also
called a magnetic dipole.
 Like poles repel eat other, unlike poles attract
each other.
 Repulsions are the sure test of magnetism.
 A single magnetic pole does not exist.

III. COULOMB’S LAW OF FORCE BETWEEN

MAGNETIC POLES
  Statement: The force of attraction or repulsion
between two magnetic poles is directly proportional
to the product of the strength of the two poles and
inversely proportional to the distance them.
The force is mutual and acts along
the line joining poles.
 Expression: If two magnetic poles of strength
+m1 and +m2 be kept at distance r apart the
repulsive force F between them is given by F = k
m1m2 /r2 where k is Constant of proportionality.
Its value depends upon the medium and system of
units chosen For medium as air, k = 1 in C.G.S units
.

and µ o/ 4 π in S.I units.{µo is permeability of free space,

its value being 4π * 10-7 weber /amp meter [Wb A-1 m-
1
]}.
IV. UNIT MAGNETIC POLE: For between two
magnetic fields poles in any medium is given by the
equation, F= µo/4π(µ)m1m2/r2 [S.I]
Where µ is permeability of medium.
 If m1 =m2 = +1 [+ for North Pole, - for South
Pole]
µ = 1 [for air, strictly vacuum]
r = 1 meter.
Then the general equation is changed as,
F = µ o/ 4 π = 10-7N
Hence, unit pole is that which when placed in air
[strictly at vacuum] at a distance of 1 meter from a
similar pole of same strength will repel it and will be
repelled by it, with a force of 10 -7N.
V. MAGNETIC FIELD
The space around a single magnetic pole or a
magnetic dipole in which its influence is experienced
by another single magnetic pole or magnetic dipole is
called the magnetic field of the first single magnetic
pole or magnetic dipole.
VI. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY
 Definition: Magnetic field intensity at a point in
the magnetic field of a single magnetic pole is
defined as the force experienced by a unit north
pole [test pole] placed at that point[ provided that
the presence of the test pole does not affect the
original field].It is represented by the symbol B.
It is also called MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY at that
point.
 EXPRESSION: For field pole strength m, m1=m,
m2=m [test pole] and F =B.
From expression,
F = k m1m2 /r2
We have,
B=m/r2[C.G.S Unit]
= µ o/ 4 π m/r2 [S.I.Unit]

 UNIT: S.I.Unit of B is Telsa [T].

 One Telsa is magnetic field intensity at a point, if a
force of one newton acts on a unit North Pole
placed there
[1 Telsa = 104 gauss = 10 -7 oersteds]

 DIRECTION: B is vector quantity [because it is

a force] represented by B. It acts in the direction of
force on a unit North Pole. Hence it acts away from
a north pole and towards a South Pole.

VII. UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic field in a space (region) is uniform, if
same force acts in same direction on a unit North
Pole at any point in that space (region).

VIII. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO BAR

MAGNET
A bar magnet(magnetic dipole) has a north(positive)
and a south (negative) pole of same strength
separated by a distance equal to the magnetic length
 of the magnet. At any point the magnetic field
intensity is the vector resultant of the magnetic field
intensities of the single magnetic poles. As the
orientation of these two magnetic poles change for
each point in the field the resultant magnetic field
intensity differs both in magnitude and direction and
direction from point to point. Two special cases arise:
i. When point lies on the axial line of magnet.
ii. When point lies on the equatorial line of the
magnet.

IX. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A

BAR MAGNET ATA POINT ON ITS AXIAL
LINE
 INTRODUCTION: Let a bar magnet have
pole strength m, magnetic length 2l and magnetic
moment M=2ml. Let P be a point on axial line at a
distance d from its centre O.

 FORMULA: Then the magnetic field intensity

at P due to North Pole,
= m/ (NP) 2 = m/ (r-l) 2 along NP……… (1)
Then magnetic field intensity at P due to South Pole,
=m/ (SP) 2 = m/ (r+l) 2 along SP……….. (2)
Resultant field intensity at P,
 FAXIAL = m/ (r-l) 2- m/ (r+l) 2 along NP
=m [(r+l) 2-(r-l) 2]/ (r2-l2)2
=2.2ml.r/ (r2-l2)2
FA =2Mr/ (r2-l2)2 along NP…….. (3)
For a short magnet, r>>>l,(r2-l2) =r4
Then FA =2M/r3 along North Pole……….. (4)

FA
=2M/r3
X. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A
POINT ON ITS EQUATORIAL LINE
 INTRODUCTION: Let a bar magnet have pole
strength m, magnetic length 2l and magnetic
moment M=2ml.

 CALCULATION: Magnetic field intensity at the

point P along the equatorial line of the bar magnet
is due to North Pole
= m/ (NP) 2 =m/ (d2+l2) along NPZ
Magnetic field intensity at P due to South Pole
=m/ (SP) 2= m/ (d2+l2) along South Pole
Angle of ZPX = SPX = PNS = PSN =α ……… (5)
Components of intensity along PZ are:
i. m/(d2+l2) sinα along PY
ii. m/(d2+l2) cosα along PX
Components of intensity along PS are:
i. m/(d2+l2) sinα along PO
ii. m/(d2+l2) cosα along PX.
The two sin components get cancelled and the
two cos components get added. Hence the
above four equations sums up as
Resultant field intensity at P,
FEQUATORIAL = 2 m/ (d2+l2) cosα along PX
= 2m/ (d2+l2) [l/ (d2+l2)1/2]
FE = M/ (d2+l2)3/2 Along PX [PX II NS]
For a short magnet, d>>>l, (d2+l2)3/2 = d3
Then, FE=M/d3 along South Pole ……… (6)
NOTE: From the equations (4) and (6) it is clear for short
magnets that FA=2FE.
XI. SUPERPOSITION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS OF
THE BAR MAGNET AND THE EARTH
Since Earth behaves as a magnet, it has its own
magnetic field (due to its horizontal component)
which is uniform over a wide region. When a
magnet is placed at a point, its magnetic field gets
superposed on that of the Earth. This modifies the
intensity of the magnetic field of magnet Resultant
magnetic field intensity round a magnet will change
with the orientation of the magnet .When this field
is mapped, different types of field patterns are
obtained.

XII. NEUTRAL POINT

The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
has same magnitude and same direction over a
large distance .Magnetic field of a magnet has
different magnitude and different direction at
different points .At some point, in the region of the
magnetic field of the magnet, the two magnetic
 fields become equal and opposite .It makes
resultant magnetic field intensity zero at that point.
Such a point is called a neutral point.
Hence neutral point is that point, in the region of
the magnetic field of the magnet, at which the
magnetic field intensities of the Earth and the
magnet have equal magnitudes and opposite
directions. It is represented by N in the
diagrams .The resultant magnetic field intensity is
ZERO at neutral point. Two neutral points, N1 and
N2 exist symmetrically with respect to the axial line
of the magnet.
XIII. LOCATION OF NEUTRAL POINTS
a)MAGNETIC - North Pole FACING
GEOGRAPHICAL North Pole
 In this orientation of the magnet the mapped
field pattern comes as shown .Field are opposite
in the region along the equatorial line. Hence
neutral points lie on the equatorial line
  If H represents the horizontal components of
Earth's magnetic field and B represents the
magnetic field intensity of the magnet, then at
each neutral point B=H.
B (d2+l2)3/2 = H
M = H (d2+l2)3/2 ( C.G.S)
=2ml.

b)MAGNETIC NORTH POLE FACING

GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH POLE
In this orientation of the magnet, the fields are
opposite in the axial line. Hence neutral points lie
in the axial line.
As B = H ,
B = 2Md /(d2-l2)2 = H
M = H (d2-l2)2/2d (C.G.S )
=2ml
XIV. PROCEDURE
1)Take a wooden board, A3 size paper, compass,
bar magnet, pencil, pins, etc...
2)Pin the paper firmly to the board and place the
bar magnet with its North Pole pointing towards
geographical North Pole of the Earth in the first
case and pointing towards geographical South
Pole of the Earth in the second case .
3)With the help of compass needle map the
magnetic field lines on the paper in both the
cases.
4)Mark the two neutral points as N1 and N2 and
measure the perpendicular distance from the
magnet.
5) Magnet placed with its north pole facing geographic north

6) Magnet placed with its south pole facing geographic

north
XV. OBSERVATION
a) FIRST CASE:
The neutral points lie on the equatorial line and
both are equal in magnitude.
b) SECOND CASE:
The neutral points lie on the axial line and both
are equal in magnitude .Thus in accordance with
the law
.
.