Please write clearly in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.

GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 1F
F
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1

Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. TOTAL

Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.

*JUN2284611F01*
IB/M/Jun22/E18 8461/1F
 2
Do not write
outside the
Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box

0 1 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a pathogen.

0 1 . 1 How is HIV spread from one person to another person?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Coughing

Sexual intercourse

Touching door handles

Table 1 shows information about new cases of HIV diagnosed in the UK.

Table 1

Year Number of new HIV cases

2010 2642

2014 2767

2018 1530

0 1 . 2 Describe what happened to the number of new cases of HIV from 2010 to 2018.
[2 marks]

*02*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 3
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 3 box
What could cause a decrease in the number of new HIV cases in the future?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

A higher population of people in the UK

A lower number of trained HIV nurses

Better education on how to prevent the spread of HIV

0 1 . 4 Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.

How could a vaccine work to prevent a person being infected with HIV?

Write the stages A, B, C, D and E in the correct order.

[3 marks]

The first stage has been completed for you.

A Antibodies attach to the inactive virus.

B Antibodies destroy the inactive virus.

C An inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.

D If the active virus enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly.

E White blood cells produce antibodies to the inactive virus.

Question 1 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*03*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 4
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 5 box
When scientists produce a vaccine for a disease the vaccine is tested on live animals.

What is the next stage in testing the vaccine?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Testing on cells in a laboratory

Testing on healthy volunteers

Testing on the whole human population

0 1 . 6 A vaccine for HIV is important because it is difficult to develop safe drugs to

destroy viruses.

Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Drugs that destroy viruses also damage body tissues.

There are too many viruses for the drugs to destroy.

Viruses are too big for the drugs to destroy.

*04*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 5
Do not write
outside the
box
0 1 . 7 Some drugs originated from plants.

Draw one line from each drug to the plant the drug originated from.
[2 marks]

Drug Plant the drug originated from

Foxglove
Aspirin

Rose

Tobacco
Digitalis

Willow 11

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*05*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 6
Do not write
outside the
0 2 box
Figure 1 shows animal cells.

Some of the cells are dividing by mitosis for growth and repair.

Figure 1

0 2 . 1 What fraction of the cells in Figure 1 is dividing by mitosis?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

1 1 1 3
8 4 2 4

*06*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 7
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 2 box
The cells which are not dividing in Figure 1 each contain 10 chromosomes.

One of these cells divides by mitosis to produce two new cells.

How many chromosomes will each new cell contain after mitosis?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

5 10 15 20

0 2 . 3 Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

[3 marks]

contracts divides grows

reacts relaxes replicates

Before mitosis occurs, the cell .

The genetic material in the cell doubles when the DNA .

After the chromosomes have been pulled to each end of the cell, the

cytoplasm .

Question 2 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*07*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 8
Do not write
outside the
box
Figure 2 shows the time taken to complete different stages of the cell cycle.

Figure 2

0 2 . 4 Which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

A B C

0 2 . 5 What percentage of time in the cell cycle is stage A?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

5% 10% 15% 25%

*08*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 9
Do not write
outside the
box
Stem cells divide by mitosis.

Scientists can use stem cells from an embryo to create heart cells in a laboratory.

0 2 . 6 Which organ system contains heart cells?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Nervous system

Respiratory system

0 2 . 7 Name one medical condition that could be treated using heart cells created from
an embryo.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 8 Give one reason why a patient may not want to be treated with heart cells created
from an embryo.
[1 mark]

10

Turn over for next question

Turn over ►

*09*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 10
Do not write
outside the
0 3 box
A scientist investigated the rate of photosynthesis of one type of tomato plant.

The tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse.

Table 2 shows the results.

Table 2

Percentage (%)
Rate of photosynthesis
concentration of
in arbitrary units
carbon dioxide in the air
0.00 0
0.02 5
0.04 16
0.06 19
0.08 20
0.10 20
0.12 20

0 3 . 1 Give two control variables the scientist should have used in the investigation.
[2 marks]

0 3 . 2 Which range of carbon dioxide concentrations caused the rate of photosynthesis to

change the most?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

From 0.00% to 0.02%

From 0.02% to 0.04%

From 0.04% to 0.06%

From 0.06% to 0.08%

*10*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 11
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 3 box
How could the scientist have improved the validity of the results?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Repeat each reading three times and calculate a mean.

Use concentrations of carbon dioxide above 0.12%.

Use different tomato plants for each concentration.

0 3 . 4 Explain the change in the rate of photosynthesis when the concentration of

carbon dioxide increased between 0.00% to 0.08%.
[2 marks]

0 3 . 5 A farmer decided not to use a concentration of carbon dioxide higher than 0.08%
to grow tomato plants.

Suggest two reasons for the farmer’s decision.

Use information from Table 2 and your own knowledge.

[2 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*11*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 12
Do not write
outside the
0 4 box
Figure 3 shows a microscope.

Figure 3

0 4 . 1 Draw one line from each part of the microscope to the function of the part.
[3 marks]

Part of the
Function
microscope

To adjust the focus of the microscope

A
To direct light into the viewer’s eye

To hold a slide in place

B

To magnify the image of a specimen

C

To support the microscope

*12*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 13
Do not write
outside the
A student prepared some onion cells. box

The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope.

This is the method used.

1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife.

2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece.

3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide.

4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells.

5. Cover with a cover slip.

6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope.

0 4 . 2 Why was iodine solution added to the layer of onion cells?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

To dry the cells

To separate the cells

To stain the cells

0 4 . 3 Why was a thin layer of onion cells used?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

To allow light to pass through the cells

To allow oxygen to pass through the cells

To allow water to pass through the cells

Question 4 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*13*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 14
Do not write
outside the
box
0 4 . 4 The student was worried about using a sharp knife to cut the onion.

The student wrote a risk assessment for using a knife.

Draw one line from each part of the risk assessment to the description of the part.
[2 marks]

Part of risk assessment Description

Call a first aider

Hazard

Cut the onion on a chopping board

The onion is cut into pieces

Plan to minimise risk

The knife is sharp

Figure 4 shows what the student saw using the microscope at a magnification
of ×400.

Figure 4

*14*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 15
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 5 box
Line A–B in Figure 4 shows the length of cell Z.

Calculate the real length of cell Z.

Complete the following steps.

[4 marks]

Measure the length of line A–B in millimetres (mm).

Length of line A–B = mm

Give your measurement of the length of line A–B in micrometres (µm).

1 mm = 1 000 µm

Length of line A–B = µm

Calculate the real length of cell Z.

Use the equation:

length of line A–B (in µm)

real length of cell Z (in µm) =
magnification

Real length of cell Z = µm

Question 4 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*15*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 16
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 6 box
How would onion cells look different if they were seen using an electron microscope?
[2 marks]
Tick () two boxes.

The cells would be coloured.

The cells would have no nuclei.

The cells would look larger.

The cells would look more blurred.

The cells would show more internal structures.

0 4 . 7 Figure 4 is repeated below.

Figure 4

*16*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 17
Do not write
outside the
box
Figure 5 shows the student’s drawing of Figure 4.

Figure 5

What two improvements could the student make to the drawing in Figure 5?
[2 marks]
Tick () two boxes.

Add colour to the cells.

Complete the cell walls.

Draw each cell on a separate piece of paper.

Include the magnification.

Use a ruler to draw the cells. 15

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*17*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 18
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

*18*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 19
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 1 box
Plants take up water from the soil through their roots.

Some of the water is used for photosynthesis.

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

Choose answers from the box.

[2 marks]

fat glucose nitrogen oxygen protein

carbon dioxide + water → +

0 5 . 2 Water and dissolved substances are transported through a plant.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

[3 marks]

epidermis guard cells palisade cells

phloem stomata xylem

Water moves from the roots to the leaves in the .

Water is lost from leaves through pores called .

Dissolved sugars are transported in the .

Question 5 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*19*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 20
Do not write
outside the
Table 3 shows the rate of transpiration in four different plant species. box

Table 3

Rate of transpiration in
Plant species
arbitrary units

A 310

B 254

C 87

D 192

0 5 . 3 Calculate how many times greater the rate of transpiration of species A is than
the rate of transpiration of species B.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

[3 marks]

Number of times greater (2 significant figures) =

*20*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 21
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 4 box
Which factor could cause species A to have a higher rate of transpiration than
species B?
[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Each flower of species A has more petals.

Each leaf of species A has more stomata.

Each plant of species A has shorter roots.

0 5 . 5 Which environmental change would cause an increase in the rate of transpiration?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Decreased light intensity

Decreased wind speed

Increased humidity

Increased temperature

0 5 . 6 Which plant species in Table 3 is most likely to live in a dry desert?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

A B C D

Question 5 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*21*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 22
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 7 Some plants have adaptations that help them survive. box

Figure 6 shows part of a gorse plant.

Figure 6

How will the sharp spines help the gorse plant survive?
[1 mark]

*22*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 23
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 8 box
Animals also have adaptations to help them survive.

Figure 7 shows two insects.

Figure 7

Hornet Hornet Moth

Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain.

Hornet moths do not sting other animals.

Explain why animals avoid eating the hornet moth.

[2 marks]

14

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*23*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 24
Do not write
outside the
0 6 box
Table 4 shows information about four jellyfish.

The jellyfish are listed in order of increasing size.

Table 4

Size of jellyfish Surface area Volume Surface area to

Jellyfish
in mm2 in mm3 volume ratio

A Smallest 3 600 1 200 X:1

B 50 000 25 000 2:1

C 1 800 000 6 000 000 0.3:1

D Largest 7 500 000 125 000 000 0.06:1

0 6 . 1 Calculate value X in Table 4.

[2 marks]

X=

0 6 . 2 Describe the relationship between the size of a jellyfish and its surface area to
volume ratio.

Use Table 4.
[1 mark]

*24*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 25
Do not write
outside the
box
The jellyfish in Table 4 take oxygen into their cells by diffusion.

0 6 . 3 Name one other substance that enters cells by diffusion.

Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 4 Suggest two factors that affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen into a jellyfish.
[2 marks]

0 6 . 5 Some organisms take in oxygen using a respiratory system.

In humans, gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in fish.

[1 mark]

Question 6 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*25*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 26
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 6 box
Figure 8 shows parts of the human breathing system.

Figure 8

Explain how the human breathing system is adapted to maximise the rate of
gas exchange.
[6 marks]

13

*26*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 27
Do not write
outside the
0 7 box
This question is about cells and transport.

0 7 . 1 Complete Table 5.
[3 marks]

Table 5

Name of cell part Function of cell part

Contains genetic information

Mitochondria

Controls the movement of substances into and

out of the cell

Cells in potatoes are plant cells.

Cells in potatoes do not contain chloroplasts.

0 7 . 2 What is the function of chloroplasts?

[1 mark]

0 7 . 3 Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts.
[1 mark]

Question 7 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*27*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 28
Do not write
outside the
box
A student investigated the effect of salt concentration on pieces of potato.

This is the method used.

1. Cut three pieces of potato of the same size.

2. Record the mass of each potato piece.

3. Add 150 cm3 of 0.4 mol/dm3 salt solution to a beaker.

4. Place each potato piece into the beaker.

5. After 30 minutes, remove each potato piece and dry the surface with a paper towel.

6. Record the mass of each potato piece.

7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using different concentrations of salt solution.

0 7 . 4 What is the independent variable in the investigation?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Concentration of salt solution

Mass of potato piece

Time potato is left in salt solution

Volume of salt solution

0 7 . 5 Why did the student dry the surface of each potato piece with a paper towel
in step 5?
[1 mark]

*28*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 29
Do not write
outside the
The student calculated the percentage change in mass of each potato piece. box

0 7 . 6 For one potato piece:

• the starting mass was 2.5 g
• the end mass was 2.7 g.

Calculate the percentage increase in mass of the potato piece.

[2 marks]
Use the equation:

increase in mass
percentage increase in mass = × 100
starting mass

Percentage increase in mass = %

Question 7 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*29*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 30
Do not write
outside the
box
The student used the results from each potato piece to calculate the mean percentage
change in mass at each concentration.

Table 6 shows the results.

Table 6

Concentration of
Mean percentage (%)
salt solution in
change in mass
mol/dm3

0.0 9.8

0.1 9.5

0.2 7.0

0.3 0.4

0.4 −1.4

0 7 . 7 Complete Figure 9.

You should:
• label the x-axis
• use a suitable scale for the x-axis
• plot the data from Table 6
• draw a line of best fit.
[4 marks]

*30*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 31
Do not write
outside the
Figure 9 box

0 7 . 8 What concentration of salt solution was equal to the concentration of the

solution inside the potato pieces?

Use Figure 9.
[1 mark]

Concentration = mol/dm3

Question 7 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*31*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 32
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 9 box
Explain why the potato pieces in the 0.4 mol/dm3 salt solution decreased in mass.
[3 marks]

17

*32*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 33
Do not write
outside the
0 8 box
Plant cells and fungal cells are similar in structure.

Figure 10 shows a fungal cell.

Figure 10

0 8 . 1 Name one structure in Figure 10 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells
but not in animal cells.
[1 mark]

0 8 . 2 Which disease is caused by a fungus?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Gonorrhoea

Malaria

Measles

Rose black spot

Question 8 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*33*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 34
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 3 box
A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes.

How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

[2 marks]

Number of times cell divides in 24 hours =

*34*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 35
Do not write
outside the
Some types of fungal cell are grown to produce high-protein food. box

The high-protein food can be used to make meat-free burgers.

0 8 . 4 Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Large intestine

Liver

Salivary glands

Stomach

0 8 . 5 Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

Benedict’s reagent

Biuret reagent

Ethanol

Iodine solution

Question 8 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*35*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 36
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 6 box
Table 7 shows some information about burgers made from meat and
meat-free burgers.

Table 7

Mass per 100 g of burger

Burgers made Meat-free

from meat burgers

Protein in g 14.0 9.0

Fibre in g 0.9 5.5

Fat in g 16.0 5.2

Carbohydrate in g 15.5 15.1

Cholesterol in mg 120.0 0.0

Evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat-free burgers in
providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet.

Use information from Table 7 and your own knowledge.

[6 marks]

*36*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 37
Do not write
outside the
box

12

END OF QUESTIONS

*37*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 38
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

*38*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 39
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*39*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F
 40
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

Copyright information

For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet
is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk.

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have
been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team.

Copyright © 2022 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

*226G8461/1F*
*40*
IB/M/Jun22/8461/1F