5 Coordinate geometry

A place for everything,

and everything in its Figure 5.1 shows some scaffolding
place. in which some of the horizontal
samuel smiles (1812–1904) pieces are 2 m long and others are
Q
1 m. All the vertical pieces are 2 m.

➜ An ant crawls along the

scaffolding from point P to
point Q, travelling either
horizontally or vertically. How
far does the ant crawl?

➜ A mouse also goes from point

P to point Q, travelling either
horizontally or along one of
the sloping pieces. How far
does the mouse travel?

➜ A bee flies directly from point P

P to point Q. How far does the
Figure 5.1
bee fly?

65
 Working with coordinates

TeCHnology 1 Working with coordinates

When working through
this chapter, you may Coordinates are a means of describing a position relative to a fixed point, or origin.
wish to use a graphical In two dimensions you need two pieces of information; in three dimensions you
calculator or graphing
need three pieces of information.
software to check
your answers where In the Cartesian system (named after René Descartes), position is given in
appropriate. perpendicular directions: x, y in two dimensions; x, y, z in three dimensions.
This chapter concentrates exclusively on two dimensions.
Integral
resource 1:
Coordinate
The midpoint and length of a line segment
geometry 1:
Points and When you know the coordinates of two points you can work out the midpoint
straight lines and length of the line segment which connects them.

Integral ACTIVITY 5.1 y

resource 2:
Explore: Points
Find B (8, 5)
(i) the coordinates of the midpoint, M
(ii) the length AB.
M

Draw a right-angled triangle

with AB as the hypotenuse
and use Pythagoras’ theorem. A
(2, 1)
O x

Figure 5.2

You can generalise these methods to find the midpoint and length of any line
segment AB.
Let A be the point ( x1 , y1 ) and B the point ( x 2 , y 2 ).
(i) Find the midpoint of AB.
C has the same
The midpoint of two values is the mean x coordinate as B…
of those values. …and the same
x + x2 y y coordinate as A.
The mean of the x coordinates is 1 . B (x2, y2)
2
y + y2
The mean of the y coordinates is 1 .
2
So the coordinates of the midpoint are A C
(x1, y1) (x2, y1)
 x1 + x 2 , y1 + y 2  .
 2 2 
x
O
(ii) Find the length of AB. Figure 5.3
First find the lengths of AC and AB: AC = x 2 − x1
BC = y 2 − y1
By Pythagoras’ theorem: AB2 = AC2 + BC2
= ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
So the length AB is ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2

66
 Discussion point The gradient of a line
➜ Does it matter which
When you know the coordinates of any two points on a straight line, then you
can draw that line. The slope of a line is given by its gradient. The gradient is
5
point you call (x1, y1) often denoted by the letter m.
and which (x2, y2)?
7–4=3

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

y
7−4 = 3
B (6, 7) Gradient m = 6−2 4

6–2=4
θ
A C
(2, 4)
θ (theta) is the Greek letter
‘th’. α (alpha) and β (beta)
are also used for angles.
O x
Figure 5.4

In Figure 5.4, A and B are two points on the line. The gradient of the line AB is
given by the increase in the y coordinate from A to B divided by the increase in
the x coordinate from A to B.
In general, when A is the point ( x1 , y1 ) and B is the point ( x 2 , y 2 ), the gradient is

y 2 − y1 change in y
m = Gradient =
x 2 − x1 change in x

When the same scale is used on both axes, m = tanθ (see Figure 5.4).

Integral
resource 3:
parallel and perpendicular lines
Explore:
Parallel and
perpendicular
lines
ACTIVITY 5.2
It is best to use squared paper for this activity.
Draw the line L1 joining (0, 2) to (4, 4).
Draw another line L2 perpendicular to L1 from (4, 4) to (6, 0).
Find the gradients m1 and m2 of these two lines.
What is the relationship between the gradients?
Is this true for other pairs of perpendicular lines?

When you know the gradients m1 and m2, of two lines, you can tell at once if
they are either parallel or perpendicular – see Figure 5.5.

m1

m2 parallel lines: m1 = m2
Lines for which m1 m2 perpendicular lines: m1m2 = –1
m1m2 = −1 will
only look perpendicular Figure 5.5
if the same scale has So for perpendicular lines:
been used for both axes. 1 So m1 and m 2 are each the negative
m1 = − 1 and likewise, m2 = − m . reciprocal of each other.
m2 1

67
 Working with coordinates

Example 5.1 A and B are the points (2, 5) and (6, 3) respectively (see Figure 5.6).
Find:
(i) the gradient of AB
(ii) the length of AB
(iii) the midpoint of AB
(iv) the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB.

Solution
y
A (2, 5)

B (6, 3)
Draw a diagram to help you.

O x

Figure 5.6
Gradient is difference in y coordinates
y − yB divided by difference in x coordinates.
(i) Gradient m AB = A
xA − xB It doesn’t matter which point you use
first, as long as you are consistent!
= 5−3
2−6
1
= −2

(ii) Length AB = ( x B − x A )2 + ( y B − y A )2

= (6 − 2)2 + (3 − 5)2
= 16 + 4
= 20
xA + xB yA + yB 
(iii) Midpoint =  ,
 2 2 

(
= 2 + 6,5 + 3
2 2 )
= (4,4)

(iv) Gradient of AB: mAB = − 21 The gradient of the

line perpendicular to
So gradient of perpendicular to AB is 2. AB is the negative
reciprocal of mAB.
Check: −− 1 × 2 = −1 ✓
2

68
Example 5.2 The points P(2, 7), Q(3, 2) and R(0, 5) form a triangle.
(i) Use gradients to show that RP and RQ are perpendicular. 5
(ii) Use Pythagoras’ theorem to show that PQR is right-angled.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

Solution
y P (2, 7)

R (0, 5)
Always start by
drawing a diagram.

Q (3, 2)

O x

Figure 5.7

(i) Show that the gradients satisfy m1m2 = −1

Gradient of RP = 2 − 0 = 1
7−5
Gradient of RQ = 2 − 5 = −1
3−0
⇒ product of gradients = 1 × (–1) = –1
⇒ sides RP and RQ are at right angles.
(ii) Pythagoras’ theorem states that for a right-angled triangle with
hypotenuse of length a and other sides of lengths b and c, a2 = b2 + c2.
Conversely, when a2 = b2 + c 2 for a triangle with sides of lengths a, b
and c, then the triangle is right-angled and the side of length a is the
hypotenuse.
length2 = ( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2

PQ2 = (3 – 2)2 + (2 – 7)2 = 1 + 25 = 26

RP2 = (2 – 0)2 + (7 – 5)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
RQ2 = (3 – 0)2 + (2 – 5)2 = 9 + 9 = 18
Since 26 = 8 + 18, PQ2 = RP2 + RQ2 PQ is the hypotenuse
since RP and RQ are
⇒ sides RP and RQ are at right angles. perpendicular.

69
 Working with coordinates

Exercise 5.1

① For the following pairs of points A and ⑦ The points A, B and C have coordinates
B, calculate: (2, 1), (b, 3) and (5, 5), where b > 3, and
(a) the midpoint of the line joining ∠ABC = 90°.
A to B Find:
(b) the distance AB (i) the value of b
(c) the gradient of the line AB (ii) the lengths of AB and BC

(d) the gradient of the line (iii) the area of triangle ABC.

perpendicular to AB. ⑧ Three points A, B and C have coordinates

(i) A(2, 5) and B(6, 8) (1, 3), (3, 5), and (–1, y).Find the value of
y in each of the following cases:
(ii) A(−2, −5) and B(−6, −8)
(i) AB = AC
(iii) A(−2, −5) and B(6, 8)
(ii) AB = AC
(iv) A(−2, 5) and B(6, –8)
(iii) AB is perpendicular to BC
② The gradient of the line joining the
(iv) A, B and C are collinear.
point P(3, –4) to Q(q, 0) is 2.
⑨ The triangle PQR has vertices P(8, 6),
Find the value of q.
Q(0, 2) and R(2, r).
③ The three points X(2, –1),Y(8, y) and
Find the values of r when the triangle PQR:
Z(11, 2) are collinear. Find the value of y.
(i) has a right angle at P
(ii) has a right angle at Q
They lie on the same straight line.
(iii) has a right angle at R

④ For the points P(x, y), and Q(3x, 5y), (iv) is isosceles with RQ = RP.
find in terms of x and y: PS ⑩ A quadrilateral has vertices A(0, 0), B(0, 3),
(i) the gradient of the line PQ C(6, 6), and D(12, 6).
(ii) the midpoint of the line PQ (i) Draw the quadrilateral.
(iii) the length of the line PQ. (ii) Show by calculation that it is a
trapezium.
⑤ The points A, B, C and D have
(iii) EBCD is a parallelogram. Find the
coordinates (1, 2), (7, 5), (9, 8) and (3, 5)
respectively. coordinates of E.
(i) Find the gradients of the lines AB, PS ⑪ Show that the points with coordinates
BC, CD and DA. (1, 2), (8, –2), (7, 6) and (0, 10) are the
vertices of a rhombus, and find its area.
(ii) What do these gradients tell you
PS ⑫ The lines AB and BC in Figure 5.8 are
about the quadrilateral ABCD?
equal in length and perpendicular.
(iii) Draw an accurate diagram to check
y
your answer to part (ii). B
gradient m1
PS ⑥ The points A, B, and C have coordinates
gradient m2
(–4, 2), (7, 4) and (–3, –1).
θ
A
(i) Draw the triangle ABC. E
D C
(ii) Show by calculation that the
O x
triangle ABC is isosceles and name
the two equal sides. Figure 5.8

(iii) Find the midpoint of the third side. (i) Show that triangles ABE and BCD
(iv) Work out the area of the triangle
are congruent.
ABC. (ii) Hence prove that the gradients
m1 and m2 satisfy m1m2 = –1.

70
 2 The equation of a straight line
5
Integral
resource 4:
Explore: Straight
lines
Drawing a line, given its equation
There are several standard forms for the equation of a straight line, as shown in

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

Figure 5.9.
(a) Equations of the form x = a (b) Equations of the form y = b
y y y y Each point on
x=3 x=3 the line has a
Each point on the line has
an x coordinate of 3.
y coordinate of 2.
(0, 2) (0, 2)
y=2 y=2

All such lines are All such lines are

parallel to the y axis. parallel to the x axis.

O O (3, 0) x (3,
O 0) x O x x

(c) Equations of the form y = mx (d) Equations of the form y = mx + c (e) Equations of the form px + qy + r = 0
y y y y y y This is often a tidier way
y y y = xy–=1x – 1 y of writing the equation.
These are lines through the (0, 2)(0, 2)
y = –4x
y = –4x origin,ywith
= –12y xgradient
= –1 x m. y=x–1
2 (0, 2)
y = –4x y = –12 x These lines have gradient 2x +2x
3y+– 3y
6 =– 06 = 0
(0, 1)(0, 1) m and cross the y axis at 2x + 3y – 6 = 0
point (0, c).
(0, 1)

O x x O O x x O O (3, 0)(3, 0)x x

O (1, 0)(1, 0) (3, 0)(3, 0)
x O 1 x x
O (1,y0)= –y–3=x–+–131x (3,
+ 10) O (3, 0)
(0, –1)
(0, –1)
Figure 5.9 y = – –13 x +1
(0, –1)

Example 5.3 (i) Sketch the lines (a) y = x – 1 and (b) 3x + 4y = 24 on the same axes.
(ii) Are these lines perpendicular?

Solution
To draw a line you need to find the Usually it is easiest to find
(i)
where the line cuts the
coordinates of two points on it. x and y axes.

(a) The line y = x – 1 passes The line is already in the

through the point (0, –1). form y = mx + c.

Substituting y = 0 gives x = 1, so the line also passes through (1, 0).

Set x = 0 and find y to
(b) Find two points on the line give the y-intercept.
3x + 4y = 24. Then set y = 0 and
find x to give the
Substituting x = 0 gives 4y = 24 ⇒ y = 6 x-intercept.
substituting y = 0 gives 3x = 24 ⇒ x = 8.
So the line passes through (0, 6) and (8, 0). (Figure 5.10 overleaf)

71
 The equation of a straight line

y
(0, 6) y=x–1
6
5
4
3
3x + 4y = 24
2
1 (1, 0)
(8, 0)
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1 (0, –1)

Figure 5.10
(ii) The lines look almost perpendicular but you need to use the gradient
of each line to check.
Warning Rearrange the equation
Gradient of y = x − 1 is 1. to make y the subject so
When you draw two you can find the gradient.
perpendicular lines on a 3
Gradient of 3x + 4y = 24 is − 4 . 4y = −3x + 24
diagram, they will be at 3
y = −4 x + 6
right angles if, and only

( )
if, both axes are to the 3
same scale. Therefore the lines are not perpendicular as 1 × − 4 ≠ −1.

Finding the equation of a line

To find the equation of a line, you need to think about what information you
are given.
(i) Given the gradient, m, and the coordinates y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
(x1, y1) of one point on the line
Take a general point (x, y) on the line, as shown in Figure 5.11.
y

(x, y)

(x1, y1)

O x

Figure 5.11
The gradient, m, of the line joining (x1, y1) to (x, y) is given by
y − y1 y − y1
m = x −mx= x − x1
1
This is a very useful form of the
⇒ y − y⇒ y − y = m( x − x1 equation
1 = m( x1 − x1 )
) of a straight line.

For example, the equation of the line with gradient 2 that passes through the
point (3, −1) can be written as y − ( −1) = 2( x − 3)
which can be simplified to y = 2x − 7.
72
 (ii) Given the gradient, m, and the y-intercept (0, c)
y = mx + c
A special case of y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) is
when (x1, y1) is the y-intercept (0, c).
5
The equation then becomes
= 0 and y1 = c into the equation

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

y = mx + c Substituting x1

as shown in Figure 5.12.

When the line passes through the origin, the equation is
y = mx The y-intercept is (0, 0), so c =0
as shown in Figure 5.13.

y y

y = mx + c
ACTIVITY 5.3
a Show algebraically y = mx
that an equivalent
form of
y − y1 x − x1 (0, c)
=
y 2 − y1 x 2 − x1
is x
O x
y − y1 y − y1 O
= 2 .
x − x1 x 2 − x1
B Use both forms to Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13
find the equation of
the line joining (2, 4) (iii) Given two points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) y − y1 x − x1
=
to (5, 3) and show y 2 − y1 x 2 − x1
The two points are used to find
they give the same
equation. the gradient:
y − y1 y
m = 2
x 2 − x1
Discussion points This value of m is then
➜ How else can you substituted in the equation (x2, y2)
write the equation of
the line? y – y1 = m(x – x1) (x1, y1) (x, y)
➜ Which form do you This gives
think is best for this y 2 − y1
line? y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) O x
x 2 − x1

or y − y1 = x − x1 Figure 5.14
y 2 − y1 x 2 − x1

73
 The equation of a straight line

Example 5.4 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to 4y + x = 12 which passes
through the point P(2, −5).

Solution
First rearrange 4y + x = 12 into the form y = mx + c to find the gradient.
4y = −x + 12
For perpendicular gradients m1m2 = −1
y = −1x + 3 So m 2 = − m
1
4 1

So the gradient is − 41
The negative reciprocal of − 41 is 4. Check: − 1 × 4 = −1✓
4

1
So the gradient of a line perpendicular to y = − 4 x + 3 is 4.
Using y − y1 = m(x − x1) when m = 4 and (x1, y1) is (2, −5)
⇒ y − (−5) = 4(x − 2)
⇒ y + 5 = 4x − 8
⇒ y = 4x − 13

Straight lines can be used to model real-life situations. Often simplifying

assumptions need to be made so that a linear model is appropriate.

Example 5.5 The diameter of a snooker cue Varying uniformly means that the
varies uniformly from 9 mm to graph of diameter against distance
23 mm over its length of 140 cm. from the tip is a straight line.

(i) Sketch the graph of diameter (y mm) against distance (x cm) from the tip.
(ii) Find the equation of the line.
(iii) Use the equation to find the distance from the tip at which the diameter
is 15 mm.

Solution
(i) The graph passes through the points (0, 9) and (140, 23).
y
diameter (mm)

(140, 23)

(0, 9)

O x
distance from tip (cm)

Figure 5.15

74
 y −y
5
(ii) Gradient = x 2 − x1
2 1
23 − 9
= 140 − 0 = 0.1
Using the form y = mx + c, the equation of the line is y = 0.1x + 9.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(iii) Substituting y = 15 into the equation gives
15 = 0.1x + 9
0.1x = 6
x = 60
⇒ The diameter is 15 mm at a point 60 cm from the tip.

Discussion points
➜ Which of these situations in Figure 5.16 could be modelled by a straight line?
➜ For each straight line model, what information is given by the gradient of the line?
➜ What assumptions do you need to make so that a linear model is appropriate?
➜ How reasonable are your assumptions?
Interest earned on savings in Height of ball dropped from a Profit of ice cream seller
a bank account against time cliff against time against number of sales

Tax paid against earnings Cost of apples against mass of Value of car against age of car
apples

Mass of candle versus length Distance travelled by a car Mass of gold bars against
of time it is burning against time volume of gold bars

Population of birds on an Mobile phone bill against Length of spring against mass
island against time number of texts sent of weights attached

Figure 5.16

Exercise 5.2

① Sketch the following lines: ③ Find the equations of the lines

(i) y = −2 (ii) x = 2 (i) parallel to y = 3x − 2 and passing
(iii) y = −2x (iv) y = x + 2 through (0, 0)
(ii) parallel to y = 3x and passing
(v) y = 2x + 5 (vi) y = 5 − 2x
through (2, 5)
(vii) 2x − y = 5 (viii) y + 2x + 5 = 0
(iii) parallel to 2x + y − 3 = 0 and
② Find the equations of the lines (i)–(v) in passing through (−2, 5)
Figure 5.17.
y (iv) parallel to 3x − y − 2 = 0 and

(iii)
passing through (5, −2)
6
(ii) (v) parallel to x + 2y = 3 and passing
4 through (−2, −5).
2 ④ Find the equations of the lines
(i)
(i) perpendicular to y = 3x and passing
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x through (0, 0)
(iv)
–2 (ii) perpendicular to y = 2x + 3 and

–4
passing through (4, 3)
(v)
(iii) perpendicular to 2x + y = 4 and
Figure 5.17 passing through (4, −3)

75
 The equation of a straight line

perpendicular to 2y = x + 5 and
(iv) (i) Sketch the quadrilateral.
passing through (−4, 3) (ii) Find the gradient of each side.
(v) perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 4 and (iii) Find the length of each side.
passing through (−4, −3). (iv) Find the equation of each side.
⑤ Find the equations of the line AB in (v) Find the area of the quadrilateral.
each of the following cases.
PS ⑩ A firm manufacturing jackets finds that
(i) A(3, 1), B(5, 7) it is capable of producing 100 jackets
(ii) A(−3, −1), B(−5, −7) per day, but it can only sell all of these if
(iii) A(−3, 1), B(−5, 7) the charge to the wholesalers is no more
than £20 per jacket. On the other hand,
(iv) A(3, −1), B(5, −7)
at the current price of £25 per jacket,
(v) A(1, 3), B(7, 5) 2 only 50 can be sold per day. Assuming
2 +y 1= 3 x + 1
y
⑥ Show2that the region = x
PS
y = x+1 3 enclosed by3the
x
lines that the graph of price P against number
3
2 y
3x = 1 − sold per day N is a straight line:
y = x+ 3 1, y = 1 − 2 , 2
y = 13 − x 3 y − 2 x + 1=0 (i) sketch the graph, putting the number
32 3y − 2x + 1 = 0
y3y=−12−x +x1 = 0 and 2y + 3x + 5 = 0 sold per day on the horizontal axis
2 2 y + 3x + 5 = 0 (as is normal practice for economists)
3
2 y −
+ 2
3 x + 15 == 00
forms a rectangle. (ii) find its equation.
2 y + 3x + 5 = 0
Use the equation to find:
The perpendicular bisector is the line
at right angles to AB (perpendicular) (iii) the price at which 88 jackets per
that passes though the midpoint of AB day could be sold
(bisects). (iv) the number of jackets that should
be manufactured if they were to be
⑦ Find the equation of the perpendicular sold at £23.70 each.
bisector of each of the following pairs PS ⑪ To clean the upstairs window on the
of points. side of a house, it is necessary to position
(i) A(2, 4) and B(3, 5) the ladder so that it just touches the
(ii) (A(4, 2) and B (5, 3) edge of the lean-to shed as shown in
Figure 5.18. The coordinates represent
(iii) A(−2, −4) and B(−3, −5)
distances from O in metres, in the x and
(iv) A(−2, 4) and B(−3, 5) y directions shown.
(v) A(2, −4) and B(3, −5) y
⑧ A median of a triangle is a line joining
one of the vertices to the midpoint of
the opposite side.
A
In a triangle OAB, O is at the origin, A is
shed ladder
the point (0, 6), and B is the point (6, 0).
(1.5, 2)
(i) Sketch the triangle.
B
(ii) Find the equations of the three x
O (2.5, 0)
medians of the triangle.
Figure 5.18
(iii) Show that the point (2, 2) lies on
all three medians. (This shows that (i) Find the equation of the line of the
the medians of this triangle are ladder.
concurrent.) (ii) Find the height of the point A
PS ⑨ A quadrilateral ABCD has its vertices at reached by the top of the ladder.
the points (0, 0), (12, 5), (0, 10) and (iii) Find the length of the ladder to the
(−6, 8) respectively. nearest centimetre.

76
 ⑫ A spring has an unstretched length of (iv) Find the load which would cause
10 cm. When it is hung with a load of
80 g attached, the stretched length is PS ⑬ y
this to happen.
5
28 cm. Assuming that the extension of
PS the spring is proportional to the load: (0, b)

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(i) draw a graph of extension E against
load L and find its equation
(ii) find the extension caused by a load
of 48 g (a, 0)
(iii) find the load required to extend the O x
spring to a length of 20 cm.
Figure 5.19
This particular spring passes its elastic
limit when it is stretched to four times Show that the equation of the line in
its original length. (This means that if Figure 5.19 can be written
it is stretched more than that it will not x + y = 1.
return to its original length.) a b

Integral
3 The intersection of two lines
resource 5:
Test C1 The intersection of any two curves (or lines) can be found by solving their
equations simultaneously. In the case of two distinct lines, there are two possibilities:
(i) they are parallel, or (ii) they intersect at a single point.
You often need to find where a pair of lines intersect in order to solve problems.

Example 5.6 The lines y = 5x − 13 and 2y + 3x = 0 intersect at the point P.

Find the coordinates of P.

Solution
You need to solve the equations
y = 5x – 13 ①
and 2y + 3x = 0 ②
simultaneously.
Substitute equation ① into ② : 2(5x – 13) + 3x = 0
10x – 26 + 3x = 0 Multiply out the brackets.
13x – 26 = 0
Discussion point Simplify
13x = 26
➜ The line l has
equation 2x − y = 4 x=2
and the line m has Don’t forget to find
equation y = 2x − 3. Substitute x = 2 into equation ① to find y.
the y coordinate.
What can you say y = 5 × 2 − 13
about the intersection
of these two lines? y = −3
So the coordinates of P are (2, −3).

77
 The intersection of two lines

Exercise 5.3

① Find the coordinates of the point of Find the lengths of AB and BC and
(iii)
intersection of the following pairs of lines. hence find the area of the triangle.
(i) y = 2x + 3 and y = 6x + 1 (iv) Using your answer to (iii), find the length

(ii) y = 2 − 3x and 2y + x = 14 of the perpendicular from B to AC.

(iii) 3x + 2y = 4 and 5x − 4y = 3 PS ⑦ Two rival taxi firms have the following
fare structures:
② (i) Find the coordinates of the points
where the following pairs of lines Firm A: fixed charge of £1 plus
intersect. 40p per kilometre;
(a) y = 2x − 4 and 2y = 7 − x Firm B: 60p per kilometre, no fixed
(b) y = 2x + 1 and 2y = 7 − x
charge.
The lines form three sides of a square. (i) Sketch the graph of price (vertical
axis) against distance travelled
(ii) Find the equation of the fourth side
(horizontal axis) for each firm (on
of the square.
the same axes).
(iii) Find the area of the square.
(ii) Find the equation of each line.
PS ③ (i) Find the vertices of the triangle ABC
(iii) Find the distance for which both
whose sides are given by the lines
firms charge the same amount.
AB: x − 2y = −1
(iv) Which firm would you use for a
BC: 7x + 6y = 53 distance of 6 km?
and AC: 9x + 2y = 11. PS ⑧ Two sides of a parallelogram are formed
(ii) Show that the triangle is isosceles. by parts of the lines
④ A(0, 1), B(1, 4), C(4, 3) and D(3, 0) are 2x − y = −9
the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD.
and x − 2y = −9.
(i) Find the equations of the diagonals
(i) Show these two lines on a graph.
AC and BD.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the vertex
(ii) Show that the diagonals AC and BD
where they intersect.
bisect each other at right angles.
Another vertex of the parallelogram is
(iii) Find the lengths of AC and BD.
the point (2, 1).
(iv) What type of quadrilateral is ABCD?
(iii) Find the equations of the other
⑤ The line y = 5x − 2 crosses the x axis at A. two sides of the parallelogram.
The line y = 2x + 4 crosses the x axis at B. (iv) Find the coordinates of the other
The two lines intersect at P. two vertices.
PS Find the coordinates of A and B.
(i) PS ⑨ The line with equation 5x + y = 20 meets
(ii) Find coordinates of the point of the x axis at A and the line with equation
intersection, P. x + 2y = 22 meets the y axis at B.The
(iii) Find the exact area of the triangle two lines intersect at a point C.
ABP. (i) Sketch the two lines on the same
PS ⑥ Triangle ABC has an angle of 90° at B. diagram.
Point A is on the y axis, AB is part of the (ii) Calculate the coordinates of A, B
line x – 2y + 8 = 0, and C is the point and C.
(6, 2). (iii) Calculate the area of triangle OBC
(i) Sketch the triangle. where O is the origin.
(ii) Find the equations of the lines AC (iv) Find the coordinates of the point E
and BC. such that ABEC is a parallelogram.

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