Learn English in an easy,

fast and fun way

©2022
Angela Cecibel Moreno Novillo
Cristina Chamorro Ortega
Silvia Bejarano Criollo

Volume 1
“Level A2”

1
2
Learn English in an easy, fast and fun way
Volume 1 - Level A2

© 2022 Angela Cecibel Moreno Novillo

Cristina Chamorro Ortega
Silvia Bejarano Criollo
Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH)
Riobamba – Ecuador
Panamericana Sur Km. 1½
Teléfono: 593 (03) 2998-200
Código Postal EC0600155

2022
Publicado por acuerdo con los autores.
Este libro se sometió a arbitraje bajo el sistema de doble ciego (peer review)

Prohibido la reproducción de este libro, por cualquier medio,

sin la previa autorización por escrito de los propietarios del Copyright.

El copyright estimula la creatividad, defiende la diversidad en el

ámbito de las ideas y el conocimiento, promueve la libre
expresión y favorece una cultura viva

Corrección y Diseño: Respaldado por:

Índice Científico Editorial La Caracola Editores

Learn English in an easy, fast and fun way

Volume 1 – Level A2
Riobamba, Ecuador
Dirección de Publicaciones Científicas, 2022
ISBN: 978-9942-42-500-3
Fecha de Publicación: 2022-07-20

3
4
 INTRODUCTION
Learning a foreign language is a basic need for professionals. NEED, not support,
or complement. Nowadays, in order to be successful in professional life and make
our lives easier, it is essential to improve our English language level since it is the
universal language that is spoken, read, and written in many parts of the world.

In this book, you will find essential aspects that will help you improve in
learning the English language in an easy and fun way, tips to improve reading, how
to communicate with quick and familiar phrases, which are used in foreign countries,
and most importantly, broaden your knowledge with activities that will help you
think in English and not be afraid of speaking in public.

One of the most critical points and therefore leads to the production of this book
is to emphasize reading that allows human beings to improve various aspects of
knowledge, better identify the correct way to write English words correctly, and feed
the imagination in an extraordinary way to create new circumstances in real life, with
reading readers discover the English name of the things that surround them and
interest them. It allows them to incorporate words into their vocabulary and use
them with ease when speaking English.

Reading helps to learn new words and expressions. Without a doubt, it is a great
activity to expand vocabulary naturally.

Another of the chapters that you will find in this magnificent book is the crucial
suggestions to listen and speak the English language better, all this with the
knowledge of the authors about the developed methodology that complies with the
recommendations stipulated in ISO 29991 that indicates the regulations for language
learn attractively way.

The use of this academic book is aimed at people who already have basic
knowledge of grammar and writing but who, despite having already acquired these
two important steps in learning the English language, have not yet been able to
understand or speak English fluently due to lack of knowledge. of practice and
important considerations that you will find here.

5
The experience is documented in six chapters that are summarized below:

Unit 1: Reading in general

Unit 2: Steps to learn how to read
Unit 3: Reading comprehension
Unit 4: Activities to develop reading comprehension
Unit 5: Listening
Unit 6: Speaking

6
GENERAL INDEX

INTRODUCCIÓN
GENERAL INDEX

UNIT 1. READING IN GENERAL ........................................ 9

1.1. Definition of reading.........................................................................................11
1.2. The importance of reading ............................................................................12
1.3. The cognitive tasks involved in reading ..................................................13
1.4. Practical activities to teach reading ...........................................................14
1.5. How to learn reading?......................................................................................16

UNIT 2. STEPS TO LEARN HOW TO READ .................. 17

2.1. Step 1: Read out loud ......................................................................................19
2.2. Step 2: Focused reading ..................................................................................20
2.3. Step 3: Don t try to translate every single word...................................21
2.4. Step 4: Underline the new words and take vocabulary for
flashcards ........................................................................................................................22
2.5. Wordlist .................................................................................................................23
2.6. Activities ................................................................................................................34

UNIT 3. READING COMPREHENSION .......................... 36

3.1. Definition of reading comprehension........................................................37
3.2. The key to reading comprehension ............................................................38
3.3. Reading comprehension techniques ..........................................................38
3.3.1. Stories for reading comprehension ........................................................40
3.4. Assessment of reading comprehension ...................................................42

UNIT 4. ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP READING

COMPREHENSION. ............................................................ 55
4.1. Analogies ................................................................................................................55
4.2. Main vs. specific ideas ......................................................................................55
4.3. Reading charts and graphic organizers ....................................................61

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UNIT 5. LISTENING ............................................................ 71
5.1. Pronunciation ......................................................................................................71
5.2. Commons expressions .....................................................................................72
5.4. Dialogues: ........................................................................................................... 133
5.5. Audios: ................................................................................................................. 135
5.6. Songs:.................................................................................................................... 135
5.7. Movies series and books. ............................................................................. 150

UNIT 6. SPEAKING .......................................................... 153

6.1. Listening and repeat pronunciation. ....................................................... 153
6.2. Common conversations ................................................................................ 156
6.3. Acting game........................................................................................................ 157

REFERENCES .................................................................... 175

8
 UNIT 1
READING IN GENERAL

9
10
 UNIT 1
READING IN GENERAL

1.1. Definition of reading.

Sáe
as z (195
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in w ...an i 1) de
n
rea hich o strum fines
db r
and ut r ne do ental eadin
eads e s not ctivit g
a
beh for
i nd so m f o r rea y
be
a d all re ethin somet d to
to p esir adi hin
n g. g
thin enetra e to k g the Alway
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11
1.2. The importance of reading

It is not necessary to indicate how

important books are it is enough to
investigate a little to understand that
all religion is based on one, that the
great social movements have been
created from a written document and
that the great scientific projects have
evolved from written records. The
book is conclusively an extraordinary
invention of mankind.

Books have confirmed throughout

history that they are the most
significant pillar of human culture,
and to this day they continue to have
more prestige than radio and
television. But what about reading?

Spools (1980) states that reading

"cannot be separated from language
education: the selection of which
language children should learn to read
is crucial, and once the initial steps in
reading instruction are past, reading
becomes the enrichment of language".

We understand then that reading is a

set of skills, and that the learning
process must be developed in the first
years of teaching, since it consists of
the interpretation of graphic signs
through mental recreations that allow
us to see what is not present, and So
imagine a reality

12
 1.3. The cognitive tasks involved in reading

Graphic 1.3. Reading and Comprehension: Cognitive

Foundations.

13
1.4. Practical activities to teach reading

Only practice makes perfect,

therefore, the best way to learn to
read and understand English is by
practicing.

Each of the activities that we are

developing will allow us to
improve our interpretation and
obviously accompany them with
images that illustrate our minds
and lead us to create a clearer
idea of the topic we are reading.

We are going to practice with the

example that we will see below
that has been taken as an example
of the activities developed in the
Cambridge books and that allow
us with a slightly clearer idea, to
practice and improve our reading.

14
15
 READ AND LISTEN
1.5. How to learn reading?

Learning how to read in English is the best way to acquire a new vocabulary, as
it improves your grammatical understanding and, therefore, the grammar itself.

If you wonder how to read English correctly, these are the first steps you must
take.

Most of the time in a class, they emphasize when you are learning English at
listening, speaking, and pronunciation; but what, out reading?

Follow these recommendations to work on your comprehension "also in

reading,” and know how to read in English with the best results.

📰📚 Start with books, texts, or content that you like and are easy to read. Read
as much as you can, but without saturating yourself; the important thing is that you
do it every day and include your reading in English in your daily routine.

💭 📅 Forget about translating in your mind; try to understand the context “in
English”; over time, your mind will be able to assimilate the information in English.
Remember that it is like learning to read again; at first, you will go slowly, but we
guarantee that your speed in both reading and comprehension will improve with
perseverance.

📢 📢 The most crucial thing of all is that you do exercises, where you can listen
to yourself; in this way you are adding great value to your communication, here our
initial advice to read aloud, s focused.

🎬📲 Try to live in English. Set your phone, computer, and other devices to
English. Watch movies in English with English subtitles. Read the lyrics of your
favorite songs “in English” …

Another tool that can help you learn to read English correctly are audio books.
If you have the book or content visually and the audiobook, you can rely on them to
polish your pronunciation.

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 UNIT 2
STEPS TO LEARN HOW TO READ

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18
 UNIT 2
STEPS TO LEARN HOW TO READ
Below you will find a series of steps with activities to develop a comprehensive
and efficient reading and thus learn in a better way to understand what you read.

2.1. Step 1: Read out loud

Read loudly out loud, so each of the sounds of the words that you are
pronouncing will allow you to hear how you pronounce the words of the reading, if
necessary, repeat the reading over and over again until the reading is more and
more fluid.

Let's start with the reading that you have next so you can practice actively

19
 2.2. Step 2: Focused Reading

Performing a comprehensive reading is important because it allows you to

develop the activities proposed in your exams or evaluations for the University or
pass a class.

Every time you read comprehensively, looking at the associated images and
making a list of the words you don't know to later look them up in the dictionary,
they allow your reading to be in depth, giving it the importance, it requires.

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2.3. Step 3: Don´t try to translate every single word

It is an extremely bad habit because it does not

allow you to speak a language fluently. This is
one of the main reasons why so many speakers
from countries where translation is heavily used
in the teaching process go through more than a
decade of instruction and barely speak English.
They are mistakes that also happened to us once.
Having a large passive vocabulary, which will
only be useful for reading a wide variety of media
in English, but barely being able to speak English.
It will not allow you to become fluent so that is
why we present you some of the most efficient
methods.

If your goal is to become a translator or

interpreter, don't start this way. Don't wait until
you start "thinking" in the target language
naturally; that usually doesn't happen until
you're immersed in it or have to preferentially
use it all the time. The best way to get started
with a new language is to force yourself to think
about the target language after you have learned
the first few words and some very basic
grammar. It may be hard for you to switch to that
now, but you have to.

21
2.4. Step 4: Underline the new words and take
vocabulary for flashcards

Find the new words in your dictionary, internet or ask the family

Write its meaning in your notebook or flashcard.

22
2.5. Wordlist

Word Definition

amazed very surprised

amazing very surprising

ancient from a long time ago

army a large group of soldiers that fight wars

assertive behaving or speaking in a strong, confident way

assistant someone whose job is to help a person who has a more

important job

atmosphere the feeling that exists in a place or situation

attraction somewhere you can visit that is interesting or enjoyable

axe a tool with a sharp piece of metal at one end, used for
cutting trees or wood

bee a yellow and black insect that makes honey

bacteria very small living things that can cause disease

bakery a shop where you can buy bread, cakes, etc.

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bat a small animal like a mouse with wings that flies at night

battle a fight between two armies in a war

bite to cut something using teeth

blood the force with which blood flows around your body
pressure

bone one of the hard, white pieces inside the body of a person
or animal

Briton someone who comes from Great Britain

butterfly an insect with large, colored wings

cabbage a large, round vegetable with a lot of green or white

leaves

calm If the weather or the sea is calm, it is quiet and peaceful.

captain the person in control of a ship or aero plane

castle a large, strong building that was built in the past to

protect the people inside from being attacked

cave a large hole in the ground or in the side of a mountain

chain a line of metal rings connected together

charge up put electricity into

24
chlorine a gas with a strong smell, used to make water safe to
drink and swim in (symbol Cl)

chopsticks thin sticks used for eating food in East Asia

cocoa bean the seed of the cacao tree. Chocolate is made from this.

colony a country or area controlled by a more powerful country

comic a magazine with stories told in pictures

compass a piece of equipment which shows you which direction

you are going in

complain to say that something is wrong or that you are angry

about something

contract a legal agreement between two people or organizations

convenient near or easy to get to

country the areas that are away from towns and cities

criminal someone who has done a crime

depressed very sad, often for a long time

depressing making you feel sad and without any hope for the future

desert a large, hot, dry area of land with very few plants

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determined wanting so much to do something that you keep trying
very hard

diet the type of food that someone usually eats

diplomat someone who is good at dealing with people in a sensitive

way

dyslexic Someone who is dyslexic has difficulty with reading and

writing.

elevator (AmE) a machine that carries people up and down in tall

buildings (BrE lift)

empire a group of countries that is ruled by one person or

government

enemy a person or country that you are arguing or fighting with

expedition an organized journey, especially a long one for a

particular purpose

explode If a bomb explodes, it bursts (= breaks suddenly from

inside) with noise and force.

fail to not be successful

faithful always liking and supporting someone or something

fan someone who likes a person or thing very much

fascinating very interesting

feather one of the soft, light things that cover a bird’s skin

26
fishing boat a boat used to catch fish

flight a journey in an aircraft

float to stay on the surface of a liquid and not go under

forever for all time in the future

fox a wild animal like a dog with brown fur and a long thick
tail

fur the thick hair that covers bodies of some animals like cats
and rabbits

gravity the force that makes objects fall to the ground

guard to protect someone or something so that no one attacks

or steals them.

guidebook a book that gives visitors information about a particular

place

habitat the natural environment of an animal or plant

helmet a hard hat that protects your head

hero a very brave man that a lot of people admire

honey a sweet, sticky food that is made by bees

horizon the line in the distance where the sky and the land or sea
seem to meet

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hydrogen a gas that combines with oxygen to form water

image the way that other people think someone or something is

in danger when it is possible that something bad will happen

intend to want and plan to do something

invent to design or make something new

jealous upset and angry because someone you like likes another
person

jogging the activity of running at a slow regular speed, especially

as a form of exercise

jungle an area of land in a hot country where trees and plants

grow close together

keyboard a set of keys on a computer, which you press to make it

work

kiss to put your lips against another person’s lips or skin

because you love or like them

lake a large area of water which has land all around it

leaf (leaves) a flat, green part of a plant that grows from a stem or
branch

lend to give something to someone for a period of time

lightning sudden bright light in the sky during a storm

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lonely sad because you are not with other people

mechanic someone who repairs vehicles and machines

medicine something that you drink or eat when you are ill, to stop
you being ill

monitor a screen that shows information or pictures, usually

connected to a computer

monster an imaginary creature that is large, ugly, and frightening

mosquito a small flying insect that drinks your blood, sometimes

causing a disease

mustard a spicy yellow or brown sauce often eaten in small

amounts with meat

nest a home built by birds or insects for their eggs

oven a piece of kitchen equipment which is used for cooking

food

panic to suddenly feel very afraid so that you stop thinking

clearly and do silly things

pet an animal that someone keeps in their home

pineapple a large fruit with leaves sticking out of the top which is
sweet and yellow inside

pirate someone who attacks ships and steals from them

programmin when someone writes computer programs

g

29
protest when people show that they disagree with something by
standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc

qualification what you get when you pass an exam or a course

raw not cooked

react If a chemical substance reacts with another substance, it

changes.

recycle to use paper, glass, plastic, etc. again and not throw it
away

rent to pay money to live in a building that someone else owns

resident someone who lives in a particular place

rhyme If a word rhymes with another word, the end part of the
words sound the same.

rhythm a regular, repeating pattern of sound

rugby a sport played by two teams with an oval ball and H-

shaped goals

scream when someone makes a high, loud cry because they are
afraid or upset

shake to make quick, short movements from side to side or up

and down

shy not confident, especially about meeting new people

slave someone who is owned by someone else and has to work

for them

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slim Someone who is slim is thin in an attractive way.

soap opera a series of television or radio programs that continues

over a long period and is about the lives of a group of
characters
sofa a large, comfortable seat for more than one person

software programs that you use to make a computer do different

things

species a group of plants or animals which are the same in some

way

spider a creature with eight long legs which catches insects in a

web

sprinter someone who runs short distances in competitions

stripy with a pattern of stripes

suitcase a rectangular case with a handle that you use for carrying
clothes when you are travelling

sulphur a yellow chemical element that has an unpleasant smell

(symbol S)

survivor someone who continues to live after almost dying

because of an accident, illness, etc.

temple a building where people in some religions go to pray

tent a structure for sleeping in, made of cloth fixed to metal

poles

terrified very frightened

31
terrifying very frightening

thunder the loud noise in the sky that you hear during a storm

tragedy something very sad which happens, usually involving

death

treasure something valuable; gold, silver and jewellery

tunnel a long passage under the ground or through a mountain

uniform a special set of clothes that are worn by people who do a

particular job or by children at school

vegetarian someone who does not eat meat or fish

vet a doctor for animals

volcanic volcanic rocks come from a volcano (a mountain that

sends gas and hot rocks out of a hole in the top)

wasp a flying insect with a thin, black and yellow body

waterfall a stream of water that falls from a high place, often to a

pool below

wave to put your hand up and move it from side to side in

order to attract someone’s attention or to say goodbye

weep to cry, usually because you are sad

whale a very large animal that looks like a large fish and lives in
the sea

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wind a natural, fast movement of air

wipe your clean dirt from your shoes on a mat before entering a
feet room or house

witch a woman who has magical powers

wonderful very Good

worm a small creature with a long, thin, soft body and no legs

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2.6. Activities

1 Britain is a beach / an island. There’s a new shop in the village / lake.

2 The Mediterranean and the Caribbean are seas / rivers.
3 We went on a boat on the lake / fi eld.
4 The Andes in South America are hills / mountains.

34
 Which things in Exercise 3a are there near your town or city?

Do you know any more things in the natural world?

swim take go have eat see make play ride walk visit. Sleep come

I went on holiday to the mountains.

I swam in a lake and ate lots of fi sh.
We slept in a tent and made …

SPEAK

Work with a partner. Imagine you went on holiday to a place in one of the pictures in
Exercise 3a. Tell your partner about your holiday. Use the verbs in the past simple.

35
 UNIT 3
READING COMPREHENSION

36
 UNIT 3
READING COMPREHENSION

3.1 Definition of reading comprehension

Reading comprehension is the ability to read a text, process it and understand

its meaning. It is based on two interrelated skills: word reading (being able to decode
the symbols in reading) and language comprehension (being able to understand the
meaning of words and sentences).

However, when we make sense of a text, we don't just remember the exact
words and phrases we read. Rather, we form a mental model of what the text
describes by integrating the meaning of the words and sentences, like a movie
playing in our head.

Good comprehension is vital for purposeful reading, for a reader to engage with
and understand a text, and ultimately for a reader to enjoy what they are reading.

For more information on the nature of comprehension, an excellent

introduction is provided in Understanding and Teaching Reading Comprehension: A
Handbook by Jane Oakhill, Kate Cain, and Carsten Elbro (Routledge, 2014).

Fuente: Routledge, 2014.

37
 3.2 The key to reading comprehension

The relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension is closely

linked: they support each other. One of the reasons for this strong relationship is that
the vast knowledge of the meaning of words allows the reader and listener to create
thematic links within a text. Simply put, the greater a person's insight into words and
their meaning, the easier it is for them to understand even complex texts.

Being familiar with a large number of words is important, the depth of a

person's vocabulary is also important - how well they can use knowledge of the word
and its relationship to understand what they are reading.

The variety of language used in written text means that reading is a good way
to expand vocabulary knowledge, because written text contains more rare and less
familiar words than conversations. All students, even those who can predict fluently,
benefit from being read aloud to them as it provides access to these less familiar
words, as well as providing a model for clear and fluent reading and pronunciation.

3.3. Reading comprehension techniques

Comprehension is extracting meaning from what

you read and is the ultimate goal of reading. Habitual
readers assume this is natural and may not appreciate
the necessary reading comprehension skills. The
process of understanding is both interactive and
strategic. Rather than passively reading the text,
readers must analyze it, internalize it, and make it
their own. In order to read with comprehension,
developing readers must be able to read with some
proficiency and then receive explicit instruction in
reading comprehension strategies (Tierney, 1982).

The beginnings of text comprehension begin

before a person can read, when someone reads them
a picture book, they hear the words, see the pictures
in the book, and begin to associate the words on the
page with the words they are hearing and the ideas
they mean. Thus, to learn comprehension strategies,
students need examples, practice, and feedback.

38
 This book will be very useful for teachers and students thanks to the wide range
and variety of activities, applications and resources it contains that can be used by
the teacher at any time. Teachers can use part or all of the resources and adapt them
to their educational requirements. The key comprehension strategies are described
below:

Preview

When students preview text, they draw on what they already know that will
help them understand the text they are about to read. This provides a framework for
any new information they read.

Predict

When students make predictions about the text they are about to read, they set
expectations based on their prior knowledge of similar topics. As they read, they can
mentally review their forecast as they learn more.

Main idea and summary

Identifying the Main Idea and Summarizing is intended for students to establish
what is important and then articulate it in their own words. Included in this process
is trying to understand the author's plan in writing the text.

Questionnaire

Asking and answering questions about the text is another tactic that helps
students focus on the meaning of the text. Teachers can help by organizing both the
process of asking good questions and the skills of finding answers in text.

Conclusions

In order to draw conclusions about something that is not clearly mentioned in

the text, students must learn to build on prior knowledge and recognize clues in the
text itself.

Visual

Studies have shown that students who visualize while reading remember better
than those who don't (Pressley, 1977). Readers can make use of the illustrations that
are embedded in the text or create their own pictures or mental pictures when
reading text without illustrations.

39
 3.3.1. Stories for reading comprehension

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72155-4 - Teen World: Multi-Level Photocopiable Activities

40
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72155-4 - Teen World: Multi-Level Photocopiable Activities

41
 The English language in learning should allow students to acquire knowledge
complemented with the habit of reading and reading comprehension, which today is
a more complex process, therefore it is difficult to develop students a little more.

The difficulty does not differ much from university students, in which the
difficulty in reading and understanding is presented as a constant, which is why
activities such as those presented above allow developing the reading ability that
people should have when learning English.

3.4. Assessment of reading comprehension

Jean Pascal put a small drop of clear liquid into the drinking water of his mice.

Normally, the mice drank only when they were thirsty. But Jean soon noticed
that when there was liquid in the water, they came back to drink it more than usual.
They couldn’t have been thirsty any more, but they drank. He needed to check this
carefully.

42
 Jean was a very careful man.

When he was ten years old, he had tried to relight a fi rework. He thought the fi
rework was fi nished, but it wasn’t. It was big and expensive and it exploded in his
face. Twenty years later he still had the scar on his left cheek where he had been
burned by the fi rework. He was always careful aft er that.

Jean was now a brilliant chemist. He worked in Montreal, Canada, for a large
chemical company. His company made a lot of different chemicals – including
chemicals for food, which are oft en called additives. Additives give food a different
colour or flavour or even make it last longer. Food companies pay a lot of money for
additives which work well.

‘Sometimes people just don’t seem to want to buy something,’ Jean’s manager,
Charles, had told him earlier. ‘Companies spend a lot of money on persuading people
to buy something, but then nobody wants it.’

‘Maybe they don’t want it because they don’t like it,’ Jean had suggested. ‘It’s
their choice, after all.’

‘People will like anything if you sell it in the right way,’ Charles had said. ‘No, we
must be missing something out. What can we do to make sure that people will like

43
what we sell? Let’s think about that. You’re our top chemist, Jean. Can you work on
that? Work on something to make people love what they eat and drink!’

That had been a few months ago. Now Jean thought of his manager’s words as
he looked at his mice.

The mice kept coming back for more water. Their stomachs were already
completely full of liquid, but they still wanted to drink more. They just couldn’t get
enough of the water which had Jean’s additive in it. They didn’t want to eat any food
at all. Soon they died because their tiny bodies were too full of water. And, amazingly,
they were still trying to reach the water when they died.

Jean’s son, Alain, was only eighteen months old, but he knew what he didn’t like.
He didn’t like green vegetables. He always threw them away. The green mess on the
table had been Alain’s vegetable dinner.

Jean smiled as he took Alain from Katya, his wife, and tried to feed the child
himself. Katya had given up trying to write her book for a while. She thought she
would be able to write while she was at home with their son. But she found she didn’t
have any time any more. Her eyes were sleepy.

‘I can’t persuade him to eat any more. I wish I could!’ Katya said.

‘He eats enough,’ Jean said, ‘doesn’t he?’

‘Oh, he’s happy to drink milk or eat sugary food,’ Katya said. ‘But when I try to
give him some vegetables, he just shouts and screams!’

Katya was oft en worried about what their son ate and didn’t eat. She had oft en
said she didn’t want Alain to eat the unhealthy food people call ‘junk food’. Jean and
his wife both knew that junk food can make children fat and unhealthy even before
they start school. Junk food, like cheap hamburgers and potato fries, usually has too
much sugar or salt or other additives in it. Th e problem is that children oft en prefer
junk food.

‘What if,’ Jean thought, ‘these children could be persuaded to eat healthy food?
What if they actually liked vegetables?’

44
 Back at work, Jean was still working on his new additive. Th ere was a long
chemical name for it, but he preferred to call it ‘Water of Wanting’ because it made
his mice want more. What’s more, he rather liked the short name for his additive:
WOW.

He cut the amount of WOW that he added to his mice’s water by half. The results
were the same. Then he added much smaller amounts of WOW: the mice drank less,
but they still came back for little drinks of water all the time. These little drinks were
still far more than the mice needed. It was as if they had become addicted to water.
They weren’t interested in anything else. They didn’t even want any food. This time
they didn’t die of too much water. They all died of hunger.

‘This,’ Jean thought, ‘could be a problem.’ He wanted WOW to help the mice to
eat certain food and drink certain drinks. But he didn’t want the mice to forget about
or ignore1 all the other things they were given.

Jean had been working extremely hard on this. He hadn’t allowed anybody else
to help him. WOW was his own invention.2 He had made it all by himself. He wanted
people to recognise his work. What’s more, he didn’t like the thought that somebody
else might steal the credit from him. He wanted to be very careful about that.

‘How’s the work going, Jean?’ Charles asked him at the end of one long, difficult
day. ‘You’ve been keeping everything to yourself lately. You’re our number one
chemist, Jean. I like to know what’s happening. So, is the work going well?’

45
 ‘Well, things are going well – very well,’ Jean told him.

‘Hey!’ Charles sounded excited. ‘Do you mean to say you’ve found an answer to
that problem I mentioned? Because if you have … let me tell you, there’ll be a lot of
interest in it from a lot of people – a lot of interest!’

‘No, Charles,’ said Jean. ‘I haven’t found an answer to the problem, not yet. But
I’m a lot closer than I was.’

‘A lot closer, you say? That’s great!’ said Charles. ‘OK, we’re going to need results
soon. Look, I’ll have to tell our bosses a bit more about your work – after all, they’re
paying us to do it; and they’re paying us very well. And that means you’ll get extra
money in your salary if you finish the work. Or perhaps you want more. Is that it,
Jean? If you want more, I’m sure it can be arranged – but we need those results …’

Charles didn’t need to finish. If Jean’s company thought he couldn’t complete his
work on WOW, they would ask somebody else to finish it. Jean didn’t want that.

Jean knew he had to tell Charles everything about WOW and what it could do. It
was the only way to keep the company interested. So he did.

Charles was very excited.

‘WOW sounds amazing!’ he cried. ‘I’ll get some people in to help you and—’

‘No!’ Jean called out quickly. ‘I’m sorry, Charles. I just mean that I’m so close to
this that I don’t want to go over every step with new people. And I really want to
finish it myself. I’m so close, so close.’

‘OK, Jean,’ Charles said calmly. ‘I can understand. But I’m going to have to see
some of the work you’ve done soon. You do understand that, don’t you?’ ‘Of course,’
Jean said. ‘Of course.’ ‘Great!’ Charles replied warmly.

Little Alain’s face was red with anger when Jean walked in. He threw his plate
of vegetables onto the floor.

Katya was crying.

‘I don’t know what to do, Jean!’ she cried. ‘Alain is nearly two years old and I
can’t get him to eat any healthy food! I have to feed him rubbish because he’d die of
hunger if I didn’t! I hate this! There must be some way to get him to eat better food!
It’s making me crazy – I don’t know what to do!’

46
 Both Alain and his mother were crying now. Jean hugged his wife and son.

Soon Alain got tired of crying and allowed Jean to feed him some soup while
Katya made some coffee.

‘I know people say he’s going to grow up soon and this problem will stop,’ Katya
said. ‘But what if it doesn’t? What if they’re wrong?’

Jean had a lot to do if he was going to make WOW work successfully. He wanted
WOW that would make people want to eat or drink some things but not others. At the
same time, he didn’t want WOW to make people lose control of their appetites.3

Jean Pascal was a careful man.

Jean gave his mice a choice of two drinks. One drink had WOW in it and the other
didn’t. The mice still drank from the water with WOW in it and left the other drink
alone. This time, however, they only drank when they were thirsty. They also ate
their food too, just like normal, hungry mice.

At last the WOW was successful. Jean looked at his mice and thought hard.

After some time Jean knocked on the door of Charles’s office. He had the results
of all his work with WOW and he was ready to tell Charles about them.

Charles was very pleased to see him. In a few moments they were chatting over
a coffee, talking about their families and their holiday plans. But soon the chat was
over. Charles moved closer towards Jean and asked the question he had been waiting
to ask.

‘Have you done it, Jean? Have you finished making

WOW?’

‘Yes, I have, Charles,’ Jean replied. ‘I’ve completed everything.’

‘That’s wonderful!’ Charles said. ‘I’ve been really excited about this – and, hey,
I’m not the only one, oh no! But come on, Jean, tell me everything. Just in a few words.
Give me an idea. Well …?’

Jean looked a little uncomfortable, but he lifted up his eyes and looked into
Charles’s worried face and began, ‘WOW is a liquid which you can’t see and you can’t

47
smell, a liquid which – in itself – is completely harmless.’ Jean could see Charles
nodding his head and smiling widely. ‘In carefully measured amounts, it can make a
person prefer one kind of food or drink over another—’

‘Hey, Jean!’ Charles cried out. ‘That’s brilliant! Just what we wanted!’

‘I haven’t finished, Charles …’

Charles apologised, still nodding his head, and Jean continued.

‘However, if these amounts are exceeded … I mean, if we put too much WOW
into a product,4 a person can lose control over their appetite for the product. In the
worst cases, people will want the product so much that it becomes really dangerous.
It could even kill them. The person will eat or drink until they are dead. The person
has to have the product – they have no choice.’

For a moment Charles had stopped smiling. ‘So what you’re saying is: if we add
too much WOW to something, it’s going to make it dangerous?’

‘That’s right.’

‘But,’ Charles continued, ‘if the amounts are right, we can use WOW safely,
right?’

‘Well, yes, but—’

‘No problem then!’ Charles laughed. ‘I’m sure it’ll be perfectly OK, Jean. I’ll make
sure everybody understands.’

‘No, Charles,’ Jean said, more impatiently this time. ‘Let me explain. I’ve been
doing some thinking about this lately—’

‘You certainly have, Mr Clever!’ said Charles. ‘And it’s about time the company
recognised your achievement. I mean, you’ve made something amazing. We’re going
to make millions on this one, Jean. Millions!’

‘Charles!’ Jean raised his voice. ‘Let me explain more clearly. WOW is dangerous!
If it’s used in the wrong amounts, it can make people crazy … crazy with a need for …
for anything they eat or drink. And then they won’t want to eat or drink anything else
at all! Look, Charles, even if it is used in safe amounts, it gives one product an unfair
advantage over another. I mean, shouldn’t one apple pie5 sell better than another

48
because it’s a better apple pie and not because we’ve put some clever additive into
it? No, I’m not sure that it should be used at all, even in safe amounts.’

‘Now, Jean, just hold on a minute—’

‘No, Charles!’ Jean shouted. ‘Imagine if somebody wanted to use WOW as a

weapon – as something to hurt people. Imagine if somebody put it into a city’s water
supply! People would be just like my mice. Th ey would die from drinking too much
water!’

‘Well,’ Charles replied, more calmly now, ‘I see your point now, Jean. We have to
be careful with these things.’

‘At first,’ Jean said, ‘I was excited by the idea of helping people to eat good food.
There are too many fat people these days; I wanted to help with the problems.’

‘Oh, yes!’ Charles said. ‘Of course!’

‘Yes, well,’ Jean replied as he touched the scar on his cheek, ‘I realise now that I
was playing with fi re. It’ll be better if the research6 is put away and forgotten about.
It’s too dangerous and just too … too wrong. You can see that now, can’t you, Charles?’

49
 ‘Yes, I can see that, Jean,’ Charles said quietly. ‘Look, leave this with me. I’ll speak
to our top people and explain. After all, we can’t ask our customers to buy something
that’s dangerous, can we? No, you did the right thing, Jean; you can’t be too careful
about these things.’

‘I’m pleased you understand, Charles,’ said Jean. ‘I feel a lot better about things
now.’

‘Quite right, Jean,’ said Charles. ‘Listen. Why don’t you take the next few weeks
off? You and your family could have a good long holiday. You need a rest. And you’ve
earned it.’ ‘Thank you, Charles – I think I will.’ Jean turned to go.

‘Oh, and Jean …’

‘Yes, Charles?’

‘Could you just leave all your WOW work with me before you go? I’ll see that it’s
all taken care of.’

One year later

Katya was feeling very happy. She and Jean had had two long holidays over the
last year – one in Brazil and one in Ireland. Little Alain had really loved them. And
Jean was working on some interesting new research into making petrol safer and
cleaner. Jean liked doing work that helped people. This new research was his biggest
interest at the moment.

Alain was healthier and happier. He was even eating green vegetables! Maybe
the fresh air at the Irish beaches had helped. In any case, Katya had discovered some
new vegetables in packets which Alain seemed to be very happy with. In fact, he often
asked for more.

Katya looked at Alain sleeping happily in the early afternoon. She took out her
notebook computer – she was sure she could start work on her book now.

50
 But fi rst she decided she would have some lunch. She had never really liked
hamburgers, but she had discovered some recently that were really nice. Th ey were
her favourite lunch now. She should watch her weight, really, but … oh, one more
burger wouldn’t hurt, would it?

Just one more.

51
52
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72155-4 - Teen World: Multi-Level Photocopiable Activities
Joanna BuddenExcerpt

53
 UNIT 4
ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP
READING COMPREHENSION

54
 UNIT 4
ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP
READING COMPREHENSION

4.1. Analogies

According to Merriam Webster (1828)

An analogy is the comparison of two different things based on the similarity of

a particular aspect If you make or draw an analogy between two things, you show
that they are similar in some way.

The Word” analogy” comes from the ancient Greek analogy meaning comes
from the ancient Proto-Indo-European root *leg- meaning ''to collect'' or ''to gather.''
There are many different types of analogies that are used to depict different kinds of
relationships. One example of an analogy might be:

Branch: tree : : arm : person.

This is the most common way of writing out analogies; the colons stand in for
words. Another way to write it out would be ''Branch is to tree as the arm is to
person.'' This is a way of expressing that a branch is a part of a tree in much the same
way that an arm is a part of a person. This analogy definition applies to a wide range
of topics.

4.2. Main vs. specific ideas

The author Shasha Blakeley (2021) says that there are many kinds of types of
analogies that express different kinds of relationships.

• Part to whole
• Cause to effect
• Source to product
• Object to purpose
• Characteristic
• General to specific
• User to tool

55
 • Sequences
• Synonyms
• Antonyms

It is also possible to create other kinds of analogies with sufficient creativity.

There are several literary devices, for instance, that are somewhat connected to
analogies in that they also serve to express relationships.

• Part to Whole

Perhaps the most common kind of analogy is the part to whole analogy; many
analogy examples fit into this category. The example above about branches and arms
is a part of the whole analogy. These are relationships between things that compare
two sets of objects, both of which are part and whole pairs. Another example of a part
to whole analogy is:

Florida: America: living room: house

• Cause to Effect

Cause-to-effect analogies explore the similarities between events that cause a

variety of effects. They can help allow people to understand relationships between
events. An example is:

drought: wildfire: infection: disease

• Source to Product

Analogies that compare sources and products can be a good way to explain the
provenance of various day-to-day objects. This kind of analogy can be particularly
useful for explaining production methods to children:

cocoa beans: chocolate: wood: pencil

• Object to Purpose

This is similar to a cause-and-effect analogy or a source to product analogy,

meaning that it is about instrumental action. The first word in each half of the analogy
is an object, followed by what that object is most commonly used for:

book: reading: racket: playing tennis

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 • Characteristic (Category)

Some common analogies are about characteristics. The first word in each half
of the analogy provides a characteristic, while the second word provides the thing
that has that characteristic. It is possible to get quite creative with this kind of
analogy:

red: cardinal: amphibious: frog

• General to Specific

One way to express analogy relationships is to focus on things that go from

general to specific. This is similar to the reverse of a part to a whole analogy. One
example is:

city: New York: genre: science fiction

• User to Tool

In many cases, people who use particular tools have specific titles. This can
provide the basis for a user to tool analogy, such as:

doctor: stereoscope, camera operator: camera

• Sequences

Some logic and intelligence tests include analogy tests to see if people can
understand sequential relationships between concepts. A simple example might be:

A: B :: 1 : 2

• Synonyms

Analogies can also be created out of pairs of synonyms. This can help show the
relationship between the two pairs of words and explain that they are comparable.
An example might be:

happy : joyful , angry : furious

57
 • Antonyms

Just like two pairs of synonyms can create an analogy, so can two pairs of
antonyms. This shows that two sets of things are functionally opposites:

up : down , left : right

Common Literary Devices

What is an example of an analogy in literature? Several common literary

devices are somewhat similar to analogies. These literary devices are all based on
the relationships between concepts. Some of them are more abstract than others;
none are the same as pure analogies.

• The teacher says hello to the students and asks them to guess the initial
mood, and (I make with my face) as the example given in (Image 4.1).

58
Image 4.1. Example of mood (Taken from: https://www.englishexercises.org)

59
Complete each analogy by writing the correct word on the blank line.

1. Sing is to sang as eat is to _______________________.

2. Bear is to cub as cat is to ____________________.

3. Nickel is to five as quarter is to _______________________.

4. Left is to right as down is to _______________________.

5. Mouse is to mammal as snake is to _______________________.

6. Which is to witch as weather is to _______________________.

7. Automobile is to gasoline as television is to ________________.

8. Bird is to chirp as cow is to _______________________.

9. Smile is to frown as ugly is to _______________________.

Complete each analogy by writing the correct word on the line. Then, tell
whether the words in the analogy are synonyms or antonyms.

1. Open is to closed as near is to ____________________________.(far, closed, shut) The

pairs of words in this analogy are ____________________________.(synonyms,
antonyms)

2. Soft is to loud as slow is to ____________________________. (quiet, quick, sluggish)

3. Little is to small as large is to ____________________________. (tiny, huge, medium) The

pairs of words in this analogy are ____________________________. (synonyms,
antonyms)

4. Smart is to intelligent as sly is to ____________________________. (sneaky, dumb,

genius) The pairs of words in this analogy are ____________________________.
(synonyms, antonyms)

5. Dishonest is to honest as always is to ____________________________. (usually, never,

sometimes) The pairs of words in this analogy are ____________________________.
(synonyms, antonyms)

60
 Linda Farrell, Michael Hunter, Marcia Davidson, Tina Osenga (1986) These
authors give us the key to understand why most students struggle with reading
comprehension and with being able to find the main idea of a text.

Many readers struggle with reading comprehension every time they read.
They may “read” the passage perfectly but have no real understanding of the story.
Reading comprehension is an important part of achieving full literacy.

Is an essential reading comprehension skill for our students to develop?

Students that become skilled in this art will benefit from it far beyond the perimeters
of the school gates. From the small print of an insurance document to writing a book
review, the ability to filter a text and identify its central idea is as much a crucial life
skill as an essential literacy-based learning objective. Though it isn’t always easy,
luckily there is much we can do to help our students hone their abilities in this area.

4.3. Reading charts and graphic organizers

The graphic organizer is a work tool for learning where we find the main ideas
of a topic in a dynamic and summarized way, which organizes the ideas in an easy
way so that the student can understand and internalize, it is full of connections and
relationships between terms, concepts, examples, facts and activities.

In the following table, (Table 4.3), there are several types of graphic organizers
that can be used according to the needs of the teacher and students.

Examples:

Graphic 4.3. Types of Graphic Organizers.

Taken from: https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/types-of-graphic-organizers/

61
 Taken from: https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/types-of-graphic-organizers/

Taken from: https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/types-of-graphic-organizers/

Graphic organizers are also good for students to organize the material by
selecting the most important parts and thus be able to study better.

Linda Farrell, Michael Hunter, Marcia Davidson, Tina Osenga (1986) These
authors give us the key to understand why most students struggle with reading
comprehension and with being able to find the main idea of a text.

62
 Many people struggle with reading comprehension every time they read. They
can "read" the text perfectly but have no real understanding of what they read.
Reading comprehension is very important as it is an essential reading
comprehension skill for students to develop. It can be clearly noticed when a student
has this skill developed since he can study and understand in a better way.

Finding the main idea of a text no matter what kind of text it is requires the
reader to identify the topic of a piece of writing and then discover what the writer
wants us to know.

To begin to identify the main idea, we should start by locating the main idea in
a sentence before locating it in a longer paragraph. As this work is mastered, we will
go on to identify the main idea in paragraphs, and thus longer texts in the form of
chapters and, finally, complete books.

Generally, if the writer knows what he is doing, we can identify a single main
idea in each paragraph.

Activities to improve Reading comprehension by Linda Farrell, Michael Hunter,

Marcia Davidson, Tina Osenga (1986):

Read-Aloud Questions

It’s always good to do read-aloud together. One benefit of reading together is it

allows the teacher to ask questions along the way. Asking questions such as, “What
do you think will happen next?” or “I wonder why the character did that?” helps to
engage with and think critically about the text and allows the teacher to judge how
well the passage is being comprehended.

Story Sequencing

Sequencing is another way you can help to gain reading comprehension. Being
able to order the sequence of events in a story is a key component in understanding
plot. There are several ways you can practice story sequencing with your reader. You
could simply have him write a sentence or draw a picture about what happened at
the beginning, middle and end of the story.

63
 Retelling

Closely related to story sequencing, retelling is also good practice for achieving
reading comprehension. The rainbow reading bracelet is the perfect tool for gaining
proficiency in retelling.

Close Reading

Learning to pay careful attention to a text is a skill that doesn’t always come
naturally to beginning readers. Can be taught how to look closely at a passage in
order to glean the most details and thus gain a better understanding of the author’s
intent. Reread a passage slowly and thoughtfully will help to improve comprehend
what are you reading.

Inferencing

Learning to infer (draw conclusions) is crucial to gaining reading

comprehension. There are many subtleties in stories that the author expects readers
to notice; if these nuances aren’t picked up on the reader may miss important points
of the story.

Practical exercises taken from: (University of Victoria 2022)

Nasreddin and the Pot: Reading Comprehension

One day Nasreddin borrowed a pot from his neighbor Ali. The next day he
brought it back with another little pot inside. "That's not mine," said Ali. "Yes, it is,"
said Nasreddin. "While your pot was staying with me, it had a baby."

Sometime later Nasreddin asked Ali to lend him a pot again. Ali agreed, hoping
that he would once again receive two pots in return. However, days passed and
Nasreddin had still not returned the pot. Finally, Ali lost patience and went to
demand his property. "I am sorry," said Nasreddin. "I can't give you back your pot,
since it has died." "Died!" screamed Ali, "how can a pot die?" "Well," said Nasreddin,
"you believed me when I told you that your pot had had a baby."

64
1. Who was the owner of the pot?

. ? Nasreddin
A. ? Ali
B. ? the baby

2. How many times did Nasreddin borrow the pot?

. ? once
A. ? twice
B. ? three times

3. How many pots did he give back the first time?

. ? none
A. ? one
B. ? two

4. Why was the neighbor happy to lend his pot a second time?

. ? He was greedy.
A. ? He was a good neighbor.
B. ? He had lots of spare pots.

5. How many pots did Nasreddin return the second time?

. ? none
A. ? one
B. ? two

6. What probably happened to the pot?

. ? It died.
A. ? The neighbor took it back.
B. ? Nasreddin kept it.

Why People Get Tattoos

Jack lay, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly
stabbed him with sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack
was getting a tattoo. His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so

65
impressed by Tony's bravery and his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a
tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot
of young people in North America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and
personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today.

The desire to be part of a group, to be accepted by one's friends or peers, can

have a great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a
sign that you belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos
to identify their particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear
green army jackets and have large 'Xs' tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs
that have this type of special 'uniform'. Young people often belong to a certain group
of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes. Some wear only
black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person's friends are all doing something,
such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a
tattoo too.

The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North
America. A wide variety of media images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people
appearing in commercials selling expensive cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos
are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in magazines and on TV
wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colorful
patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As
a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value.

It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a
person getting a tattoo. Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their
artistic nature, their beliefs, or their feelings -- in other words, to show their
individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some
environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders.
Lovers may tattoo each other’s' names over their hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign
to show what is important in a person's life.

As you can see, there are many reasons why young North Americans get tattoos.

A tattoo can be part of a group's uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an

expression of individuality. The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the
influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself. For Jack, it was a
mixture of all three.

66
1. According to the essay, what are the three most common reasons why a person
gets a tattoo?

. pressure from their peers

a. it is healthy
b. influence from the media
c. a way of personal expression

CHECK

2. According to the essay, which of the following are common ways that people show
they belong to a certain group?

. wearing a tattoo

a. wearing special clothes

b. wearing a special uniform
c. wearing a special kind of socks

CHECK

3. According to the essay, which of the following are ways that the media uses tattoos
in advertising?

. to sell cars

a. by using fashion models

b. by using sports stars
c. by using endangered species

CHECK

4. According to the essay, media images are linked to _____________. Choose all that
apply.

. Wealth

a. status
b. success
c. debt

67
 CHECK

5. According to the essay, which of the following are possible artistic reasons for
getting tattoos?

. to show membership in a band

a. to show a lover's name

b. to show pictures of animals that may become extinct
c. to show which language you speak

CHECK

6. Jack was stabbed for thirty minutes with a needle because _____________. Click on
button beside the best answer.

. ? he was getting a tattoo

a. ? he was getting acupuncture

b. ? he is was getting his ears pierced
c. ? he was getting a nose ring

7. According to the essay, some people get tattoos because ____________. Click on the
button beside the best answer.

. ? they think it is fashionable

a. ? they like pain

b. ? they think it will wash off in the bath
c. ? they are religious

8. According to the essay, Jack thinks people who get tattoos are ____________. Click
on the button beside the best answer.

. ? brave

a. ? cowardly
b. ? old fashioned
c. ? nitwits

68
9. The reason Jack wanted to get a tattoo was ____________. Click on the button
beside the best answer.

. ? the influence of friends

a. ? the influence of the media

b. ? a desire to express himself
c. ? all of the above.

69
 UNIT 5
LISTENING

70
 UNIT 5
LISTENING

5.1. Pronunciation

The pronunciation according to Mark Hancock (2018) is how we say words, the
way how each language is spoken is the correct production of sounds.

For us, pronunciation is the correct way of saying words within a language or
language.

The pronunciation is important because you can express yourself freely and
everyone around you will understand what you say.

Having a good pronunciation will allow you to feel more comfortable conversing
in English since it gives us confidence and security to function in any situation.

Pronunciation activities. (games)

Below we have several games that can be used in class to improve our
pronunciation in a fun way.

By RUTHWICKHAM (2022)

1. Odd One Out

Put similar words into groups of three, two with one sound, and one with a
different (although similar) sound.

For example:

meet, seat, sit (for vowels)

plays, pace, space (for consonants)

Students must work in pairs so that one of them reads the words aloud and the
other person identifies and pick which words have different sounds.

71
 2. Run and Grap

Write two (or more) words at a time on the board.

Create two teams and then pair students up with a member of the opposite
team. In turn, each pair goes to stand at the back of the room, looking down an aisle
at the board.

When you call one of the minimal pairs out, the pair races to the front to touch
the correct word (the odd word out)

Students from the winning team could have a turn at calling the words for
others to run to.

3. Sound TPR (Total Physical Response)

Designate particular movements to particular sounds of words that the teacher

will say to the class. For example, they may be sitting at their desks and raise a hand,
clap their hands, or stand up when they hear a particular sound, or they may stand
in a space and jump or run-in response to sounds.

the idea is that they perform the correct assigned action when the teacher
pronounces the word.

4. Dictation:

Form pairs to carry out this dictation activity, one of the students dictates the
word and the other writes it.

This is a good listening practice.

5.2. Commons expressions

There are several types of expressions that are essential for a learner of a new
language to master as they could save us in different situations that is why below we
will have common phrases in airports, restaurants and hospitals that are important
for us to understand and master.

At the airport Samantha Ruff (2019):

72
 1. Airline

Definition: The company that you are travelling with. For example, British
Airways, Singapore Airlines, Ryanair, United Airlines.

Example sentence: ‘What airline are you flying with today?’

‘I’m flying with American Airlines.’

2. Arrivals

Definition: The part of the airport where people exit from the plane
Example sentence: “Can you tell me where arrivals is, please?”

“Certainly. This is departures, so you need to go downstairs for arrivals.”

3. Baggage reclaim

Definition: the place where you collect your suitcases after you arrive

Example sentence: “We just need to collect our bags at baggage reclaim, and
then we will leave the airport.”

4. To board

Definition: to enter the plane

Example sentence: “We are starting to board, so we have no more time for
shopping.”

5. Boarding pass

Definition: the ticket which gives you permission to enter the plane
Example sentence: “Can you show me your boarding pass please.”
“I checked in online, so my boarding pass is on my phone.”

6. Boarding time

Definition: the time that you enter the plane (take-off time is the time when the
plane leaves)

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 Example sentence: “Our boarding time is at 2p.m., and take-off time is at
2.45p.m.”

7. To book

Definition: to confirm your ticket to travel

Example sentence: “If you want to get a good price on your ticket, it is important
to book many months before you travel.”

8. Carry-on bag

Definition: a bag that you take with you on the airplane (opposite of check-in
bag)

Example sentence: “I only have a carry-on bag so I don’t need to wait for a
suitcase when I arrive.”

9. To check in / check-in

Definition: to present yourself and your identification (I.D.) before you take
your flight. Most people use online check-in now.

Example sentence: “You only need to check in at the airport if you are checking-
in luggage. If you are only taking carry-on bags, then you can use online check-in.”

10. Customs

Definition: the place where you show your passport after you arrive at your
destination

Example sentence: “We just need to collect our bags at baggage reclaim, and
then we will leave the airport.”

11. Delayed

Definition: when the airplane will not leave at the correct time

Example sentence: “Because of the terrible weather, our flight was delayed for
three hours.”

74
 12. Departures

Definition: the place where you get on the plane

Example sentence: “The taxi took me to arrivals instead of departures, so I was

late.”

13. Departure lounge

Definition: the final place where you wait to get on the plane, after the security
check

Example sentence: “Only passengers can go into the departure lounge.”

14. Domestic

Definition: journeys that stay inside the same country

Example sentence: “We must go to domestic departures because we are flying

from New York to los Angeles. The departures here are all international.”

15. Flight

Definition: the journey by airplane

Example sentence: “Our flight leaves at 10 a.m. and arrives at 6 p.m.”

16. Fragile

Definition: an item that can break easily

Example sentence: “If you have any fragile items in your suitcase, write ‘fragile’
on the bag and take it to the special check-in.”

17. Gate

Definition: the place where you get on the plane

Example sentence: “Our flight is leaving from Gate 47, so we need to walk for
ten minutes to get there.”

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 18. Identification / I.D.

Definition: documentation with your photograph and personal details

Example sentence: “Please can you present a valid I.D. before you are allowed
to check-in.”

19. Last call

Definition: the final opportunity to board the plane

Example sentence: “This is the last call for Ryanair Flight 123 to Barcelona. Will
passengers please got to Gate 54 immediately?”

20. Luggage

Definition: your bags (the word ‘luggage’ is uncountable, so you cannot say ‘two
luggages’ – two bags is correct)

Example sentence: “We had a lot of luggage when we went to New York as we
have three children and we were going for three weeks.”

21. Long-haul flight (opposite is short-haul flight)

Definition: a journey to a place that is a long way away

Example sentence: “On long-haul flights, it is recommended to walk around the

airplane regularly.”

22. On time

Definition: the plane will depart at the correct time

Example sentence: “Even though the weather was very bad, the plane left on
time.”

23. One-way

Definition: a ticket that takes you in one direction only

Example sentence: “I have a one-way ticket because I am not coming back.”

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 24. Oversized / Overweight Bag

Definition: a bag that is heavier (more kilograms) than the allowed limit

Example sentence: “If you bag is more than 25kgs you have to take it to the
oversized baggage area and pay extra.”

25. Priority boarding

Definition: to have a ticket that allows you to get on the plane first

Example sentence: “When you have small children, it’s normal to have priority
boarding so you can get on the plane before everybody else.

26. Stopover

Definition: when you stay in a place in between your flights

Example sentence: “When we flew from London to Sydney, we had a one-night

stopover in Singapore.”

27. Terminal

Definition: the airport building

Example sentence: “Most big airports have more than one terminal. London
Heathrow has four terminals.”

28. Trolley

Definition: the machine you use to transport your bags inside the airport
Example sentence: “I have three big suitcases so I needed a trolley to move
them.”

29. To upgrade

Definition: to improve the quality of your seat on the airplane

Example sentence: “When we arrived at the airport, we got a free upgrade to

business class.”

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30. Visa

Definition: official permission to enter a country

Example sentence: “To enter Russia, you need a visa.”

At the restaurant:

Customer

• I would like to make a dinner reservation for two.

• I need to make a dinner reservation.

• We will need the reservation for Tuesday night. We will be coming to your
restaurant on Tuesday night.

English for Restaurant Staff

• We will have a table for you.

• I can seat you at 7.30 on Tuesday, if you would kindly give me your name.

• We don’t have anything available at 8.30. Is 7.30 OK?

• I have a table for four available at 7.45, please just give me your name.

English for Restaurant Staff

• Can I take your order, Sir/ Madam?

• Are you ready to order?

• Can I take your order?

• Are you ready to order yet?

• What would you like to start with?

• What would you like for a starter?

• Anything to drink?

78
• Do you want a salad with it?

• How would you like your steak?

• Do you want vegetables with it?

• Why don’t you try the pizza?

• Can I start you off with anything to drink?

• May I get you anything to drink?

• What would you like for dessert?

• Do you want a dessert?

• What would you like to drink with your meal?

• Would you like any wine with that?

• Can I get you a drink while you’re waiting?

• Would you like any coffee?

• Would you like an appetizer?

• Can I get you anything else?

• Would you like to order anything else?

• Would you like to try our dessert special?

• What did you want to order?

• Would you like coffee or tea with your dessert?

• Would you like dessert after your meal?

• What would you like to drink?

• Would you like to see our dessert menu?

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 • Would you like to finish your evening with us with some dessert?

https://7esl.com/restaurant-english/

PHRASES PATIENTS MIGHT SAY

1. I NEED A PHYSICAL.

When we use the word “physical” as a noun, it means a yearly medical

examination by a doctor to make sure the patient is healthy.

2. DO I NEED TO HAVE SURGERY?

To “have surgery” means to cut open a part of the body to repair or remove a
body part that is damaged. Another name for surgery is “an operation.” “Operation”
needs an article – “Do I need an operation?”

3. THAT’S A BIG NEEDLE.

Many people use the word “needle” to refer to a syringe, a tool that injects
medicine or withdraws blood from the body. Sometimes a patient will say, “Are you
going to give me a shot?” They are asking if you are going to give them an injection
with a syringe.

4. WE WILL SCHEDULE YOU FOR OUTPATIENT SURGERY NEXT

WEEK.

An “out-patient” procedure means that the patient doesn’t stay at your facility
overnight. If you are an “in-patient,” that means that your procedure requires you to
stay at least one night in a hospital.

5. THE NURSE WILL TAKE YOU IN A WHEELCHAIR.

A “wheelchair” is a chair with wheels used by people who can’t, or shouldn’t,

walk.

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 6. I HAD A HEART ATTACK LAST YEAR.

“Heart attack” is a common way to say that something is blocking the flow of
blood to the heart, technically known as a myocardial infarction. Sometimes it can
also be called “a coronary.”

7. I THREW UP LAST NIGHT.

To “throw up” is a phrasal verb that means to vomit, or to expel the food that
was in your stomach.

8. IT’S URGENT THAT I SEE A DOCTOR.

“Urgent” means something needs to happen right now, and that it cannot wait.

9. I THINK I MIGHT BE PREGNANT.

To be “pregnant” means that you are expecting a baby.

10. IT HURTS WHEN I BREATHE.

When something “hurts,” it causes pain. This is not usually severe pain, but it
was enough pain that the person asked for a doctor’s help. The word “ache” has a
similar meaning, but it’s used more often with other words: headache, stomach ache,
backache. However, a patient could also say, “My arm aches,” or “My stomach hurts.”

11. MY SON SCRAPED HIS KNEE.

If you fall on a rough surface, such as cement, you might lose the very top layer
of skin. To “scrape” a knee or an elbow is not usually a serious issue and is something
that can be taken care of easily with a plastic bandage.

12. I HAVE A SCAR ON MY ARM.

A “scar” is a mark left on the skin by a wound that has already healed.

13. I CUT MYSELF ON THE BROKEN DISH.

“Cut” can be a noun or a verb. Someone can have a “cut” on their finger, or they
can “cut themselves” on a sharp object. You can see that this verb is reflexive.

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 14. HE HAS A LACERATION ON HIS LEG.

A “laceration” is more serious than a simple “cut,” and will probably require
stitches.

15. DO I NEED STITCHES?

“Stitches” is a common way to refer to sutures, or when a deep laceration needs

to be held closed with thread or staples.

16. IT’S JUST A SCRATCH.

A “scratch” is a very shallow cut in the skin. “Scratch” can also be a verb. “Don’t
scratch that mosquito bite.”

17. I HAVE A LUMP IN MY NECK.

A “lump” is a small raised area that usually feels harder than the tissue around
it. A patient may have a “lump” in her breast (a tumor).

18. I BUMPED MY HEAD.

If you feel a swollen place on a patient’s head caused by injury, it’s called a
“bump.”

19. I THINK I PULLED A MUSCLE.

A “pulled muscle” means that during strenuous exercise or accident, the muscle
tissue was damaged in some way and is causing pain.

20. I’M ALLERGIC TO PENICILLIN.

Being “allergic” to something means that using that medicine, or eating that
food, will cause a reaction of some kind.

https://gonaturalenglish.com/50-english-phrases-for-medical-professionals/
English Phrases for Staying at a Hotel

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10 QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT HEAR

1. Do you have a reservation?

2. May I have your name, please?

3. How long will you be staying?

4. Could I see your I.D., please?

5. How many guests are with you?

6. Could you please fill out this form?

7. Do you need help with your bags?

8. Do you need a wake-up call?

9. Are you familiar with [Vancouver]?

10. Is there anything else we can help you with?

10 STATEMENTS YOU MIGHT HEAR

1. I’m sorry, we don’t have any rooms available.

2. Your room is on the second floor.

3. Your room number is (901).

4. Sorry, pets are not allowed.

5. Sorry, smoking is not allowed.

6. Please sign your name here.

7. Here is your key.

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8. There is a restaurant on the ground floor.

9. More fresh towels are available at the front desk.

10. Thank you for staying with us!

VISITORS AT THE FRONT DESK

1. I’d like a room for 2 nights, please?

2. Can I see the room, please?

3. Do you have a room with a bath?

4. What time is breakfast?

5. Where’s the restaurant?

6. What time is check out?

7. Are there any laundry facilities?

https://gonaturalenglish.com/50-english-phrases-for-medical-professionals/
English Phrases for Staying at a Hotel

10 QUESTIONS YOU MIGHT HEAR

1. Do you have a reservation?

2. May I have your name, please?

3. How long will you be staying?

4. Could I see your I.D., please?

5. How many guests are with you?

6. Could you please fill out this form?

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7. Do you need help with your bags?

8. Do you need a wake-up call?

9. Are you familiar with [Vancouver]?

10. Is there anything else we can help you with?

10 TATEMENTS YOU MIGHT HEAR

1. I’m sorry, we don’t have any rooms available.

2. Your room is on the second floor.

3. Your room number is (901).

4. Sorry, pets are not allowed.

5. Sorry, smoking is not allowed.

6. Please sign your name here.

7. Here is your key.

8. There is a restaurant on the ground floor.

9. More fresh towels are available at the front desk.

10. Thank you for staying with us!

VISITORS AT THE FRONT DESK

1. I’d like a room for 2 nights, please?

2. Can I see the room, please?

3. Do you have a room with a bath?

4. What time is breakfast?

85
 5. Where’s the restaurant?

6. What time is check out?

7. Are there any laundry facilities?

https://www.eslbuzz.com/useful-english-phrases-for-staying-at-a-hotel/

It is important when we learn a new language, to learn to speak and interact

with the natives, since many times the phrases that are taught in the books are not
the ones that the natives use daily and if we want our English to flow in a natural
we must learn popular phrases, here we leave some below.

How books teach us - How do the natives speak

You make me laugh-you crack me up

Nice car-nice ride

It’s very cold outside-its freezing outside

I got the Job-I got the gig

Be careful-watch out

I’m Leaving-I’m heading out

Let’s meet- let s catch up

Phrasal verbs:

Meaning:

They are verbs composed of two words, an adverb, and a proposition that, when
used together, acquire different meanings.

for example, the verb looks, to look means to look. However, by adding the
preposition up to the end of the verb, look up takes on a different meaning, it means

86
to seek or admire. If we put the preposition out at the end of the verb, look out, it
means to pay attention or be careful

https://youtu.be/XMp_-MW2XTU
https://youtu.be/0q_9B-wHXhw

Photo from: NativeEnglish - Inglés para hispanohablantes (2020)

5.3. Vocabulary

Phrasal Verb-Meaning (Most Common)

Aim At

To point a weapon at someone or something.

Ask For

To request something.

Ask Out

When you ask someone to go with you to a certain place or for a special
occasion, to spend time together and have fun. If one or both parties involved
are interested in a romantic way, then it is considered a date.

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Back Down

To withdraw your position in a fight, argument, plan, etc.

Back Off

When you leave an emotional situation or allow someone to handle something

alone.

Back-Up

To walk or drive a vehicle backward.

Beat Up

When someone punches, kicks, or hits someone repeatedly using fists or with
an object. 2

Beef Up

To make changes or an improvement.

Believe In

To feel confident about something or someone.

Bite Off

To use your teeth to bite a piece of something.

Blow Away

When the wind moves an object or person from where it was.

Blow Off

When the wind removes something from its place.

Blow Out To extinguish or make a flame stop burning.

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Blow Up

To make something explode.

Boil Down To

To have determined or analyzed the solution or reason for something.

Break Down

When someone loses self-control and is emotionally and/or mentally agitated.

This meaning has a noun form for a situation where someone loses self-control.

Break-In

To enter a place illegally and with the use of force.

Break Off

To remove a part of something with force.

Break Out

To escape from a place, situation, or way of life.

Break Through

To make a way through a barrier or a surface.

Break Up

To stop a fight.

Bring Back

To return something you’ve borrowed.

Bring Over

To bring someone or something from one place or area to another.

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Bring Up

To bring something from a lower level/place to a higher level/place.

Brush Off

To remove something (dust particle, insect, etc.) with your hand.

Brush Up

To practice and review your knowledge or a skill that you haven’t used in a
while.

Build In/Into

To add a fixture or component to a certain area or place through construction.

Bump Into

When you meet people by accident or unexpectedly.

Burn Down

When someone uses fire to destroy a structure.

Burn Out

When a candle stops burning because there is nothing left to burn.

Burn Up

To destroy something with heat or fire.

Burst Out

To suddenly do or say something.

Butt In

To interrupt a conversation or activity.

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Call Back

To call someone again.

Call In

To request that someone come and help.

Call Off

To cancel an event that has been previously planned.

Call Up

To be chosen to take part in a military mission.

Calm Down

To become less violent, nervous, excited, or angry.

Care For

To nurture or take care of someone or something.

Carry Away

To do something out of the ordinary due to strong emotions.

Carry On

To continue doing something or to continue in life despite an obstacle.

Carry Out

To move something or someone from one place to another using your arms or
an object.

Catch On

To understand or realize something.

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Catch Up

To move faster to reach someone or something that is ahead of you.

Cheat On

When you are emotionally and/or sexually unfaithful to your

girlfriend/boyfriend or spouse.

Check-In

To register at a hotel or airport upon arrival.

Check Out

To leave a hotel or other form of accommodation after your stay there.

Chicken Out

To refrain from doing something because of fear.

Chop Up

To cut something into pieces with a knife.

Clean Out

To clean or clear the inside of something thoroughly.

Clear Out

To remove things completely from an area or place.

Clear Up

To do something to solve a problem or a misunderstanding.

Clog Up

When something in a drain or valve prevents the flow of water or other liquids

92
Close Down

When the activities or services of a business permanently end.

Close Off

To block an entrance or pathway.

Come About

When something happens or occurs.

Come Across

The way other people perceive something or someone.

Come Apart

When something breaks or separates piece by piece.

Come Back

To return to a place.

Come Down

To move from a higher to a lower position or from north to south.

Come Down To

When a situation is reduced to a certain outcome.

Come Down With

When you start to experience the symptoms of a disease or illness.

Come In

When someone or something enters a place, building, or room.

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Come Off

When something is removed or breaks off from where it was originally attached
to.

Come On

To appear on television or be heard on the radio.

Come Out

To leave a place.

Come Over

To visit.

Come Through

When someone or something expected arrives.

Come Up

When something appears or happens, either expected or unexpected.

Come Up With

When you think of a solution, idea, plan, or excuse.

Con Into

To persuade someone to do something through lies and deception.

Con Out Of

To persuade someone to give or do something through lies and deception.

Cool Off

To lose temperature.

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Count On

To rely on someone for support when you need it most.

Count Up

To count all of something or people in a group.

Cover Up

To use something to conceal something else.

Crack Down

To take more action than usual against wrongdoing.

Cross Off

To remove or delete someone or something from a list.

Cut Back

When you spend less money on something.

Cut Down

To do less of something or to use something in smaller amounts.

Cut Off

To completely remove or separate a part of something by cutting it with

something sharp like a knife or a pair of scissors, etc.

Cut Out

To remove something using a knife or a pair of scissors.

Cut Up

When you use a knife or scissors to cut something into several pieces.

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Deal With

When you do everything, you must do to solve a problem or complete it.

Do Away With

To dispose of something.

Do-Over

To do something again to improve or correct mistakes.

Do With

To make a connection between two or more things.

Do Without

To manage well without something or someone.

Doze Off

To go to sleep unintentionally.

Dress Up

Wear formal clothes, o a costume for a special occasion.

Drop-In

To visit someone unexpectedly or without making arrangements first.

Drop Off

To gradually decline/become less.

Drop Out

To quit a school program or training course.

96
Dry Off

To dry something or a surface quickly.

Dry Out

To remove water or other liquid from a container.

Dry Up

When all the liquid and/or moisture evaporates.

Eat Up

When someone consumes all their food.

Empty Out

To remove everyone or everything from space.

End Up

The result of something planned or unplanned.

Fall Apart

When something breaks all at once or piece by piece.

Fall Behind

To move slower than others.

Fall Down

To fall to the ground.

Fall For

When you have an intense attraction to something or someone.

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Fall Off

When something drops to a lower level.

Fall Out

To fall from or through something.

Fall Over

When someone or something falls from an upright position to the ground.

Fall Through

If things do not go as planned, or if a plan, deal, or agreement fails.

Feel Up To

When you have/don’t have the energy and confidence to do something.

Fight Back

When you defend yourself/resist an attack, or make an effort against an

opponent in a competition.

Figure On

To expect or plan for something.

Fill In

To add personal information in the blank spaces of an official document.

Fill Out

To complete a form.

Fill Up

To fill something.

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Find Out

To become aware of something or someone.

Fix-Up

To make plans or arrangements with someone or for others.

Flip Out

To become very mad or lose control over your emotions.

Float Around

When an object or a person is near, you cannot pinpoint the exact location.

Follow Up

To find out more about something, or take further action in regards to it.
Fool Around

To waste time doing unimportant or silly things.

Freak Out

When someone becomes irrationally upset or angry, sometimes to the point of

confusion.

Get Ahead

To become successful in the professional environment or make consistent

progress in life.

Get Along

To have good interactions with others.

Get Around To

To do something that needed to get done at an earlier time.

99
Get Away

To escape from something.

Get Back

To return to a place.

Get Back At

To get revenge.

Get Back To

When you talk to someone at a later time either because you are busy or you
have obtained additional or new information.

Get Behind

To learn, work, or progress more slowly than others.

Get By

To pass someone or something.

Get Down

To move to a lower place or level.

Get In

To arrive or enter a place, room, building, etc.

Get Off

To leave a form of transportation, except a car.

Get Off On

To be excited or to truly enjoy doing something.

100
Get On

When you move your body and either stand, sit, lie, kneel, etc. towards
something (non-separable).

Get Out

To leave or escape.

Get Out Of

To receive a benefit and/or satisfaction from doing something.

Get Over

To move past an obstacle to the other side.

Get Over With

To finish something that needs to get done.

Get Through

When a message, meaning, or idea is understood or accepted.

Get To

To arrive to or assist someone to a place.

Get Together

To meet and spend time together.

Get Up

To move to a higher level/position.

Give Away

To give something for free or without expecting anything in return.

101
Give In

To surrender to something.

Give Out

To distribute something.

Give Up

To stop doing something without completing it.

Go About

To take the necessary steps to get something done.

Go After

When you do your best to get something no matter how difficult it is.

Go Ahead

To proceed to do something that you were hesitant about.

Go Along With

to accept or agree with a decision, rule, opinion, etc.

Go Around

To follow a circular path.

Go Away

To move or travel from one place to another place.

Go Back

To return to a place, time, activity, or person.

102
Go Back On

When you fail to fulfill a promise, you made to someone.

Go Beyond

To be more than or better than what is normal or expected.

Go By

To pass someone or something quickly.

Go Down

To move to a lower position, place, price, level, etc.

Go For

To try to obtain.
Go In

To enter a place, building, room, etc.

Go In For

To enter a place or area for a specific reason.

Go In/Into

To enter a place, room, building, etc. usually through a door.

Go Off

To leave unannounced.

Go On

When something takes place.

Go Out

To leave a place or area you’re in.

103
Go Over

To review something.

Go Through With

When you decide to do something do it.

Go Up

To move or extend to a higher level or farther North.

Go With

To accompany someone to a place.

Goof Around

To waste time doing silly or unimportant things.

Gross Out

To be disgusted with someone or something.

Grow Out Of

To become too big or too tall for your clothes.

Grow Up

When you physically change from a child to an adult.

Hand Back

When you return something to the person who owns it after the person has
given it to you

Hand In

To give something to a person of authority.

104
Hand Out

To distribute something free to other people.

Hand Over

To give upon request or demand.

Hang Around

To spend time in a place or an area.

Hang On

When you hold something, often for support or comfort.

Hang Out

To hang something, usually wet clothes, to dry.

Hang Up

To hang clothes or an object on a hook, hanger, or rod.

Have On

Wear clothing, cosmetics, perfume, etc.

Head Back

To go to a place where you’ve been before or where you started from.

Head For

When a situation becomes more likely.

Head Toward

To move in the direction where someone or something is.

105
Hear About

When you learn details about something or someone.

Hear Of

When you learn about something or someone.

Heat Up

To make something warmer or cause a temperature to rise.

Help Out

To assist people with something.

Hit On

To suddenly have a solution to a problem or an interesting idea.

Hold Against

When you don’t forgive or have little respect for someone because of something
they did.

Hold Off

To delay something.

Hold On

When you wait for a short time.

Hold Out

To extend your hand or an object in front of you.

Hold Up

To hold someone or something up in the air.

106
Hook Up

When you connect two electrical devices.

Hurry Up

To do something quickly.

Keep At

To continue doing an activity even though it may be difficult.

Keep Away

To avoid getting close to someone or something.

Keep Down

To make sound, music, and noise minimal.

Keep From

To stop yourself or other people from doing something.

Keep Off

To avoid discussing a particular subject or topic.

Keep On

To continue doing something.

Keep To

When you don’t share information.

Keep Up

To continue to do something.

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Kick Back

To illegally pay extra money to someone as part of the price.

Kick Out

To force someone to leave an organization or place.

Knock Off

To use force to cause someone or something to fall from its place, whether
intentionally or accidentally.

Knock Out

When someone is struck hard enough to cause them to lose consciousness.

Knock Over

To make contact with something or someone in such a way it or they fall.

Know About

To know of or be familiar with something.

Lay Down

To place something on a surface or an object.

Lay Off

When a company or business ends a worker’s employment.

Lead Up To

When a period or a series of events cause an event, situation, or Conv, position

to happen.

Leave Behind

When you don’t take something or someone with you when you leave.

108
Leave Off

To accidentally or intentionally not include a person or thing on a list.

Leave Out

To not include someone or something.

Leave Over

When you have a portion that remains from something after you have used or
eaten the rest of it.

Let Down

To disappoint someone.

Let In

To allow someone or something to enter a place.

Let Off

To allow someone to leave a car, bus, train, etc.

Let On

To tell something that is a secret or private.

Let Out

When you permit someone to leave or be released from a place.

Let Up

When someone or something becomes less intense or strong.

Lie Around

To be lazy or to not do anything.

109
Lift Up

To raise someone or something to a higher level.

Light Up

To illuminate something.

Lighten Up

When a conversation is changed or a person changes to become less serious.

Line Up

To form in a row one after another or side-by-side.

Live With

To share the same residence.

Lock-In

To secure people or things behind a closed door.

Lock Out

When you don’t have the key or passcode to enter a secured place.

Lock Up

When you shut the windows and doors of a place or building.

Look Around

To turn your head to see what or who is around you.

Look At

To divert your eyes to someone or something.

110
Look Down On

When you consider someone or something as unimportant or with little to no

value. The opposite of yesterday’s phrasal verb.

Look Forward To

To anticipate a future event because it either makes you happy and/or you
benefit from it.

Look Into

To investigate or get more facts about something.

Look Out

To remain alert.

Look Over

To examine or inspect something or someone.

Look Up

When a situation becomes better.

Look Up To

This particular phrasal verb is used to say you view someone with respect
and/or admiration.

Luck Out

To have exceptionally good luck.

Make For

To go in a certain direction, typically in a hurry.

Make Of

To understand the meaning of something.

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Makeup

To invent a story.

Mess Up

When something is dirty or unorganized.

Mix Up

To put or combine different things so they’ll merge successfully.

Monkey Around With

To try to play with or repair a device that you have no true knowledge about.

Move-In

When you bring your personal belongings and stuff to a new place where you
will live. Yesterday’s phrasal verb, Move Out, has the opposite meaning.

Move Out

When you permanently remove all your belongings and personal items from a
place where you live or stay.

Narrow Down

To reduce the number of options or possibilities.

Pay Back

When you return money that you owe someone.

Pay For

To purchase merchandise.

Pay Off

To repay money that is owed to a person or entity.

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Pay Up

To pay all the money that is owed or asked for.

Pick On

To tease and/or criticize someone over some time.

Pick Out

When you can recognize something or someone from a group.

Pick Up

To get someone or something from somewhere.

Pile Up

To put things in a pile or heap.

Piss Off

[Informal] To be angry about something.

Plan Ahead

To prepare for a future event or situation.

Plan For

To prepare for a big event or expectation in the future.

Plan On

When you have the intention to do something.

Plug-In To connect an electrical device to an electrical outlet.

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Plug-In/Into

To connect an electrical appliance/machine to another piece of equipment or a

power source.

Plug Up

To block a narrow passage such as a hole, drain, or pipe so that nothing can flow
through.

Point Out

To make someone aware of something.

Point To

When you aim at something or someone using your finger or hand.

Print Out

To produce a hard copy of a computer document.

Pull Off

To succeed in doing something difficult or tricky.

Pull Out

When something or someone leaves a place.

Pull Over

Drive your vehicle to the side of the road to stop.

Pull Through

To recover from an injury or illness.

Punch In

To enter data or record time on a device.

114
Punch-Out

To record the time, you leave the workplace using a special clock.

Put Away

To place something where it cannot be seen or isn’t in the way of other things.

Put Back

When something is causing a project to slow down.

Put Down

To place something on a surface or an object.

Put In

When you invest or make a deposit. In this example, the amount almost always
separates the verb.

Put Off

To become offended by someone or something.

Put Out

To extend a part of your body.

Put Past

To not be surprised by a person’s actions. [Always used with the negative]

Put To

To cause someone or something to be in a certain state or to do something extra.

Put Together

To assemble or connect the parts of something.

115
Put Up

To move an object to a higher level.

Put Up To

To encourage or persuade someone to do something.

Put Up With

To tolerate or accept something that you’d rather not.

Ring Up

To call someone on the phone.

Rip Off

When someone asks for a price for something too high when someone cheats or
steals.

Rip Up

To tear something (i.e. paper, cloth, etc.) into pieces.

Rule Out

When someone or something is excluded as a possibility.

Run Across

To move or run from one side to the other.

Run Around

To go from one place to another in a hurry.

Run Down

To hit someone or something with a vehicle.

116
Run Into

When something collides with another object by accident.

Run Out

When people exit a place very quickly. Run In/ Run Into is the opposite of this
meaning.

Run Over

When someone is injured or killed by a vehicle.

Run Up

To run from a lower elevation or level to a higher elevation or level.

Screw On

Ensure the top of a container/bottle is sealed.

Screw-Out Of

To cheat or deceive someone.

Screw Up

To make a mistake or do something really bad.

See About

To seriously think about doing something.

Sell Out

When all the inventory of a particular product has been purchased.

Set-Up

To organize or plan for an activity/event to happen.

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Settle Down

To begin living a stable and routine life.

Settle For

To accept something even though it’s not what you want or needs.

Shake Up

To mix something in a container by shaking it.

Show Off

To overly display your skills or what you have.

Shut Off

To stop the operation of an electrical or mechanical device.

Shut Up

To stop talking.

Sign In

Write your name on a list to indicate the day and time you arrived at a certain
place.

Sign Out

Write your name on a list to indicate the day and time of your departure.

Sit Down

To change from a standing to a sitting position.

Slow Down

To do something slower.

118
Sneak In/Into

To enter a place quietly to avoid being seen or heard.

Sneak Out

To leave a place without being noticed.

Sort Out

To arrange or separate things into groups according to similarities.

Space Out

When someone’s attention is not in the present moment. [Adj.] {spaced out} To
describe a person whose attention isn’t in the present moment.

Stand Around

To stand in one place or area when you should be doing something.

Stand For

To support or represent an idea, belief, etc.

Stand Up

To rise from sitting or lying down to a vertical position.

Start Off

The beginning of an event, activity, or period.

Start Out

To begin a trip or venture to someplace.

Start-Up

To start something.

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Stay Off

To avoid discussing a certain subject or topic.

Stay Out

To spend time out of your own home.

Stay Up

To remain in a place that is higher than ground level.

Step On

To place your foot on something or someone.

Stick Around

To stay in a place or with someone for any period.

Stick Out

To extend something outward.

Stick To

When something is attached to another by some form of adhesive.

Stick Up

To use a weapon, especially a gun, to rob someone.

Stick With

To continue to use or do something.

Stop Off

To make a quick stop on your way to a destination.

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Stop Over

To visit someone for a short period.

Straighten Out

To make something straight.

Stress Out

To feel very worried, nervous, or anxious.

Switch Off

When you move something from the ‘on’ state to the ‘off’ state. Synonymous
with “Turn Off.” Yesterday’s “Switch On” is the opposite.

Switch On

When you move something from the ‘off’ state to the ‘on’ state. Synonymous
with “Turn On,” while “Switch Off” is the opposite.

Take Apart

To disconnect or separate the parts of an object.

Take Back

To return something or someone.

Take In

To be successfully tricked or deceived by someone.

Take Out

To remove an object from an area, place, or container.

Take Out On

To direct your anger towards someone or something when you’re upset about
someone or something else.

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Take Up On

When you accept an invitation or offer from someone.

Talk Down To

To talk to someone as if they are less intelligent than you by conveying a tone of
voice or attitude that says so.

Talk Into

To convince someone to do something.

Talk Out Of

To convince someone not to do something.

Talk To

To have a conversation with someone.

Tear Down

To deconstruct a building or home.

Tear Off

To remove with force.

Tell Apart

To be able to differentiate something or someone from something or someone

else.

Tell On

To inform an authoritative figure about what someone else did.

Think About

To consider something before making a final decision.

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Think Ahead

To think and plan carefully for a future situation or event.

Think Up

To use your imagination to create a plan, idea, or solution.

Throw Away

To dispose of something, you no longer find useful in a waste bin, trash, etc.

Throw Out

When you get rid of something by putting it in a trash can, bin, etc.

Throw Up

To vomit or puke.

Track Down

To locate someone or something after a long search

Trade-In

To exchange something old for something new.

Trick Into

To convince or persuade someone to believe something untrue or to do

something for you.

Try-On

To see how something fits or looks before purchasing.

Try Out

To show that you are qualified to do something.

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Turn Around

When someone or something moves until it faces the opposite direction.

Turn Down

To decrease the temperature, sound, etc.

Turn In

To give someone or something to the police or someone of authority.

Turn Into

To transform.

Turn Off

To stop a device from functioning.

Turn On

To cause someone to feel interested and/or attracted.

Turn Out

To attend an event, meeting, etc.

Turn Over

To move an object so that the part that is on top becomes the bottom and vice
versa.

Turn Up

To increase the controls of an electronic or mechanical device.

Use Up

To completely consume or use all of a supply.

124
Wake Up

When you are finished sleeping.

Wash Off

To remove dirt or unwanted markings with soap and water.

Wash Up

To clean your face, hands, body, etc.

Watch Out

To be aware of someone or something.

Wear Down

To make the surface or top of something disappear due to friction.

Wear Off

To decrease or disappear gradually.

Wear Out

When something is damaged or weakened from use and age.

Wind Up

To operate a mechanical device by turning its handle.

Wipe Off

To completely remove or clean something from a surface or location.

Wipe Out

To clean the inside of something.

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Wipe Up

To remove liquid from a surface using a sponge, towel, cloth, etc.

Work In

To make time in a busy schedule for a person or an activity.

Work Out

When a situation, event, plan, or idea is successful.

Work Up

To gradually improve at or make progress in something.

Wrap Up

To cover something with some kind of special paper.

Zip-Up

To close an item that has a zipper.

126
 REGULAR VERBS

Table 5.3.1. Regular verbs

PART 1
En la mayoría de los verbos, este sufijo tiene la pronunciación [d]
PRESENT PAST PAST MEANING RELATED WORD
PARTICIPLE
1. Allow allowed allowed permitir smoking
2. answer answered answered responder questions
3. boil Boiled boiled hervir water
4. border bordered bordered Limitar en land
5. cage Caged caged Enjaular animals
6. call Called called llamar a person
7. capture captured captured capturar An insect
8. care Cared cared cuidar The baby
9. carry Carried carried llevar A book
10. center centered centered centrar A painting
11. chain chained chained encadenar a bike
12. change changed changed cambiar the color
13. clean cleaned cleaned limpiar The room
14. close Closed closed cerrar the door
15. compare compared compared comparar results
16. conquer conquered conquered conquistar territory
17. cover covered covered cubrir The tabe
18. cry Cried cried llorar In the movies
19. determine determined determined determinar The time
20. discover discovered discovered descubrir A new road
21. employ employed employed emplear personnel
PRESENT PAST PAST MEANING RELATED WORD
PARTICIPLE
22. encounter encountered encountered encontrar A lion
23. enter Entered entered entrar The password
24. erase Erased erased borrar The board
25. examine examined examined examinar Tha patient
26. explain explained explained explicar The problem
27. fail Failed failed fallar The test
28. fear Feared feared temer spiders
29. fill Filled filled llenar The spaces
30. form Formed formed formar a group

127
31. free Freed freed Liberar birds
32. Improve Improved Improved Mejorar pronunciation
33. level Leveled leveled nivelar The wall
34. listen listened listened Escuchar music
35. love Loved loved Amar life
36. measure measured measured Medir The size
37. Obtain Obtained Obtained Obtener Good grades
38. open Opened opened Abrir The book
39. order ordered ordered Ordenar The sentence
40. place Placed placed Situar/ubicar The exact word
41. play Played played Jugar basketball
42. produce produced produced Producir knowledge
43. prove Proved proved Probar The car
44. receive received received Recibir news
45. refer referred referred Referir something
46. release released released Soltar The air
47. remember remembered Remembereds Recordar The date
48. smile Smiled smiled sonreír somebody
49. solve Solved solved Resolver problems
50. Travel traveled traveled Viajar To New York
51. try Tried tried Intentar One more time
52. turn Turned turned Girar around the house
53. use Used used Usar The computer
PART 2
Los verbos regulares cuando terminan en una consonante sorda como: f, p, k, x, s, sh,z.
tienen la pronunciación [t]
54. ask Asked asked preguntar questions
55. base Based based Basar Of cristal
56. block blocked blocked Bloquear The road
57. Develop developed developed Desarrollar A project
58. finish finished finished Acabar The class
59. fix Fixed fixed Arreglar The car
60. focus focused focused Enfocar The projector
61. help Helped helped Ayudar Por people
62. increase increased increased Aumentar savings
63. lack Lacked Lacked Carecer de, falta opportunities
64. like Liked liked Gustar, querer chocolates
65. lock Locked locked Cerrar con llave The door
66. look Looked looked mirar The map
67. stop stopped stopped Parar smoking

128
68. talk Talked talked Hablar, charlar A friend
69. touch touched touched Tocar The screen
70. walk Walked walked Caminar On the grass
71. wash Washed washed Lavar Dishes
72. watch Watch watch Observar, mirar A movie
73. wish Wished wished Desear To work
74. work Worked worked Trabajar Very hard
PART 3
Si la forma del verbo regular termina en -t, -d, tiene la pronunciación id]
75. accept accepted accepted Aceptar The credit
76. add Added added Añadir A botton
77. blend blended blended Mesclar Concrete
78. calculate calculated calculated Calcular The Surface
79. conclude concluded concluded Concluir The research
80. conduct conducted conducted Dirigir, conducir A survey
81. consist consisted consisted Consistir Of five courses
82. divide Divided dvided Dividir The group
83. Empty emptied emptied vaciar data
84. end Ended ended Terminar The story
85. grant Granted granted Otorgar A permission
86. indicate indicated indicated indicar A street
87. insist insisted insisted Insistir
88. locate locate located Localizar The route
89. need needed needed Necesitar Extra money
90. print printed printed Imprimir The document
91. provide provided provided Proveer Help
92. reject rejected rejected Rechazar Hate
93. Support Supported Supported Sustentar People
94. tend tended tended tender A trap
95. treat treated treated Tratar A disease
96. unite united united Unir States
97. wait waited waited Esperar A moment
98. want wanted wanted Querer Ice cream
99. waste wasted wasted Malgastar time

Source: Authors

129
 IRREGULAR VERBS

Table 5.3.2. Irregular verbs answer

PRESENT PAST PAST MEANING RELATED

PARTICIPLE WORD
1. Cost Cost Cost Costar A new car
2. Cut Cut Cut Cortar your finger
3. Hit Hit Hit Golpear a person
4. Hurt Hurt Hurt Doler, Lastiamar A lot
5. Let Let Let Permitir you go
6. Set Set Set Colocar books
7. Put Put Put Poner the cat out
8. Shut Shut Shut Cerrar the door
9. Lend Lent (lend) Lent (lend) Prestar money
10. Send Sent Sent Enviar packages
11. Bend Bent Bent Doblar Pictures
12. Spend Spent Spent Gastar money
13. Build Built Built Construir A house
14. Burn Burnt Burnt (burned) Quemar Bread
(burned)
15. Smell Smelt Smelt (smelled) Oler Delicious
(smelled)
16. Learn Learnt Learnt (learned) Aprender The solar
(learned) system
17. Feel Felt Felt Sentir Bad
18. Spill Spilt Spilt Derramar Wine
19. Leave Left Left Dejar, Salir Your house
20. Meet Met Met Encontrar A friend
21. Dream Dreamt Dreamt Soñar Winning the
(dreamed) (dreamed) lottery
22. Mean Meant Meant Quererdecir What you say
23. Keep Kept Kept Guardar Secrets
24. Sweep Swept Swept Barrer Floor
25. Sleep Slept Slept Dormir Well
26. Lose Lost Lost Perder A ring
27. Shoot Shot Shot Disparar The sheriff
28. Get Got Gotten (got) Obtener, lograr Better at
speaking
English

130
29. Light Lit Lit Encender The candles
30. Sit Sat Sat Sentar-se down
31. Bring Brought Brought Traer food
32. Buy Bought Bought Comprar A coat
33. Fight Fought Fought Pelear Is not a good
idea
34. Think Thought Thought Pensar Ideas
35. Catch Caught Caught Atrapar A fish
36. Teach Taught Taught Enseñar At the ESPOCH
37. Break Broke Broken Romper A window
38. Choose Chose Chosen Escoger colors
39. Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar To your father
40. Steal Stole Stolen Robar A car
41. Wake (up) Woke Woken Levantar-se In the morning
42. Sell Sold Sold Vender A washing
machine
43. Tell Told Told Decir Someone what
to do
44. Find Found Found Encontrar A four-leaf
clover
45. Have Had Had Tener, haber A toothache
46. Hear Heard Heard Oír A joke
47. Hold held Held Sostener In the handrail
48. Feed Fed Fed Alimentar The dog
49. Read Read Read Leer Books
50. Spread Spread Spread Expandir/Extender The wings
51. Say Said Said Decir Something
52. Pay Paid Paid Pagar The bill
53. Make Made Made Hacer Furniture
54. Win Won Won Ganar The lottery
55. Stand (up) Stood Stood Ponerse de pie To greet a
person
56. Understand Understood Understood Entender What was said
57. Drive Drove Driven Conducir A car
58. Ride Rode Ridden Montar A bicycle
59. Rise Rose Risen Subir So high
60. Write Wrote Written Escribir Letters
61. Freeze Froze Frozen Congelar Meat
62. Weave Wove Woven Tejer Sweaters

131
63. Beat Beat Beaten Golpear, vencer An opposing
team
64. Bite Bit Bitten Morder From a dog
65. Hide Hid Hidden Esconder treasures
66. Eat Ate Eaten Comer pizza
67. Fall Fell Fallen Caer down
68. Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar things
69. Give Gave Given Dar A present
70. Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar someone
71. See Saw Seen Ver A bird
72. Take Took Taken Tomar The bus
73. Blow Blew Blown Soplar Out candles
74. Grow Grew Grown Crecer Plants
75. Know Knew Known Saber English
76. Throw Threw Thrown Lanzar A ball
77. Fly Flew Flown Volar Away
78. Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar Pictures
79. Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirar money
80. Show Showed Shown Mostrar An article
81. Swear Swore Sworn Jurar Not to smoke
anymore
82. Tear Torn Torn Rasgar clothing
83. Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto A costume
84. Begin Began Begun Empezar studying
85. Drink Drank Drunk Beber A coke
86. Swim Swam Swum Nadar With a friend
87. Ring Rang Rung Tocar-timbre The phone
88. Sing Sang Sung Cantar ballads
89. Run Ran Run Correr In the park
90. Sting Stung Stung Picar, pinchar By a bee
91. Come Came Come Venir On the
weekend
92. Become Became Become Convertirse en A doctor

Source: Authors

132
5.4. Dialogues:

Speaking – Understanding the menu

Speaking strategy: Asking about dishes on a menu

1 You can use the expressions in bold to ask someone to explain

something on the menu.

Excuse me. What’s a Caesar Salad?

What’s in the Mexican Mixed Grill?

Can you tell me what the House Special is, please?

Speak up!

Excuse me. What’s Death by Chocolate, please?

133
Cambridge University Press

134
 5.5. Audios

Listen to the audio and write a summary of what you understood, make your
flashcard with the vocabulary you don't understand.

a) https://www.cambridge.org/files/1413/8071/4799/cambridge-
experience-readers-level4-intermediate-bullring-kid-and-country-cowboy-audio-
clip.mp3

b) https://www.cambridge.org/files/1413/8071/4802/cambridge-
experience-readers-level4-intermediate-robinson-crusoe-audio-clip.mp3

c) https://www.cambridge.org/files/6713/8071/4806/cambridge-
experience-readers-level4-intermediate-tasty-tales-audio-clip.mp3

5.6. Songs

Living' on a Prayer
By: Bon Jovi

Once upon a time not so long ago

Tommy used to work on the docks, the union's been on strike

He's down on his luck, it's tough, so tough

Gina works at the diner all day Working for her man

She brings home her pay, for love, for love

She says we've got to hold on to what we've got

It doesn't make a difference if we make it or not

We've got each other and that's a lot of love

We'll give it a shot

Woah, we're halfway there

135
Woah, livin' on a prayer

Take my hand, we'll make it I swear

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Tommy's got his six-string in hock

Now he's holding in what he used to make it talk

So tough, it's tough

Gina dreams of running away

When she cries in the night, Tommy whispers

Baby, it's okay, someday

We've got to hold on to what we've got

It doesn't make a difference if we make it or not

We've got each other and that's a lot of love

We'll give it a shot

Woah, we're halfway there

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Take my hand, we'll make it I swear

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Livin' on a prayer

Oh, we've got to hold on, ready or not

You live for the fight when it's all that you've got

Woah, we're halfway there

136
Woah, livin' on a prayer

Take my hand, we'll make it I swear

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Woah, we're halfway there

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Take my hand, we'll make it I swear

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Woah, we're halfway there

Woah, livin' on a prayer

Take my hand, we'll make it I swear

Woah, livin' on a prayer

https://youtu.be/i7U9XxXVmwU

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

137
I Don't Want to Miss a Thing
By Aerosmith

I could stay awake just to hear you breathing

Watch you smile while you are sleeping

While you're far away and dreaming

I could spend my life in this sweet surrender

I could stay lost in this moment forever

Every moment spent with you is a moment I treasure

Don't want to close my eyes

I don't want to fall asleep

'Cause I'd miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

'Cause even when I dream of you

The sweetest dream will never do

I'd still miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

Lying close to you, feeling your heart beating

And I'm wondering what you're dreaming

Wondering if it's me you're seeing

Then I kiss your eyes

And thank God we're together

And I just want to stay with you at this moment forever

138
Forever and ever

I don't want to close my eyes

I don't want to fall asleep

'Cause I'd miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

'Cause even when I dream of you

The sweetest dream will never do

I'd still miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

I don't want to miss one smile

And I don't want to miss one kiss

And I just want to be with you

Right here with you, just like this

And I just want to hold you close

I feel your heart so close to mine

And just stay here in this moment

For all the tests of the time

Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah

Don't want to close my eyes

Don't want to fall asleep

'Cause I'd miss you, baby

139
And I don't want to miss a thing

'Cause even when I dream of you (even when I dream)

The sweetest dream will never do

I'd still miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

I don't want to close my eyes

I don't want to fall asleep

'Cause I'd miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

'Cause even when I dream of you

The sweetest dream will never do

I'd still miss you, baby

And I don't want to miss a thing

Don't want to close my eyes

I don't want to fall asleep, yeah

And I don't want to miss a thing

140
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9p0Zrqbk0k

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

Sweet Child O' Mine

By: Guns N' Roses

She's got a smile that it seems to me

Reminds me of childhood memories

Where everything was as fresh as the bright blue sky

Now and then when I see her face

She takes me away to that special place

And if I stare too long, I'd probably break down and cry

Whoa, oh, oh

Sweet child o' mine

Whoa, oh, oh, oh

Sweet love of mine

141
She's got eyes of the bluest skies

As if they thought of rain

I'd hate to look into those eyes and see an ounce of pain

Her hair reminds me of a warm safe place

Whereas a child I'd hide

And pray for the thunder and the rain to quietly pass me by

Whoa, oh, oh

Sweet child o' mine

Whoa whoa, oh, oh, oh

Sweet love of mine

Whoa, yeah

Whoa, oh, oh, oh

Sweet child o' mine

Whoa, oh, whoa, oh

Sweet love of mine

Whoa, oh, oh, oh

Sweet child o' mine

Ooh, yeah

Ooh, sweet love of mine

Where do we go?

Where do we go now?

142
Where do we go?

Ooh, oh, where do we go?

Where do we go now?

Oh, where do we go now?

Where do we go? (Sweet child)

Where do we go now?

Ay, ay, ay, ay, ay, ay, ay, ay

Where do we go now?

Ah, ah

Where do we go?

Oh, where do we go now?

Oh, where do we go?

Oh, where do we go now?

Where do we go?

Oh, where do we go now?

Now, now, now, now, now, now, now

Sweet child

Sweet child of mine

143
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0T3ffipXHmo

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

Tears In Heaven
Song of Eric Clapton

Would you know my name?

If I saw you in heaven

Would it be the same?

If I saw you in heaven

I must be strong

And carry on

'Cause I know I don't belong

Here in heaven

144
Would you hold my hand?

If I saw you in heaven

Would you help me stand?

If I saw you in heaven

I'll find my way

Through night and day

'Cause I know I just can't stay

Here in heaven

Time can bring you down

Time can bend your knees

Time can break your heart

Have you begging, please

Begging, please

Beyond the door

There's peace, I'm sure

And I know there'll be no more

Tears in heaven

Would you know my name?

If I saw you in heaven

Would you be the same?

If I saw you in heaven

145
I must be strong

And carry on

'Cause I know I don't belong

Here in heaven

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mikSwdmMn4Y

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

Un-Break My Heart
song of Toni Braxton

Don't leave me in all this pain

Don't leave me out in the rain

Come back and bring back my smile

Come and take these tears away

I need your arms to hold me now

The nights are so unkind

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Bring back those nights when I held you beside me

Un-break my heart

Say you'll love me again

Undo this hurt you caused

When you walked out the door

And walked out of my life

Un-cry these tears

I cried so many nights

Un-break my heart

My heart

Take back that sad word goodbye

Bring back the joy to my life

Don't leave me here with these tears

Come and kiss this pain away

I can't forget the day you left

Time is so unkind

And life is so cruel without you here beside me

Un-break my heart

Say you'll love me again

Undo this hurt you caused

When you walked out the door

147
And walked out of my life

Un-cry these tears

I cried so many nights

Un-break my heart, ooh, ooh

Ooh

Don't leave me in all this pain

Don't leave me out in the rain

Bring back the nights when I held you beside me

Un-break my heart

Say you'll love me again

Undo this hurt you caused

When you walked out the door

And walked out of my life

Un-cry these tears

I cried so many, many nights

Oh, un-break my

Un-break my heart, oh baby

Come back and say you love me

Un-break my heart, sweet darlin'

Without you, I just can't go on

Can't go on

148
(Say that you love me, say that you love me)

(Tell me you love me, un-break my)

(Say that you love me, say that you love me)

(Tell me you love me, un-break my)

https://youtu.be/9cBPsWpLl0k

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

149
 5.7. Movies series and books.

• Friends:

https://youtu.be/AtObf7XUVvU

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020

• Malcom in the middle:

https://youtu.be/dbnSjh_QZpQ

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

150
• Stranger things

https://youtu.be/ADZ8DTbJeTE

Image taken from: (Aprender Inglés Americano 2020)

151
 UNIT 6
SPEAKING

152
 UNIT 6
SPEAKING
Speaking is one of the skills of learning the English language, which is very
important because thanks to learning this skill we can communicate with other
people make ourselves understood, and vocalize correctly with confidence and
fluency.

6.1. Listening and repeat pronunciation

Ana Paula Biazon Rocha (2021) wrote a very interesting article about what we
do well and what we do best in terms of listening, repeating, and pronouncing.

In this article.

The most conventional approach to pronunciation teaching is listening and

repeating, where teachers provide learners with a model, such as their own, an audio
track, a video, etc., and have students repeat after it. However, in the last decades, the
efficacy of such an approach has been questioned. In this post, we will discuss
different ways through which listening and repeating can be enhanced in class when
we teach pronunciation.

Rooted in behaviorism and the audiolingual method, drills and choral repetition
are based on students being able to imitate what they hear, and then repeat it as a
way to aid memory and develop a physical habit (Celce-Murcia et al., 2010; Underhill,
2019). Despite the contrary opinions regarding these pronunciation practices, the
fact that most of the pronunciation work in English lessons tends to be solely based
on them, with minimal or no variation, and in many cases, in a decontextualized way
(Jones,1997), is a matter of serious concern. Listening and repeating only for the sake
of it does not necessarily mean that students are learning and improving their
pronunciation.

Consequently, within listening and repeating, as one of the steps of

pronunciation practice in our lessons, there should be ‘smart repetition where each
repetition learns from and is changed by the one before’ (Underhill, 2019). That is,
students should not repeat things passively and mechanically but actively and
meaningfully, focusing on how they hear and produce sounds and how they can
improve that, learning from such repetition.

153
 Thus, based on Underhill’s (2019) concept of ‘smart repetition’, here are some
tips to help teachers and learners make the most of listening and repeating:

1. Make sure students understand the meaning of the word/phrase/sentence

they are going to listen to and repeat. If you ask them to listen and repeat something
they do not know, their attention will be primarily directed to guessing the meaning
rather than focusing on the sounds, and then the pronunciation practice will be
wasted (Walker, 2019).

2. Instead of having learners repeat right after you, ask them to listen first and
let what they have heard reverberate in their ‘mind’s ears’ (Underhill, 2005). Ask
them to pay attention to the way you articulate the sounds, and how your lips,
tongue, and jaw movements. You can repeat the word once or twice, but students
should still just listen. Then ask them to repeat. In this way, we give students time to
process the sounds and create a sound memory rather than having them
immediately repeat something that their brains have not even recognized yet
(Underhill, 2005, 2019; Walke 3. Ask all students to repeat first rather than having
individual ones repeat right after you, which avoids putting learners on the spot
(Kelly, 2000). Their attention should be focused on the sounds, not on the stress of
being exposed in front of the class.

3. If you are teaching face-to-face, after having the choral repetition, don’t say
the name of individual students. Just point to each of them (in a friendly way, of
course!), so the sounds are still reverberating in students’ ‘mind’s ears’ (Underhill,
2005), and are not interrupted by other sounds (the learner’s name). If you are
teaching online, type the name of the student(s) in the chatbot, but don’t forget to
explain what they should do before starting the repetition practice, otherwise they
will get lost!

4. In choral repetition, vary the patterns: louder, lower, fast, slow, angry, happy,
sad, surprised, etc. You are making learners experiment with the sounds, it is quite
fun and we avoid boring and meaningless repetition.

5. When you notice that a particular student is doing well with the target
sound/word, let them be the model instead of you. Tell the learner why you are
‘giving them the lead’, as in praising them and then asking them to model the
utterance. They pronounce first and then everybody repeats including you. You can
also have one group pronounce and the other group repeat and vice-versa (Hancock,
2020).

6. If you are drilling a word or phrase, have students also listen and repeat
sentences with it. You can use everyday examples or even use students’ names in the

154
sentences (Yoshida, 2016). When drilling the sentence, make learners pay attention
to connected speech, so we can enhance their perception of sounds in the stream of
speech, not sounds in isolation.

7. Finally, don’t spend too much time on drilling and choral repetition (Yoshida,
2016), they are a part of the pronunciation work in class, not the only work. Have
learners use the sounds in meaningful communicative activities, such as role-plays,
discussions, problem-solving tasks, etc., which can help improve their perception
and production of the language in real-life communication (Jones, 1997).

Changing old habits is never easy, but if you incorporate the tips above into your
lessons little by little, it will eventually become more natural to you and your
learners. So, I do hope you give them a try!

Don’t forget to follow PronSIG on social media and leave your comments below.

References

Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D., & Goodwin, J., with Griner, B. (2010). Teaching
Pronunciation: A Course Book and Reference Guide (Second Edition). New York, NY:
Cambridge University Press.

Hancock, M. (2020). 50 Tips for Teaching Pronunciation. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Jones, R. H. (1997). ‘Beyond ‘Listen and Repeat’: Pronunciation Teaching

Materials and Theories of Second Language Acquisition, System, 25 (1),p. 103-112.

Kelly, G. (2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. Harlow: Pearson.

Underhill, A. (2005). Sound Foundations (Second Edition). Macmillan Books for

Teachers. London: Macmillan.

Underhill, A. (2019). My Top Ten Pronunciation Tips: Physicality and

Integration. Available at: https://www.oxfordtefl.com/blog/my-top-ten-
pronunciation-tips-physicality-and-integration-by-adrian-underhill. Accessed on 07
March 2020.

Walker, R. (2019). Pronunciation Teaching Basics. IATEFL PronSIG Event,

Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. Slides are available at:
https://pronsig.iatefl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/Glasgow2019/Walker-Glasgow-
2019.pdf.

155
 Yoshida, M. T. (2016). Beyond Repeat After Me. Teaching Pronunciation to
English Learners. TESOL Press.r, 2019).

Image take from: https://euroamericanacademy.com/teens-12-18-learning-through-speaking/

Now it is important to review and practice with the links that we will put below
to improve the pronunciation, listening and repeating.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oqzm9j5SNkc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6hjPSHqBtg

6.2. Common conversations

Concepts grammar or vocabulary are not enough for teach to our students, if
these are not put into practice at the same time that they learn them, the most likely
thing is that the learning will not be significant. To learn a second language, it must
first “enter” the student's mind, but learning will be effective when the student is also
capable of assimilating and play it.

That is why language activities are key to being able to acquire a language as a
second language.

156
 Image take from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0U5p1A3YnE

6.3. Acting game

Speaking activities

To learn something you need to want to do it, and to want to do it you have to
entertain us, that is why in this book we recommend doing it in a fun way, playing so
that it does not feel like learning something by heart that is imposed, but rather
activities that have fun and do not realize that we are learning.

This type of learning is much more significant since in this way we do not learn
just for the moment but for life, practicing and having more confidence when letting
go to speak.

157
Author: morewk (2016)

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities presented
below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

1. Short Talks

Create a stack of topic cards for your students, so that each student will have
their own card.

Each student draws their card, and then you assign them a time limit—this limit
may be one minute initially, or maybe three minutes when they have had practice.
This is the amount of time that they’ll have to speak about their given topic.

Now, give the students a good chunk of time to gather their thoughts. You may
want to give them anywhere from five minutes to half an hour for this preparation
stage. You can let them write down three to five sentences on a flashcard to remind
them of the direction they’ll take in the course of their talk.

To keep listening students focused, you could create an instant “Bingo” game.
The class is told the topic and asked to write down five words that they might expect
to hear (other than common words such as articles, conjunctions and auxiliary
verbs). They listen for those words, crossing them off as they hear them and politely
raising a hand if they hear all five.

158
 2. Show and Tell

Students can be asked to bring to school an object to show and tell about. This
is lots of fun because students will often bring in something that’s meaningful to them
or which gives them pride. That means they’ll have plenty to talk about! Encourage
students to ask questions about each other’s objects.

Instead of having students bring their own objects, you could provide an object
of your own and ask them to try to explain what they think it is and what its purpose
is. Another option is to bring in pictures for them to talk about. This could be
discussed with a partner or in a group, before presenting ideas in front of the whole
class.

Generate a stronger discussion and keep things flowing by asking students

open-ended questions.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

3. Video Dictionary

The English videos on FluentU—with their built-in vocabulary lists—can be

catalysts for conversation practice. Every word used in a video has a definition, plus
extra usage examples.

In this activity, students will learn some vocabulary words from the videos, then
create their own definitions or usage examples for those words.

1. Select several FluentU videos for teams of your students to watch.

With hundreds of available videos, you can easily find suitable videos that
work for your students’ learning levels and interests.

• For a group of beginners, you might choose a video like “Breakfast Food!”

• If you have intermediate students, you might pick a video like “How to
Survive Small Talk.”

2. Use the built-in vocabulary list to select the words you’d like your students
to learn. (You can also combine words from several different videos into the
same multimedia flashcard deck in FluentU.)

159
 • If your students were watching the “Small Talk” video, you might target
certain words in the Vocab list, such as “responses,” “engaging” and “brisk.”

3. Divide your class up into teams of about three or four students apiece and
have them watch the selected videos.

4. Students will work together to come up with new usage examples or

definitions to illustrate the vocabulary words from their chosen video. Each
sentence’s context should make the target vocabulary’s meaning clear.

• Let’s say you’ve included the word “brisk” from the the “Small Talk” video:

• “I wanted to get a little exercise this morning, so I took a brisk walk to the
mailbox.” (usage example)

• “Brisk means done quickly, with a lot of energy.” (definition)

5. Teams will take turns presenting words (and their own examples or
definitions) to each other. Students on each team should take turns
presenting their example sentences or definitions.

6. Students can also be given time for discussing the words they learn, having
conversations about what the words mean and how to use them.

VARIATION:

After watching the other teams’ presentations, students who didn’t watch the
video can take the matching quiz on FluentU, to see how well they learned the target
words from their fellow students.

You can request a free trial of FluentU for classrooms if you want to give this
activity a try!

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

4. PechaKucha

If your students have laptops (or a computer lab they can use) and are
reasonably familiar with presentation software (such as PowerPoint), then all that’s
left to acquire for this activity is access to an LCD projector.

160
 Students can have a lot of fun speaking while giving a presentation to the class.
Using projected images helps to distract some attention away from the speaker and
can be helpful for shy students.

The “PechaKucha” style of presentation* can give added interest with each
student being allowed to show 20 slides only for 20 seconds each (the timing being
controlled by the software so that the slides change automatically) or whatever time
limit you choose. You could make it 10 slides for 15 seconds each, for example.

You could also add rules such as “no more than three words on each slide” (or
“no words”) so that students must really talk and not just read the slides. They need
to be given a good amount of time, either at home or in class, to prepare themselves
and practice their timing. It can also be prepared and presented in pairs, with each
partner speaking for half of the slides.

*PechaKucha originated in Tokyo (in 2003). The name means “chitchat.”

“Nowadays held in many cities around the world, PechaKucha Nights are
informal and fun gatherings where creative people get together and share their ideas,
works, thoughts, holiday snaps—just about anything, really.”—the PechaKucha
20×20 format.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

5. Bingo

Many people think of this game as a listening activity, but it can very quickly
become a speaking activity.

There are a number of ESL websites that will allow you to quickly create a set
of Bingo cards containing up to 25 words, phrases or even whole sentences. They’ll
allow you to make as many unique cards as you need to distribute a different card to
each student in class. Each card can contain the same set of words arranged
differently, or you can choose to have more or less than 25 items involved.

Rather than having students mark up their cards, you can give them markers
(such as stones or sunflower seeds) to place on each square as they recognize it. This
way the markers can be removed and the game can be repeated.

161
 For the first round, the teacher should “call” the game. The first student to get
five markers in a row in any direction shouts out “Bingo!” Then you should have this
student read out every item in their winning row.

The winner is congratulated and then rewarded by becoming the next Caller.
This is a great speaking opportunity. Everyone removes their markers and the game
starts again. Every expression that’s called tends to be repeated quietly by everyone
in the room, and by the end of a session, everyone can say all of the expressions on
the card.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

6. Two Texts

This challenging task is great for more capable students and it involves reading.
Having texts in front of them can make adult students feel more supported.

Choose two short texts and print them out. Print enough of each text for half of
the class. Create a list of simple questions for each text and print out the same
quantity.

Divide the class into two groups and hand out the texts. Hang onto the question
sheets for later. One group gets one text, the second group gets the other text. The
texts can be about related topics (or not).

Group members then read their texts and are free to talk about them within
their group, making sure they all understand everything. After five minutes or so,
take the papers away.

• Each student is paired with someone from the other group. Each student
must tell their partner everything they learned from their text. Then they must listen
to (and remember) what the other student tells them about their group’s text.
• Students return to their original groups and are given a list of questions
about their original text.

• Students are paired again, this time with a different person from the other
group. Each student must test their partner using the questions about the text—
which their partner never read and was only told about. Likewise, the students
quizzing their partners must answer questions about the text they were told about.

162
 Another day use two different texts and try this activity again. Students do
remarkably better the second time!

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

7. Running Dictation

This useful activity requires students to use all four language skills—reading,
writing, listening, and speaking—and if carefully planned and well-controlled can
cause both great excitement and exceptional learning.

Pair students up. Choose who will run and who will write. (At a later stage they
could swap tasks.)

Print out some short texts (related to what you’re studying) and stick them on
a wall away from the desks. You should stick them somewhere out of sight from
where the students sit, such as out in the corridor.

There could be several numbered texts, and the students could be asked to
collect two or three each. The texts could include blanks which they need to fill later,
or they could be asked to put them in order. There are many possibilities here!

The running students run (or power-walk) to their assigned texts, read,
remember as much as they can and then return to dictate the text to the writing
student. Then they run again. The first pair to finish writing the complete, correct
texts wins.

Be careful that you do not:

• Let students use their phone cameras to “remember” the text.

• Let “running” students write—they can spell words out and tell their
partner when they’re wrong.

• Let “writing” students go and look at the text (or let “running” students bring
it to them).

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

163
 8. Surveys and Interviews

Becoming competent at asking and answering questions is invaluable in

language learning.

In the simplest form of classroom survey practice the teacher hands out ready-
made questions—maybe 3 for each student—around a topic that is being studied.

For example, let’s say the topic is food. Each student could be given the same
questions, or there could be several different sets of questions such as questions
about favorite foods, fast foods, breakfasts, restaurants, ethnic foods, home-style
cooking, etc.

Then each student partners with several others (however many the teacher
requires), one-by-one and asks them the questions on the paper. In each interaction,
the student asking the questions will note down the responses from their peers.
At the end of the session, students may be asked to stand up and summarize
what they found out from their survey.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

9. Taboo

In this game, one player has a card listing four words:

• The first word is the secret word. The aim of the game is to get another
player to say this word. The student with the card will need to describe this word
until another student figures out what the secret word is.

• The other three words are the most obvious words that you might use to
explain the secret word. They are all “taboo” and cannot be used in the student’s
description of the secret word.

This game can be played between two teams. It can also be played between
partners.

You can create your own sets of words based on what you’ve been studying, or
you can find sets in your textbook and on the internet.

164
 By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities
presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

10. Discuss and Debate

More mature students can discuss and debate issues with a partner. They can
even be told which side of the argument they should each try to promote. This could
be a precursor to a full-blown classroom debate.

Working with a partner or small group first gives them an opportunity to

develop and practice the necessary vocabulary to speak confidently in a larger forum.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

11. I Like People

Adults do like to have fun, as long as they aren’t made to feel or look stupid. This
is a brilliant game for helping them think quickly and speak more fluent English
(rather than trying to translate from their native tongue).

1. Students sit on chairs in a circle, leaving a space in the circle for the teacher
to stand.

2. First, they’re asked to listen to statements that the teacher makes and stand
if it applies to them, such as: “I like people who are wearing black shoes,” “I like
people who have long hair,” etc.

3. Next, the teacher asks standing students to change places with someone else
who’s standing.

4. Now it becomes a game. The teacher makes a statement, students referred to

must stand and quickly swap places. When the students move around, the teacher
quickly sits in someone’s spot, forcing them to become the teacher.

5. The students quickly get into the swing of this game. Generally, they’ll quickly
notice a “cheating” classmate who hasn’t stood up when they should have, and they’ll
also eagerly encourage a shy student who finds himself standing in the gap with no
ideas.

This game has no natural ending, so keep an eye on the mood of the students as
they play. They may start to run out of ideas, making the game lag. Quickly stand and

165
place yourself back into the teacher position and debrief (talk with them about how
they felt about the game).

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

12. Sentence Auction

Create a list of sentences, some correct and some with errors.

• The errors should be related to a language topic you’re teaching or reviewing

(e.g. articles, tenses or pronouns).

• The number of sentences will depend on your students’ abilities. 20 is a good

number for intermediate students. If you have too few sentences, then it will
be harder to balance the correct and incorrect.

• The ratio of correct and incorrect is up to you, but it’s a good idea to have
more than 50% correct.

Next to the list of sentences draw three columns: Bid, win, lose.

You can set a limit for how much (imaginary) money they have to spend, or just
let them have as much as they want.

They need to discuss (in English) and decide whether any sentence is 100%
reliable, in which case they can bid 100 dollars (or whatever unit you choose). If
they’re totally sure that it’s incorrect (and they rarely are) they can put a “0” bid. If
they’re unsure, they can bid 20, 30, 40, based on how likely it is to be correct. (Having
a limit on their total bid will make them decide more carefully.)

• When all of their bids are written in, it’s often a good idea to get pairs to swap
their papers with other pairs for marking.

• Go through the sentences, discussing which are correct and why. Get
individual students to explain what’s right, what’s wrong and why.

• For correct sentences, the bid amount is written in the “win” column. For
incorrect sentences, it’s written in the “lose” column.

166
 • Both columns are totaled, and the “lose” total is subtracted from the “win”
total.

• Papers are returned, and partners discuss (in English) how their bidding
went.

This activity is most effective when the students work together as partners,
reading and discussing the correctness of sentences. Students are encouraged to use
English to discuss their strategies with their partner.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

13. Alibi

This well-known ESL game is great speaking practice for adults. The teacher
tells the class that a particular crime has been committed. For fun, make it locally
specific. For example:

“Last Friday night, sometime between ___ and ___, someone broke into the ____
Bank on ____ Street.”

Depending on the size of your class, pick several students as “Suspects.” The
“Police” can work in groups of 2-4, and you need one Suspect for each police group.
So, for example, in a class of 20 you could choose four Suspects and then have four
groups of four Police for questioning.

Tell the class: “___, ___, ___ and ___ were seen near the scene of the crime, and the
police would like to question them.”

The Suspects go outside or to another room to prepare their story. They need
to decide all of the details about where they were during the time of the crime. For
example: If they were at a restaurant, what did they eat? What did it cost? Who
arrived first?

1. The Police spend some time preparing their questions.

2. The Suspects are called back in and go individually to each police group.
They’re questioned for a few minutes, and then each one moves on to the next group.

3. The Police decide whether their answers match enough for them to have a
reasonable Alibi. (Maybe up to five mistakes is reasonable.)

167
 14. Typhoon

Explain to students that this game is named after the strong wind that blows
everything away. It can be played with a class as small as three, but it also works with
large classes. It’s great for reviewing speaking topics.

1. On the board draw a grid of boxes—a 6 x 6 grid works well and can take
about 45 minutes to complete, but you may vary this once you’ve played a
few times. You’ll just want to choose the size depending on how much time
you have. Mark one axis with numbers, the other with letters. (Or use
vocabulary words like adjectives on one and nouns on the other.).

2. On a piece of paper or in a notebook (out of sight) draw the same grid. On

your grid, fill in scores in all of the boxes. Most of them should be numbers,
and others will be letters. It doesn’t matter which numbers you choose, but
it’s fun to have some small ones (1, 2, 3, etc.) and some very big ones (500,
1000, etc.). About one in four boxes should have the letter “T” for “Typhoon.”

3. Put the students into teams—at least three teams—and mark a place on the
board to record each team’s score.

4. Ask questions or give speaking tasks to each team in turn. If they answer
correctly, they then “choose a box” using the grid labels. The teacher checks
the secret grid, and writes the score into the grid on the board. This score
also goes into the team’s score box.

5. If the chosen box contains a number, the scores simply add up. But if the box
contains a “T,” the team then chooses which other team’s score they want to
“blow away” back to zero.

Notes on Typhoon:

• If you run out of time but the game isn’t finished, declare a “no questions,
just choose” period to fill the rest of the grid and find out who wins.

• Students love this game, so you can spice it up by adding different symbols
in some of the boxes. I use:

• Swap: They must swap their score with another team’s score, even if they’re
winning.

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 • S: Steal. They can steal a score instead of just blowing it away.

• D: Double. They double their own score.

• After a couple of times playing this game, students can easily run it
themselves. This provides even more opportunities to speak. One student
(or a pair) could handle the grid, another could handle the scoreboard,
others can make or choose questions or tasks and someone can be Game
Presenter.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

15. Improv

All the world’s a stage, and this role-playing activity will prepare your students
for their speaking parts.

1. Devise several scenarios with two or more characters and a premise. These
could be something simple, like someone going to a bakery to buy a cake,
taking a bus across town (and figuring out the schedule and transfers) or
visiting a museum with an unusual exhibit.

2. Divide your students into teams, with one student per role.

3. Give your students the premise for the scenario they’re going to act out. For
example, you might say, “You’re a father at a bakery, trying to buy a cake
with your child’s favorite cartoon character. The baker has never heard of
this character. You need to describe how the character looks so that the
baker can create the cake you want.”

4. Each team member will have about five minutes to prepare their part of the
skit. Ask each student to prepare separately. That way, the other students
they are interacting with must react spontaneously to their questions and
statements.

5. Each team will perform their vignette in front of the whole class. Limit the
time to play out each scenario to five or ten minutes.

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 6. At the end of each round, the non-performing class members can ask
questions of those performing their roles. The performing students should
respond in character to the questions.

7. Play can continue for as long as you’d like. Students can get the opportunity
to play different types of characters with different issues.

This activity will help students react to impromptu situations. It will encourage
them to react and respond to the prompts and cues of their fellow players directly in
English, rather than translating from their native language.

With this activity, you can guide students to exercise their topical vocabulary in
real-life contexts. There are almost limitless possibilities for the scenarios you can
create.

VARIATION:

To add writing (and reading) practice to this activity, consider having students
create scenarios for each other’s role-playing.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

16. News Brief

Ripped from today’s headlines is a speaking activity that also benefits listening
comprehension and conversational fluidity.

Prepare a number of short news stories for different students to read. You can
use stories directly from a source like:

• The Times in Plain English

• Breaking News English

• News in Levels

• FluentU (Each video on FluentU has transcripts, so you can let your students
read the transcripts as an alternative to watching the clip.)

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 Depending on the students’ fluency levels, you can give them the original story
to read in context, or just prepare a “news brief” for them that’s level-appropriate.

1. Divide the class into teams of four or five students apiece. Each team will read
one of the short news stories you’ve prepared.

2. One student on the team will pretend to be a news anchor reporting on the
story. Another student can play a field reporter, who will interview the
remaining students. The remaining students can play either passers-by (for
a “person on the street,” opinion-poll story) or eyewitnesses to an incident
(such as a blizzard, a car chase or a fire.).

3. Depending on how much time you’d like to fill with this activity, you can
prepare multiple stories for each team. With each new story, students should
exchange roles, so that they each have a chance to practice different kinds of
speaking.

This activity combines reading, writing (preparing the “news copy” and
“interview questions”) and speaking.

Students playing the “people on the street” or “eyewitnesses” will get the
opportunity to answer spontaneously, especially if they’re not privy to the reporter’s
questions ahead of time.

Students can also learn about using different registers of English in context.
The news anchor and reporter roles will require more formal, neutral English
than the casual register of speech used by the interviewees.

The interviewees will also have more opportunities to practice speech that
expresses emotion, since they’ll be communicating their opinion on a hot topic—or
relaying their reaction to a dramatic event.

VARIATION:

To give your students more writing practice, or to stretch out this activity into
multiple lessons, consider assigning your students a writing exercise in which they
“manufacture” their own news stories.

These news stories can have a humorous bent. Especially for intermediate and
advanced learners, this variation could afford them the opportunity to explore satire
using English. By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors
of the activities presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

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 17. Untranslatable?

Language learners tend to be fascinated by foreign words without direct

translations.

If you happen to have students in your classroom with different native

languages, they’ve almost certainly stumbled across words without direct English
translations. You can use your students’ expertise in their own languages to spark
conversation in the classroom.

1. Divide the class into small groups of students—preferably, each group of

students will represent two or more native languages.

If the students in a group all speak the same native language, no worries—there
are still different dialects, regionalisms and variations in individual experiences to
drive conversation about each “untranslatable” word and its possible English
definition.

2. Ask each student to come up with a small handful of words that they cannot
translate directly into English.

3. Students will then take turns presenting to their respective groups,

pronouncing each featured word and explaining—to the best of their
ability—what it means in English.

4. After the presentation of each word, the other students will have the
opportunity to ask questions, to clarify the word’s meaning and usage.

5. Where possible, each student who hears a presentation can also be asked to
think of a word in their own language that means the same as the presenter’s
“untranslatable” word.

6. Depending on the skill level of your students, they can also participate in open
discussion of the featured word and its meaning after the presentation.

This activity encourages students to conceptualize the meanings of words in

both their native language and English.

It brings the real-world experiences of each student into the classroom and can
help make students less self-conscious. After all, each student has likely struggled to
find an English equivalent to a seemingly “untranslatable” word.

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 This activity can be an ice-breaker for your students, prompting unscripted
conversation and even civilized debate.

It’s also a very flexible activity since you could limit it to one new word a day, or
use it to fill an entire classroom session.

VARIATION:

In addition to individual words, ask students to come up with “untranslatable”

slang or idiomatic expressions from their own languages.

This activity can also be done with the entire class, in a round-robin fashion.
Especially if you are teaching a classroom of English students who share the same
native language, you can become their student as they work together to
teach you “untranslatable” words in their mutual language.

By MICHELLE BAUMGARTNER and RUTHWICKHAM are the authors of the activities

presented below 2022 Enux Education Limited. All Rights Reserved.

18. Skill Share

Everyone has hobbies that they enjoy or activities where they excel—whether
it’s music, sports, playing video games, cooking or traveling. This activity combines
giving presentations with having conversations about the presentation topic.

1. Ask each student to come up with a hobby or skill they can share with the rest
of the class in a short presentation. You can give them several days to
prepare ahead of time, making the preparation a homework assignment and
saving time in the classroom.

2. If you have a larger class, you can divide your students up into teams to allow
each student more time to present in a smaller group setting. You can also
pair off your students, so one student will take turns presenting to one other
student only.

3. Students will take turns making a short presentation—between 10 and 15

minutes, max—to their respective audience. In their presentation, they
should explain their chosen hobby, skill or activity in clear terms that can be
easily understood.

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 4. Within their presentations, students will also give simple, step-by-step
instructions, to teach their audience members the target skill. For example:

• A student who does embroidery would first explain how to choose patterns
to follow and where to find supplies such as thread, needles and canvas.

• Then, the student would list all the steps for completing the project.

• They would explain the techniques involved, such as using an embroidery

hoop, changing thread colors or creating various types of stitches.

5. After each presentation, the student’s audience must ask the presenter at
least one relevant question pertaining to the skill or activity in question. The
questions should clarify their understanding of the process.

6. When the presentations and “Q & A” sessions are done, students can pair off
with other partners or form new teams.

VARIATION:

Audience members can use the information they’ve gleaned from a teammate’s
presentation to explain the process they’ve learned to someone in the class who
didn’t hear the original presentation.

The original presenter can act as a subject matter expert, prompting their
former audience member (as needed) to explain the process more clearly.

After the Speaking Activity

If you run your speaking activity well, the students will often get really involved
in it. They may well need to be “debriefed” afterward before they leave the classroom.
This helps them get out residual excitement and reinforce the lessons they learned.

Always allow a few minutes of class time to talk about the activity, what they
liked about it (or hated), how it made them feel and what they think they’ve learned.

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178
 AUTORES

Angela Cecibel Moreno Novillo

Profesional en el área del Idioma Inglés en la Escuela Superior Politécnica de
Chimborazo. Graduada de Doctora en Lenguas Mención Cooperación Internacional
en la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Magister en la Enseñanza del
Idioma Inglés como Lengua Extranjera, Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Docente en
el Centro de Idiomas de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo desde 2015
hasta 2020. Facultad de Mecánica desde 2021 hasta la presente fecha, impartiendo
las asignaturas INGLÉS I, INGLÉS II, INGLÉS III en la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial
de la Facultad de Mecánica. Miembro de la Comisión de Evaluación y Aseguramiento
de la Calidad de la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial.

Cristina Chamorro Ortega

Licenciada en Ciencias de la Educación Profesora de Idiomas Inglés de la
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. Magister en Lingüística y Didáctica de la
Enseñanza de Idiomas Extranjeros. Docente de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de
Chimborazo desde 2013 hasta la presente fecha. Imparte las asignaturas de INGLÉS
I, INGLÉS II, INGLES III en la carrera de Turismo de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales.

Silvia Bejarano Criollo

Licenciada en Ciencias de la Educación Profesora de Idiomas Inglés de la
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. Magister en Lingüística y Didáctica de la
Enseñanza de Idiomas Extranjeros. Docente de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de
Chimborazo desde 2012 hasta la presente fecha. Imparte las asignaturas INGLÉS I,
INGLÉS II en la carrera Promoción de Salud de la Facultad de Salud Pública. Miembro
de la Comisión de Carrera de la Carrera no vigente de Promoción y Cuidados de la
Salud.

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