1

1 Type of the Paper (Article, Review, Communication, etc.)

2 Title
3 Firstname Lastname 1, Firstname Lastname 2 and Firstname Lastname 2,*

4 1
Affiliation 1; [email protected]
5 2
Affiliation 2; [email protected]
6 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: (optional; include country code; if there are multiple
7 corresponding authors, add author initials)

8 Abstract: A single paragraph of about 200 words maximum. For research articles, abstracts should
9 give a pertinent overview of the work. We strongly encourage authors to use the following style of
10 structured abstracts, but without headings: (1) Background: Place the question addressed in a
11 broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; (2) Methods: briefly describe the main
12 methods or treatments applied; (3) Results: summarize the article’s main findings; (4) Conclusions:
13 indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective
14 representation of the article and it must not contain results that are not presented and
15 substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.

16 Keywords: keyword 1; keyword 2; keyword 3 (List three to ten pertinent keywords specific to the
17 article yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.)
18

19 0. How to Use This Template

20 The template details the sections that can be used in a manuscript. Note that each
21 section has a corresponding style, which can be found in the “Styles” menu of Word.
22 Sections that are not mandatory are listed as such. The section titles given are for articles.
23 Citation: To be added by editorial Review papers and other article types have a more flexible structure.
24 staff during production. Remove this paragraph and start section numbering with 1. For any questions,
25 please contact the editorial office of the journal or [email protected].
Academic Editor: Firstname Last-
name
26 1. Introduction
Received: date
27 The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight
Revised: date
28 why it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance. The
Accepted: date
29 current state of the research field should be carefully reviewed and key publications
Published: date
30 cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally,
31 briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the principal conclusions. As far

Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.

Submitted for possible open access
publication under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/license
s/by/4.0/).

3 Materials 2024, 17, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/materials

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32 as possible, please keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your

33 particular field of research. References should be numbered in order of appearance and
34 indicated by a numeral or numerals in square brackets—e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4–6]. See the
35 end of the document for further details on references.

36 2. Materials and Methods

37 The Materials and Methods should be described with sufficient details to allow
38 others to replicate and build on the published results. Please note that the publication of
39 your manuscript implicates that you must make all materials, data, computer code, and
40 protocols associated with the publication available to readers. Please disclose at the
41 submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. New
42 methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can
43 be briefly described and appropriately cited.
44 Research manuscripts reporting large datasets that are deposited in a publicly
45 available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the
46 relevant accession numbers. If the accession numbers have not yet been obtained at the
47 time of submission, please state that they will be provided during review. They must be
48 provided prior to publication.
49 Interventionary studies involving animals or humans, and other studies that
50 require ethical approval, must list the authority that provided approval and the
51 corresponding ethical approval code.

52 3. Results
53 This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and
54 precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the
55 experimental conclusions that can be drawn.

56 3.1. Subsection
57 3.1.1. Subsubsection
58 Bulleted lists look like this:
59  First bullet;
60  Second bullet;
61  Third bullet.
62 Numbered lists can be added as follows:
63 1. First item;
64 2. Second item;
65 3. Third item.
66 The text continues here.

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67 3.2. Figures, Tables and Schemes

68 All figures and tables should be cited in the main text as Figure 1, Table 1, etc.

69
70 Figure 1. This is a figure. Schemes follow the same formatting.

71 Table 1. This is a table. Tables should be placed in the main text near to the first time they are
72 cited.

Title 3 Title 2 Title 1

data data entry 1
data 1 data entry 2
73 1
Tables may have a footer.

74 The text continues here (Figure 2 and Table 2).

(b) (a)
75 Figure 2. This is a figure. Schemes follow another format. If there are multiple panels, they should
76 be listed as: (a) Description of what is contained in the first panel; (b) Description of what is

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77 contained in the second panel. Figures should be placed in the main text near to the first time they
78 are cited.

79 Table 2. This is a table. Tables should be placed in the main text near to the first time they are
80 cited.

Title 4 Title 3 Title 2 Title 1

data data data
data data data entry 1 *
data data data
data data data
entry 2
data data data
data data data
data data data
entry 3
data data data
data data data
data data data
entry 4
data data data
81 * Tables may have a footer.

82 3.3. Formatting of Mathematical Components

83 This is example 1 of an equation:

(1) a = 1,

84 the text following an equation need not be a new paragraph. Please punctuate equations as regular text.
85 This is example 2 of an equation:

(2) a=b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z

86 the text following an equation need not be a new paragraph. Please punctuate equations as regular text.
87 Theorem-type environments (including propositions, lemmas, corollaries etc.) can
88 be formatted as follows:

89 Theorem 1. Example text of a theorem. Theorems, propositions, lemmas, etc. should be

90 numbered sequentially (i.e., Proposition 2 follows Theorem 1). Examples or Remarks use the
91 same formatting, but should be numbered separately, so a document may contain Theorem 1,
92 Remark 1 and Example 1.

93 The text continues here. Proofs must be formatted as follows:

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94 Proof of Theorem 1. Text of the proof. Note that the phrase “of Theorem 1” is optional if
95 it is clear which theorem is being referred to. Always finish a proof with the following
96 symbol. □

97 The text continues here.

98 4. Discussion
99 Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted from the
100 perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses. The findings and their
101 implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future research
102 directions may also be highlighted.

103 5. Conclusions
104 This section is not mandatory but can be added to the manuscript if the discussion
105 is unusually long or complex.

106 6. Patents
107 This section is not mandatory but may be added if there are patents resulting from
108 the work reported in this manuscript.

109 Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
110 www.mdpi.com/xxx/s1, Figure S1: title; Table S1: title; Video S1: title.
111 Author Contributions: For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying
112 their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used
113 “Conceptualization, X.X. and Y.Y.; methodology, X.X.; software, X.X.; validation, X.X., Y.Y. and
114 Z.Z.; formal analysis, X.X.; investigation, X.X.; resources, X.X.; data curation, X.X.; writing—
115 original draft preparation, X.X.; writing—review and editing, X.X.; visualization, X.X.; supervision,
116 X.X.; project administration, X.X.; funding acquisition, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to
117 the published version of the manuscript.” Please turn to the CRediT taxonomy for the term
118 explanation. Authorship must be limited to those who have contributed substantially to the work
119 reported.
120 Funding: Please add: “This research received no external funding” or “This research was funded
121 by NAME OF FUNDER, grant number XXX” and “The APC was funded by XXX”. Check carefully
122 that the details given are accurate and use the standard spelling of funding agency names at
123 https://search.crossref.org/funding. Any errors may affect your future funding.
124 Institutional Review Board Statement: In this section, you should add the Institutional Review
125 Board Statement and approval number, if relevant to your study. You might choose to exclude this
126 statement if the study did not require ethical approval. Please note that the Editorial Office might
127 ask you for further information. Please add “The study was conducted in accordance with the
128 Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of

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129 NAME OF INSTITUTE (protocol code XXX and date of approval).” for studies involving humans.
130 OR “The animal study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics
131 Committee) of NAME OF INSTITUTE (protocol code XXX and date of approval).” for studies
132 involving animals. OR “Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to REASON
133 (please provide a detailed justification).” OR “Not applicable” for studies not involving humans or
134 animals.
135 Informed Consent Statement: Any research article describing a study involving humans should
136 contain this statement. Please add “Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in
137 the study.” OR “Patient consent was waived due to REASON (please provide a detailed
138 justification).” OR “Not applicable.” for studies not involving humans. You might also choose to
139 exclude this statement if the study did not involve humans.
140 Written informed consent for publication must be obtained from participating patients who
141 can be identified (including by the patients themselves). Please state “Written informed consent
142 has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper” if applicable.
143 Data Availability Statement: We encourage all authors of articles published in MDPI journals to
144 share their research data. In this section, please provide details regarding where data supporting
145 reported results can be found, including links to publicly archived datasets analyzed or generated
146 during the study. Where no new data were created, or where data is unavailable due to privacy or
147 ethical restrictions, a statement is still required. Suggested Data Availability Statements are
148 available in section “MDPI Research Data Policies” at https://www.mdpi.com/ethics.
149 Acknowledgments: In this section, you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered
150 by the author contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical
151 support, or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments).
152 Conflicts of Interest: Declare conflicts of interest or state “The authors declare no conflicts of
153 interest.” Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be
154 perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research
155 results. Any role of the funders in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or
156 interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results
157 must be declared in this section. If there is no role, please state “The funders had no role in the
158 design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the
159 manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results”.

160 Appendix A
161 The appendix is an optional section that can contain details and data supplemental
162 to the main text—for example, explanations of experimental details that would disrupt
163 the flow of the main text but nonetheless remain crucial to understanding and
164 reproducing the research shown; figures of replicates for experiments of which
165 representative data is shown in the main text can be added here if brief, or as
166 Supplementary data. Mathematical proofs of results not central to the paper can be
167 added as an appendix.

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168 Appendix B
169 All appendix sections must be cited in the main text. In the appendices, Figures,
170 Tables, etc. should be labeled starting with “A”—e.g., Figure A1, Figure A2, etc.

171 References
172 References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (including citations in tables and legends) and listed
173 individually at the end of the manuscript. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package,
174 such as EndNote, ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references. Include the digital object
175 identifier (DOI) for all references where available.
176
177 Citations and references in the Supplementary Materials are permitted provided that they also appear in the reference list
178 here.
179
180 In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ] and placed before the punctuation; for example [1], [1–3]
181 or [1,3]. For embedded citations in the text with pagination, use both parentheses and brackets to indicate the reference
182 number and page numbers; for example [5] (p. 10), or [6] (pp. 101–105).
183
184 1. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D. Title of the article. Abbreviated Journal Name Year, Volume, page range.
185 2. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Title of the chapter. In Book Title, 2nd ed.; Editor 1, A., Editor 2, B., Eds.; Publisher: Publisher
186 Location, Country, 2007; Volume 3, pp. 154–196.
187 3. Author 1, A.; Author 2, B. Book Title, 3rd ed.; Publisher: Publisher Location, Country, 2008; pp. 154–196.
188 4. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. Abbreviated Journal Name year, phrase indicating stage of publication
189 (submitted; accepted; in press).
190 5. Author 1, A.B. (University, City, State, Country); Author 2, C. (Institute, City, State, Country). Personal communication, 2012.
191 6. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title of Presentation. In Proceedings of the Name of the Conference, Location of
192 Conference, Country, Date of Conference (Day Month Year).
193 7. Author 1, A.B. Title of Thesis. Level of Thesis, Degree-Granting University, Location of University, Date of Completion.
194 8. Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).

195 Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
196 author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury
197 to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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