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What is matter
• Matter is any substance (thing) that has mass
and takes up space, it is made up of atoms,
often organized into larger structures called
molecules.
Diversity of Matter • The term matter refers to anything that
The molecules around us, that forms us, and its interaction with one occupies space and has mass in other words,
another the “stuff” that the universe is made of.
• Has 4 types of physical form: solid, liquid,
gas and plasma. All of which is based on
movement of particles in said form.

Elements Elements cont.

• There are 118 elements, but only 92 occur naturally.
• The simplest form of matter that forms The remaining elements have only been made in
everything, made out of atoms laboratories and are unstable.
• Elements in its molecular form cannot be broken • The four elements common to all living organisms are
down or destroyed by any chemical means. oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen
• Its abundant in nature in impure or pure forms, (N), which together make up about 96% of the human
examples of impure form are compounds. body.
• Elements can also be obtained by breaking the • Some elements follow the English term for the element,
bonds of compounds through physical or such as C for carbon and Ca for calcium.
chemical ways. • Other elements’ chemical symbols come from their
• Elements are represented with symbols that Latin names; for example, the symbol for sodium is Na,
usually starts with the first letter of their name (H which is a short form of natrium, the Latin word for
= Hydrogen). sodium.
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Helium Mercury
• It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and non- • It is commonly known as quicksilver and was
toxic chemical element with the symbol of formerly named hydrargyrum, has the chemical
“He”. symbol of “Hg”.
• Helium is the second lightest and second most • Mercury is the only metallic element that is
liquid at standard conditions for temperature
abundant element in the observable universe and pressure.
(hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant).
• Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers,
• A well-known but minor use is as a lifting gas mercury switches, mercury relays, fluorescent
in balloons and airships. lamps and other devices.
• Inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily • Exposure to mercury through water, gas or
changes the timbre and quality of the human accidentally swallowing mercury can result in
voice. mercury poisoning.

Gold Uranium
• In a pure form, it is a bright, slightly reddish • Uranium is a silvery-grey metal and is weakly
yellow, dense, soft, and malleable (easily shaped) radioactive, it occurs naturally in low
metal, its chemical symbol is “Au” (Latin: Aurum, concentrations of a few parts per million in soil,
means gold). rock and water.
• Gold is a precious metal that has been used for • Most common use of uranium is for its nuclear
coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout properties, such as the generation of electricity in
recorded history. nuclear power plants.
• Gold, along with silver, has been used recently in
the production of electronics because it can • Other uses are for weapons of any kind, most well
conduct electricity quite well. known of which is the use of uranium as the main
fuel for an atomic bomb.
• Gold has also been used for medicinal purposes,
such as some gold salts used to treat arthritis due to • Uranium has also been used before to make glow-
its anti-inflammatory properties. in-the-dark products such as uranium glass.
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Atoms Periodic table

• Smallest particles of an element that have the • For classification purposes, elements are grouped in an arrangement
chemical properties of that element. we all know as the periodic table.
• Every form of matter; solid, liquid or gas, is • The table display of chemical elements which are arranged by atomic
composed of atoms (both neutral or charged). number and recurring chemical properties.
• Atoms are extremely small, and is made up of • Created by a Russian scientist named Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
a nucleus (proton and neutron) and electrons in 1869 and developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then-
bound to the nucleus. known elements.
• The protons have a positive electric charge, • The elements from atomic numbers 1 (hydrogen) through 118
the electrons have a negative electric charge, (oganesson) have all been discovered or synthesized, completing
and the neutrons have no electric charge. seven full rows of the periodic table.

Periodic table cont.

• The periodic table arrangement is also a periodic
trend, which is specific patterns in terms of
chemical properties that are revealed by the
periodic table.
Periodic • The periodic table has 7 rows (horizontal) and
18 columns (vertical), the rows are called
table pic periods and the columns are called groups
• The periods are divided into 3 groups: metal,
metallic and non-metal
• The columns are divided into 18 groups with
names such as halogens, noble gas, coinage
metals, etc.
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Classification of elements: Period Metal elements example

• Metal: The metals which exhibit the • Lithium (Li): soft, silvery-white alkali
highest degree of metallic behaviour is metal, under standard conditions, it is the
known as metals, have a shiny lightest metal and the lightest solid element.
appearance.
• Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly
• Metalloid: Metalloids are such elements, reactive and flammable, and must be stored
which possess some of the properties like in mineral oil.
metal, while some like non-metal, have a • Lithium is most famously used for the
shiny and dull appearance. production of lithium batteries and lithium
• Non-metal: Non-metals are such ion batteries.
elements which do not possess any • Lithium is also used medically, as lithium
metallic behaviour, have a dull salts used as a drug for stabilizing mood in
appearance. bipolar disorder.

Metalloid element example Non-metal element example

• Silicon (Si): hard, brittle crystalline solid with a • Chlorine (Cl): yellow-green gas at room
blue-grey metallic luster, relatively unreactive, temperature, an extremely reactive element,
and is the second most abundant element in the and is one of the key components of
Earth's crust. common salt (NaCl).
• Silicon is used in industrial construction such as • Chlorine in its solid state (elemental
cement, clay and silica sand. They are also used chlorine) is produced for commercial uses,
in making porcelain and specialty glass. such as bleaches and disinfectants.
• Silicon is an essential component for circuit
boards used in all technologies (computers, • Chlorine is used as a cleaning agent in
laptops, phones, etc.) swimming pools and was used in world war
I as a chemical weapon.
• Silicon can be found in microorganisms, such as
diatoms, they can also be found in many plant • In the form of chloride ions, chlorine is
tissues in the form of deposits. necessary to all known species of life.
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Classification of Elements: Groups Noble Gas

• Is a column of elements in the periodic table of • Are a group of chemical elements with
the chemical elements, and there are 18 similar properties under standard condition,
numbered groups in the periodic table which is colorless and odorless
• The elements in a group often look and behave • The noble gases are exactly the members of
group 18 and are typically highly unreactive
similarly, because they have the same number except when under particular extreme
of electrons in their outermost layer (shell). conditions.
• This is because most chemical properties are • The nonreactive nature of noble gases
dominated by the location of the outermost makes them very suitable in applications
electron. where reactions are not wanted.
• Groups may also be identified using their • Members of the noble gas are helium (He),
topmost element, or have a specific name, neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon
example: oxygen group, iron group, etc. (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn).

Neon Halogens
• Neon is a colorless, odorless, nonreactive • Group in the periodic table consisting of five
monatomic gas under standard conditions chemically related elements: fluorine (F),
• Although neon is a very common element in chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and
the universe and solar system, it is rare on astatine (At).
Earth. • The name "halogen" means "salt-producing".
• Neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow When halogens react with metals, they produce
when used in lights, most well known are neon a wide range of salts.
light signs. • The group of halogens is the only periodic
• Since air is the only source where neon is table group that contains elements in three of
extracted, it is considerably more expensive the main states of matter at standard
than helium. temperature and pressure.
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Iodine Chalcogen
• Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it is • The chemical elements in group 16 of the
shiny purple-black non-metallic solid at standard periodic table, also known as the oxygen
conditions. family.
• Iodine can be melted into a deep violet liquid and be • The word "chalcogen" is derived from a
combination of the Greek word khalkόs
boiled into a violet gas, name comes from the Greek (χαλκός) principally meaning copper
word for "violet-colored".
• It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur
• It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the
the sixty-first most abundant element. radioactive element polonium (Po).
• Iodine is the heaviest essential mineral nutrient and is • All of the solid, stable chalcogens are soft
essential for development of intelligence in humans. and do not conduct heat well. Calcogens also
contain 3 metalloids in the group

Oxygen Alkali Metals

• Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group in • The alkali metals are all shiny, soft, highly reactive
the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, metals at standard temperature and pressure
and is the most important element for
biological processes. • They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their
softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes
• After hydrogen and helium, oxygen is the rapidly in air due to oxidation.
third-most abundant element in the universe by
mass. • Because of their high reactivity, they must be
stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and
• Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's are found naturally only in salts and never as the
atmosphere by photosynthesis, which is usually free elements.
conducted by plants to make energy
• The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements
• Oxygen is important component for lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),rubidium
combustion and respiration in living organisms.
(Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
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Sodium Molecules
• Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive • A group of 2 or more atoms that forms the
metal and an alkali metal, its free element smallest compound that still retains its chemical
form does not occur in nature, and must be property.
extracted from compounds.
• If a molecule is divided into smaller particles, it
• Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in will not have the same chemical properties but
the Earth's crust and exists in numerous instead are considered different.
minerals such as rock salt (NaCl).
• Sodium is an essential element for all animals • Molecules as components of matter are
and some plants, provides pressure for common. They also make up most of the oceans
osmosis to happen inside living organisms. and atmosphere. Most organic substances are
molecules.
• Compounds made of sodium are used for
manufacturing soap and also used as nutrients • A molecule can be formed from either the same
for living organisms. elements or different elements binding together.

Molecules Bonds Molecule Cont.

• Atoms form bonds to form molecules and this bond is • The bonds in an ionic bond do not form a
molecule and is a weaker bond, meaning the
formed due to the outermost layer of the electron in the atoms can be easily separated.
atom called valence electrons. • Covalent bonds is important in biology, because
• Some of the outermost layers of atoms need more it is a stronger bond than ionic bond and also
because the bonds can store more energy.
electrons while others have too much electrons, the • Organisms can use this to their advantage by
giving away of electrons to the atom that needs the storing energy in chemical bonds. It also means
electrons forms a bond called ionic bond. that the covalent bonds in food must be broken
apart to gain energy.
• Some outmost electron layers also share electrons • This is why our bodies have millions of enzymes
together so they both have enough amount of electrons, and bacteria that function together to break the
this forms a bond called covalent bond. many covalent bonds present in our food and
release the energy.
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Examples of Molecules Biological molecules

• A molecule may have very different properties than
• Carbon is probably the most important element the atoms that make it up. For instance, sugar is a
for all living organisms and has a unique ability combination of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
to form 4 covalent bonds, which can lead to • Carbon is the element formed after a fire and is a
long chains of molecules. gray-dusty substance, while hydrogen and oxygen
• All organic molecules contain carbon, and the are both gasses
ability to manipulate carbon bonds was • But when combined together under a covalent bond,
probably a very early development in the strings of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen become
evolution of life. a sweet and energy-rich nutrient that many animals
rely on for survival.
• Carbon could form a hexagonal (6 sides) shape
bond with other carbons to form a strong • There are 4 types of biological molecules formed by
living organisms: protein, lipid, carbohydrates and
material called graphite, used in pencils. nucleic acid.

Protein Lipid (Fats)

• One of the most important types of molecule • Lipids are another important class of molecules
produced by cells is protein and protein and that they don’t mix well with water, this is
molecules are a polymer. called hydrophobic.
• Polymers means that it was formed from many • Lipids are also polymers, and are created from
smaller molecules, known as monomers and two smaller molecules, glycerol and a fatty
these molecules are called amino acids. acid.
• Cells use protein molecules in a wide variety of • These lipid molecules store a lot of energy, and
tasks, such as enzymes for making a reaction go are often used in fat cells, to store energy for
faster. an organism.
• Proteins can also form antibodies for immune • Lipids are used to dissolve fat soluble vitamins
system defense, could be used to contract (vitamin A,D,E and K), and is also used as
muscles, and many more functions. cushion for external defense and storing heat.
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Carbohydrates (Sugar) Nucleic acids

• Carbohydrates are responsible mostly for • The most important molecule of life, DNA, is
energy, most animals process some sort of made from intertwined strings of nucleic acids.
sugar to allow their cells to function.
• Individual sugars are known as • Nucleic acids are molecules that alone mean
monosaccharides while multiple sugars nothing, but when connected in a series hold
connected are called polysaccharides. information.
• Plants often store their sugars as complex • The information stored can be ‘read’ and then
carbohydrates such as starch and sometimes made into strings of protein that eventually
use these carbohydrate molecules for other
functions, such as structure (cellulose). forms into functional protein.
• Herbivores can survive on only the glucose • This process of creating proteins from
and other carbohydrates present in plant information contained in molecules is known
matter. as biosynthesis and is the basis of all life.

Diatomic molecule Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule

• A diatomic atom is composed of only two • Nitrogen gas (𝑁 ): is the most common pure
atoms, of the same or different chemical element in the earth, used by plants in roots to
elements. Examples of diatomic molecules increase growth.
are O2 and CO. • Hydrogen gas (𝐻 ): colorless, odorless,
• There are 2 types of Diatomic molecules, tasteless and highly flammable gas, used now
which are Homonuclear and Heteronuclear: as a possible fuel source (hydrogen fuel cell)
• Homonuclear Diatomic: homonuclear diatomic • Oxygen gas (𝑂 ): second most abundant gas
molecule consists of two of atoms of the same in earth’s atmosphere and is important for
element combined. most life on earth and combustion.
• Heteronuclear Diatomic: heteronuclear diatomic • Fluorine gas (𝐹 ): highly toxic, pale yellow
molecule consists of two atoms of different and extremely reactive diatomic gas, and is
elements chemically combined. usually used in steelmaking.
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Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecule Compounds

• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): colorless liquid with a • Any substance composed of identical molecules
pungent odor, is classified as a strong acid and is consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements.
a component for gastric acid in the stomach of
most animals. • All the matter in the universe is composed of the
• Carbon Monoxide (CO): colorless and odorless atoms from different chemical elements, which are
gas toxic to animals and humans under high found both in pure form and combined in chemical
concentration. compounds.
• Hydrogen Fluoride (HF): a highly dangerous gas • The atoms of different elements can combine with one
and can cause blindness if it reaches the eyes another in a specific proportion to form chemical
(burning the eyes with acid).
compounds.
• Nitric Oxide (NO): a colorless gas produced
naturally by lightning in thunderstorm, and is an • The ratio of each element in the compound is
important molecule in mammals. expressed in a ratio in its chemical formula.

Compounds Compounds
• Chemical compounds may be classified according • Another classification scheme for chemical
to several different criteria. One common method compounds is based on the types of bonds that the
is based on the specific elements present. compound contains.
• Oxides contain one or more oxygen atoms, • Ionic compounds contain ions and are held together
Hydrides contain one or more hydrogen atoms, and by the attractive forces among the oppositely
Halides contain one or more halogen (Group 17) charged ions. Common salt (sodium chloride) is one
atoms. of the best-known ionic compounds.
• Organic compounds are characterized as those • Molecular compounds contain discrete molecules,
compounds with a backbone of carbon atoms, and which are held together by sharing electrons
all the remaining compounds are classified as (covalent bonding). Examples are water, which
inorganic. contains H2O molecules
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Compounds Differences between Molecules and Compounds

• A third classification scheme is based Molecule Compound

on reactivity; specifically, the types of

chemical reactions that the compounds Definition two or more atoms bonded two or more different elements
together bonded together
are likely to undergo.
• acids are compounds that produce H+ Structure group of atoms bonded matter in complete shape (i.e. table
salt)
ions (protons) when dissolved in water
to produce aqueous solutions. Thus, Relationship Not all molecules are All compounds are molecules.
acids are defined as proton donors. compounds.

• Bases, on the other hand, are proton Visibility Cannot be seen with the naked Can be seen with the naked eye
eye
acceptors. The most common base is
the hydroxide ion (OH−). Example oxygen you breathe (O2) table salt (NaCl)

Inorganic compounds Water

• Inorganic compounds include compounds that • 70% of an adult’s body weight is water, this
are made up of two or more elements other than water is contained both within the cells and
between the cells that make up tissues and
carbon or hydrogen organs.
• Some simple compounds that contain carbon are • Water is a major component of many of the
often considered inorganic. Examples include body’s lubricating fluids. Just as oil lubricates
the hinge on a door, water in synovial fluid
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc. lubricates the actions of body joints.
• Many inorganic compounds do contain • Watery fluids help keep food flowing through
hydrogen atoms, such as water (H2O) and the the digestive tract, and ensure that the
hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced by your movement of surrounding abdominal organs is
friction free.
stomach.
• Water in pleural fluid helps the lungs expand
• The three groups of inorganic compounds and recoil with breathing and also cushions a
essential to life: water, salts, acids and bases. developing fetus in the mother’s womb as well.
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Water Water
• Water also protects cells and organs from physical • This cooling effect happens as warm blood from the
trauma such as cushioning the brain within the body’s core flows to the blood vessels just under the
skull and protecting the delicate nerve tissue of the skin and is transferred to the environment.
eyes.
• Water absorbs and dissipates heat but does not • At the same time, sweat glands release warm water
experience a corresponding increase in in sweat. As the water evaporates into the air, it
temperature. carries away heat, and then the cooler blood from
the periphery circulates back to the body core.
• In the body, water absorbs the heat generated by
chemical reactions without greatly increasing in • Water is considered the “universal solvent” and it is
temperature. believed that life cannot exist without water because
• Moreover, when the environmental temperature of this.
soars, the water stored in the body helps keep the • For cells in the body to survive, they must be kept
body cool. moist in a water-based liquid called a solution.

Salts Acids (Acids and Bases)

• Salt is, as a substance that when dissolved in • An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions
water, dissociates (breaks down) into ions in (H+) in solution, they also have a sour taste, are
which the salts are made of. corrosive and change the color of certain vegetable
dyes, such as litmus, from blue to red.
• The ions produced by salts are also • Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous
electrolytes, meaning that they are capable of solutions, or can be dissolved in water.
conducting an electrical current in liquids.
• Acids lose their acidity when they are combined
• This property is critical to the function of ions with bases to form a salt and water. Acids have a pH
in transmitting nerve impulses and triggering less than 7, with lower pH values corresponding to
muscle contraction. increasing acidity.
• Many other salts are important in the body. For • Common examples of acids include acetic acid (in
example, bile salts produced by the liver help vinegar), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and
break apart dietary fats. tartaric acid (used in baking).
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Bases (Acids and Bases) pH

• Any substance that in water solution is slippery to • pH (potential of hydrogen) is a measure of how
the touch, tastes bitter, changes the color of acidic/basic a liquid is. The range goes from 0 to 14,
indicators (e.g., turns red litmus paper blue). with 7 being neutral.
• Concentrated or strong bases are caustic (able to • pH of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of
burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action) greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure
on organic matter and react violently with acidic of the relative amount of free hydrogen (H) and
substances to form salts. hydroxyl (OH) ions in the water.
• The pH of a basic solution at standard conditions is • Any liquid that has more free hydrogen (H) ions is
greater than seven, with higher pH values acidic, whereas any liquid that has more free hydroxyl
corresponding to increase alkalinity. (OH) ions is basic.
• Common examples of bases include ammonia • pH can control the availability of nutrients, biological
(NH4), bleaches (used in laundry), and soap (used functions, microbial activity, and the behavior of
in cleaning). chemicals.

Measuring pH pH Indicator
• Using a pH indicator; a compound • pH indicators are used to give a rough value of pH
that changes color in solution over a of a chemical solution and it can be measured by a
narrow range of pH values. color chart indicating which color is which pH.
• Only a small amount of indicator • Naturally occurring pH indicators can be extracted
compound is needed to produce a with water and other liquids from plants as a
visible color change. popular introductory chemistry demonstration.
• Some indicators change from one • Because indicators change colors over different
color to another, while others change
between colored and colorless states. pH ranges, they may sometimes be combined to
offer color changes over a wider pH range.
• pH indicators are usually weak acids
or weak bases. Many of these • pH indicators can be bought in the form of paper
molecules occur naturally. strips and is used in scientific and industrial
purposes.
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Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Reaction is a process that occurs • In a chemical reaction, a chemical change
when two or more molecules interact to form must occur which is generally observed with
a new product(s). physical changes like precipitation, heat
• Compounds that interact to produce new production, color change etc.
compounds are called reactants whereas the • A reaction can take place between two atoms
newly formed compounds are called products. or ions or molecules, and they form a new
• Chemical reactions play an integral role in bond and no atom is destroyed or created but
different industries, customs and even in our a new product is formed from reactants.
daily life. • The rate of reaction depends on and is
• They are continuously happening in our affected by factors like pressure, temperature,
general surroundings; for example, rusting of the concentration of reactants.
iron, pottery, fermentation of wine and so on.

Chemical Equations Types of Reaction

• Due to the vast amounts of chemical reactions • The basis for different types of
happening around us, a nomenclature (way of
naming) was developed to simplify how we reactions is the product formed, the
express a chemical reaction in the form of a changes that occur, the reactants
chemical equation. involved and so on.
• A chemical equation is nothing but a
mathematical way to symbolizes the product • Different types of reactions are:
formation from reactants while indicating the • Synthesis Reaction
condition of how the reaction has been
conducted. • Decomposition Reaction
• 𝐴+𝐵 →𝐶+𝐷 • Combustion Reaction
• Single Displacement Reaction
• Here, A and B are the reactants, which react to
form the products C and D. In an actual • Double Displacement Reaction
chemical equation, reactants are denoted by • Acid-Base Reaction
their chemical formula.
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Types of Reaction Combustion Reaction

• Synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more • In a combustion reaction, an element or compound reacts
substances combine to form a single new substance. with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat
can also be called as combination reaction. or light.
• Synthesis reaction is one of the most basic types of • Combustion reactions always involve oxygen, but also
frequently involve a hydrocarbon (oil).
reaction wherein multiple simple compounds combine
under certain physical conditions giving out a • Combustion does not always result in fire, because a
complex product. flame is only visible when substances undergoing
combustion vaporizes, but when it does, a flame is a
• Decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a characteristic indicator of the reaction.
single component breaks down into multiple products. • While the activation energy must be overcome to initiate
• Certain changes in energy in the environment have to combustion (e.g., using a lit match to light a fire), the
be made like heat, light or electricity breaking bonds heat from a flame may provide enough energy to make
of the compound. the reaction self-sustaining.

Other forms of Reactions Mixtures

• Single Displacement Reaction: A substitution • In chemistry, when two or more substances
or single displacement reaction is characterized mix with each other without participating in a
chemical change, the resulting substance is
by one element being displaced from a called a Mixture.
compound by another element. • The result formed due to the combination of
• Double Displacement Reaction: In a double substances does not lose its individuality nor
displacement or metathesis reaction two are they combined chemically.
compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to • Mixtures are the one product of a mechanical
form different compounds. blending or mixing of chemical substances
such as elements and compounds.
• Acid-Base Reaction: also called the • Despite the fact that there are no chemical
neutralization reaction, is basically the reaction changes to its constituents, the physical
between an acid and a base giving salt and properties of a mixture, such as its melting
water as the products. point, may differ from those of the
components.
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General Properties of Mixtures Types of Mixtures

• The substances in a mixture can be separated • There are two main types of mixtures:
using physical methods such as filtration, homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous
freezing, and distillation. mixtures.
• There is little or no energy change when a • Heterogeneous Mixture: possess different
properties and compositions in various parts
mixture forms. i.e. the properties are not uniform throughout
• Mixtures have variable compositions, while the mixture. Example would be a mixture of
compounds have a fixed, definite formula. sand mixed with salt.
• Homogeneous Mixture: can be defined as
• When mixed, individual substances keep the mixtures which possess the same
their properties in a mixture, while if they properties and combination throughout their
form a compound their properties can mass. Example would be sugar mixed with
change. water.

Separating mixtures Evaporation

• Mixtures are not chemically bound • A type of vaporization that occurs on the
together, so it is easier to separate the surface of a liquid as it changes into the
components that make up said mixtures gas phase.
• It is done to obtain one of the mixtures • Evaporation of water occurs when the
components in a much purer form for surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing
industrial purposes molecules to escape and form water vapor
• Methods for separation of mixtures are: • Is also a technique used to separate out
• Chromatography homogenous mixtures where there is one
• Evaporation or more dissolved solids.
• Distillation • This method drives off the liquid
• Filtration components from the solid components.
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Evaporation Distillation
• The process typically involves heating the • An effective method to separate mixtures
mixture until no more liquid remains. comprised of two or more pure liquids.
• Prior to using this method, the mixture should • Distillation is a purification process where
only contain one liquid component, unless it is the components of a liquid mixture are
vaporized and then condensed and isolated.
not important to isolate the liquid components.
• In simple distillation, a mixture is heated
• This is because all liquid components will and the most volatile component vaporizes
evaporate over time. This method is suitable to at the lowest temperature.
separate a soluble solid from a liquid. • The vapor passes through a cooled tube (a
• In many parts of the world, table salt is obtained condenser), where it condenses back into
from the evaporation of sea water. The heat for its liquid state. The condensate that is
the process comes from the sun. collected is called distillate.

Distillation application Filtration

• Distillation has many applications. For • A separation method used to separate out pure
example: substances in mixtures comprised of particles some
• The distillation of fermented products produces of which are large enough in size to be captured
distilled beverages with a high alcohol content. with a porous material.
• Distillation is an effective and traditional • Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a
method of desalination (the removal of salt suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
from seawater to make drinkable fresh water). • Filtration, as a physical operation is very important
• Distillation is also used for transforming crude in chemistry for the separation of materials of
oil into fuels and other useful byproducts for different chemical composition.
industry (asphalt, plastic, etc.).
• There are also filters present inside our body where
• Distillation with low temperature leads to the oversize particles are trapped and ingested and the
separation of air into its components (notably
oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) for industrial use.
resulting waste may be released.
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Types of filtration Examples of Mixtures

• The major purpose of filtration is for the removal • Alloys: are made when two or more metals are
of impurities from a mixture or, for the isolation of mixed together. They usually are homogeneous
solids from a mixture. mixtures. Example: brass, bronze and steel.
• There are several filtration techniques depending • Mixing together two solids, without melting them
on the desired outcome namely, hot, cold and together, typically results in a heterogeneous
vacuum filtration. mixture. Examples: sand and sugar, salt and gravel,
• Hot filtration: mainly used to separate solids from a hot a basket of produce, and a toy box filled with toys.
solution, this is to prevent the formation of crystals in
the filter equipment. • Mixtures in two or more phases are heterogeneous
• Cold filtration: the use of ice bath in order to rapidly mixtures. Examples include ice cubes in a drink,
cool down the solution, which cause the formation of sand and water, and salt and oil.
crystals. • Air is a homogeneous mixture. However, the Earth's
• Vacuum filtration: a method in which a small batch of atmosphere as a whole is a heterogeneous mixture
mixture is being placed in a filter attach to a vacuum to (evident due to presence of clouds).
forcefully filter it.