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$EGHOKDN Bouchakour*, $EGHOKDOLPBorni,/D\DFKL Zaghba, 6LHI(GGLQHBoukebbous and Amor Fazzani
Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de
Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria
[email protected]

Abstract — Electricity generated by the national grid may not follow the peak power point regularly and may oscillate
reach certain remote areas; as a result, solar energy sources around the peak power point. In recent years more robust
become critical especially in developing countries, where they intelligence control techniques have been developed such as
can be used for lighting as well as for irrigation and water fuzzy logic and the genetic algorithms to increase the
pumping systems. The electrical power produced by a
efficiency of PV systems [7].
photovoltaic generator (PVG) is highly dependent on solar
radiation and to a lesser degree of temperature, but also on the In this work, an intelligent and innovative method using
load at its terminals and the overall aging of the system. For the FLC aiming at the pursuit of the maximum power point
these reasons, the PVG can only provide maximum power for a as well as the improvement of the performance of a
particular voltage and a specific current. In order to better photovoltaic pumping system, whatever the variation of
adapt to the variation of solar radiation, most control systems solar radiation is presented. The simulation results obtained
use algorithms for tracking the optimal operating point. showed that the FLC technique reduces the calculation time,
In this paper, we present an application of an intelligent fuzzy while maintaining good accuracy and that this controller is
logic controller (FLC) approach to improve the performance of efficient and very robust.
a photovoltaic water pump system driven by an induction
motor (IM). The simulation results show that optimization II. PROPOSED DESCRIPTION SYSTEM
with the FLC has improved the efficiency of the overall system,
thus the amount of water pumped per day. The studied PV water pumping system consists of three
Keywords- photovoltaic source; solar radiation; fuzzy logic components: the PV array, the converters (DC/DC and
control; centrifugal pump DC/AC), and the moto-pump. Each element has its own
characteristics [8]. Fig. 1 shows the overall structure of the
I. INTRODUCTION system
A PVG can operate in a wide range of voltage and
output current, but it can only deliver maximum power for
particular values of current and voltage. Indeed the
characteristic I (V) of the generator depends on solar
illumination and temperature [1]. These climatic variations
cause the fluctuation of the point of maximum power. Due
to this fluctuation, one or more static converters are often
inserted between the PVG and the load to continue the point
Figure 1. PV Water pumping system used in this study.
of maximum power [2]. This adaptation stage consists of a
pulse width modulated control (PWM) static converter.
These commands are known as Maximum Power Point A. PV Generator Model
Tracking (MPPT) associated with the chopper, which
provides the coupling between the PVG and the load by The characteristic of the PVG can be presented by the
forcing the first to deliver its maximum power [3]. following nonlinear equation [9][10]:
Indeed, this problem of pursuit makes up to our days the I IL  ID  IP (1)
object of several researches. Therefore, to improve the
efficiency of a photovoltaic water pumping system, several
optimization criteria were applied to have a good adaptation
and high efficiency. A large number of MPPT control
techniques have been developed since the 1970s, among the
most used techniques: Disturbance and Observation (P&O),
Increasing Conductance (IC) [4], Short-Circuit Methods [5],
Power Feedback Methods [6]. During the day, the solar
density is not uniform, and most of these algorithms fail to

    

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 ­ § G · where Lr the rotor is time constant and
¨ ¸. I Wr
° IL  P Isc .( T C  T C , ref ) Rr
¨G ¸ L , ref
° © ref ¹
° ª º
§ q V  RsI · § 2
·
° ID I 0 « exp ¨ ¸  1» V 1 ¨M ¸ is the dispersion coefficient.
¨
J kT c ¸ (2) © Ls Lr ¹
° ¬ © ¹ ¼
® 3
° § T · ª § q .] .G ·§ 1 1 ·º
I 0 , ref .¨ ¸ exp « ¨ ¸ .¨  ¸»
C
°I0 ¨T ¸ ¨T ¸
PVG

° © C , ref ¹ «¬ © K . A ¹ © C , ref T C ¹ ¼»
° V  RsI
° IP
Rp
¯ IPV
§ · VPV
The electrical power produced by a PVG is highly Wopt ¨
¨
3
K
I mp

.K
.V mp

K K
¸
¸
© P C m p ¹
dependent on solar radiation and to a lesser degree of
temperature. To maximize this power, the PV array should
I* q Iq_ref V*q Vq_ref
be operated at a unique point with a specific voltage and +
- PI +- PI +-
Va_ref

[P(θ)]-1
current. When a resistive load is powered by the PV array, W Iq_mes esq Vb_ref MLI Converter
DC-AC
࣐‫ࢊ࢘כ‬ I* d Id_ref V*d
the operating point may be far from the maximum power ࣐࢘ࢊ̴ࢋ࢙࢚ 
+- PI +- PI +-
Vd_ref
Vc_ref
Va Vb Vc
Id_mes esd
point (MPP), according to the solar radiation and
P(θ)
temperature values (Fig. 2) [11] [12][7].
1/s

Flux
ASM
estimation
Decoupling +
PUMP

W θ
d/dt
Position sensor

Figure 3. Representative schema of the vectorial command of the IM.

C. Fuzzy Logic Controller

The structure of the FLC applied to the PV pumping
system is shown in Fig (4). The controller receives as inputs
Figure 2. Characteristics of the PV panel. the error and the error variation of the voltage and the power
of the PVG. The voltage VPV is controlled so that it follows
B. Induction Motor Model the reference voltage (VPV_ref) obtained at the output of the
FLC [11]. The output of the voltage regulator is used to
The characteristic equation of the IM in the coordinate (dq) control the duty cycle of the DC / DC converter.
axis can be expressed as [10][11]:
∆PPV[k]
ª§ M
2
· º PPV +
« ¨¨ R s   pVLs ¸  V L sZ s M M PZ m » K1
¸ L rW r
«©
L W ¹
Lr
» - µ(∆P), µ(∆V)

VPV_ref[k] IPV_ref[k] D[k]

(3)
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB

r r

ª v sd º « § M
2
· » ª i sd º -P1 -⅔ P1 -⅓ P1 0 ⅓ P1 ⅔ P1 P1

K3 + + PI + PI
V L sZ s ¨ Rs   pVLs ¸ M PZ m M
µ(∆V )

L r W r » « i sq »
_ref

« » « ¨ ¸ PPV[k-1] + - -
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB

v © L rW r ¹
Lr PPV[k]
« sq » « »« » - P2 -⅔ P2 -⅓ P2 0 ⅓ P2 ⅔ P2 P2

∆VPV_ref[k]
« 0 » « » « I rd »
VPV + ∆VPV[k]
§ 1 · K2
« » « M 0 ¨p ¸  Z s  PZm »« »
Wr ¨ ¸ I - Fuzzy logic controller
¬ 0 ¼ « © W r ¹ » ¬« rq ¼» VPV_mes[k] IPV_mes[k]
« § 1 · »
« 0 M Z s  PZm ¨p ¸ »
L rW r ¨ ¸ VPV[k] VPV[k-1]
¬ © Wr ¹ ¼
The electromagnetic torque is given by: Figure 4. Block diagram of the MPPT fuzzy logic controller.
M §
.¨ I I
· (4)
C P i i ¸ .i
em L © rd sq rq sd ¹ q The fuzzy MPPT is based on measuring the variation of
The mechanical equation of an IM is expressed by: the photovoltaic power (ΔPPV) and photovoltaic voltage
dZ (5) (ΔVPV) to determine the variation (ΔVPV_ref) of the set
 f .Z
m
J C  C
dt
m em r
according to (6).

­ 'P P ( k )  P ( k  1)
°
® 'V V ( k )  V ( k  1)
°V ( k ) V ( k  1 )  ' V ref
¯ ref
(6)

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 Assuming that the FLC has seven linguistic variables,
these are used to form the fuzzy rules (Table I), while the
membership functions of the controller are given in Fig (5)
[12][13].
µ(∆P), µ(∆V)
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB

∆P
∆V
-P1 -⅔ P1 -⅓ P1 0 ⅓ P1 ⅔ P1 P1
-P2 -⅔ P2 -⅓ P2 0 ⅓ P2 ⅔ P2 P2
Figure 6. PV generator power in the optimized and direct coupling system
µ(∆V _ref )
4
NB NM NS Z PS PM PB Optimized System
Direct Coupling
3

Current (A)
∆V_ref 2
- P3 -⅔ P3 -⅓ P3 0 ⅓ P3 ⅔ P3 P3
1
Figure 5. Memberchip fonctions of dP, dV and dV_ref.
0
The fuzzy rules are summarized and presented in the table
(I): -1
0 2 4 6 8 10
TABLE I. THE FUZZY RULES
Time (s)
Figure 7. PV generator current in the optimized and direct coupling system
∆P NB NM NS Z PS PM PB

∆V The seven-class membership functions (Fig. 5) with the

NB PB PB PM Z NM PB NB fuzzy rules shown in table (1) control the error and the error
NM PB PM PS Z NS NM NB variation of the voltage and the power of the PVG after
NS PM PS PS Z NS NS NM adaptation as shown in (Fig.7), where the optimal point is
Z NP NM NS Z PS PM PB
obtained for the current intensity which is 3.5A with a
transient regime of 0.65s for an illumination of 1000 W /
PS NM NS NS Z PS PS PM
m2. For the second interval, when the solar radiation has
PM NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
been reduced to 400 W / m2 (exemplifying situations, such
PB NB NB NM Z PM PB PB as passing clouds), the optimization would increase the
GPV current by 49.51%. For the final interval, after
The output values are de-flushed by the center of gravity increasing solar radiation to 800 W/m2, the optimization
method and the output variation is expressed by: would increase the GPV current by approximately 23.25%.
M
So, the effect of the optimization is felt for the weak
¦ Pi.yi
illuminations.
i 1
y M

¦ Pi Compared with direct coupling system, optimization

i 1
(7) with FLC increased the power by approximately 10%,
thereby forcing the PVG to operate at its MPP (Fig.6). For
the first time interval with a solar radiation of 1000 W/m2,
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION no difference can be observed between the measured values
- In dynamic mode and the nominal values for the two systems (optimized and
A variable solar radiation was applied to the water non-optimized system); the power was 746 W. For the
pumping system, spread over three-time intervals as second interval, when the solar radiation was decreased to
400 W/m2, the new power was 270 W for the optimized
follows:
system and 185 W for the direct coupling system. For the
(1) From 0 to 3 second, the solar radiation is 1000 W/m2. last interval, after increasing the solar radiation to 800
(2) From 3 to 6 second, the solar radiation is 400 W/m2. W/m2, the power increased to 570 W, for the optimized
(3) From 6 to 10 second, the solar radiation is 800 W/m2. system and 485 W for the direct coupling system. Moreover,
there are no peaks for the system optimized by the FLC
compared to the direct coupling. It can be said that the
overall power delivered by the GPV is well exploited.

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 - Steady State
The figures (8 to 12) show the different parameters of the
photovoltaic water pumping system in steady state for
irradiance values ranging from 200 W/m² to 1000W/m² and
a fixed temperatures T=25°C.

G=200 W/m²..........G=1000 W/m²

4.5
Direct Coupling Flou
4

3.5
Figure 11. Motor speed.
3
Current (A)

2.5 PPM

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Voltage (V)

Figure 8. I (V) characteristics

G=200 W/m²............G=1000 W/m²

800
Figure 12. Effeciency.
700 PPM
Direct Coupling
600

500
The characteristics (I-V) and (P-V) illustrate the position
Power (W)

Flou of the operating points of the pump set relative to the

400
maximum power points of the GPV (Figs 9 and 10). The (I-
300 V) and (P-V) load characteristics of the motor will slide to
200 the maximum GPV band, which is between 160 and 210 V.
100
It can be noted that the optimization with the FLC forces the
system to work in almost ideal way. The optimization
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 improves the speed of the drive motor compared to the
Voltage (V) direct coupling (Fig 11).
Figure 9. P-V power line

Optimization with the FLC forced the pump to supply

water at solar radiation of 260 W/m2. By contrast, in the
non-optimized systems, the pump supplies water at solar
radiation of 308 W/m2 (Fig.10). The optimization improved
the efficiency of the overall system (Fig.12), thus the
amount of water pumped per day.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, an adaptive approach FLC based on scaling
factors and triangular membership adjusting is proposed.
Figure 10. Water discharge rate. The FLC improved the transient and reduced fluctuations in
the static state and the PVG output power remains in the
maximum power point. The simulation results show clearly
that the output power of the PVG and the amount of
pumped water per day of the pumping system controlled by
fuzzy logic is better than the direct coupling system.
So, the FLC has better performance compared with a
direct coupling system; in terms of robustness, and fast
responses with no overshoot.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Renewable Energy & Sustainable Development; Jun2015, Vol.1
Issue 1, p11-16, 6p
This project was financially supported by the Directorate [8] A. Borni, A. Bouchakour and N. Bouarroudj, L. Zaghba “P&O-PI
General for Scientific Research and Technological and fuzzy-PI MPPT Controllers and their time domain optimization
Development - Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and using PSO and GA for grid-connected photovoltaic system: a
Scientific Research. comparative study’’ Int. J. Power Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2017.
[9] A. Bouchakour, M. Brahami and A. Borni ‘’Comparative Study on
Photovoltaic Pumping Systems Driven by Different Motors
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