2020 17th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD'20)

Design of Solar Powered Water Pumping System for

Domestic Use in Erbil
Marwah Qasim Al-Obaidi(*), Twana Ghany Hamid(**) & Nabil Derbel(*)
(*) National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Tunisia
2020 17th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD) | 978-1-7281-1080-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SSD49366.2020.9364196

(**) International Organization for Migration (IOM), Iraq

Email: [email protected]

Abstract— Global interest in the use of renewable energy is increase in the winter (from November to March), especially in
increasing, especially in remote locations or when the national Erbil (Kurdistan Region). Moreover, there is no electricity from
electrical grid is unreliable. The need is more if the use of renewable 1am-1pm because the directorate of water and electricity store
energy to pump water for daily civilian consumption. The advantages electricity Amps for the very hot season in summer, with the
of PV pumping systems include low operating cost, easy installation,
exception of some residential cities that pay 300-700 USD/house
extremely low maintenance, and long life. The purpose of this
research paper is to study the design of a solar energy system to pump monthly to the private electricity generators for each city depend
water to benefit from the design in simulating the actual system of on the prepaid cards. Therefore, the trend was to use solar energy
the project as a first step to an integrated system for monitoring and to pump water for citizens in Erbil and other cities in Iraq. By
diagnosing faults as a second stage. The photovoltaic system contains using solar energy, regular pumping of water can be obtained at a
140 solar panels of 250 watts installed to generate a peak power of 35 low cost compared to using traditional energy sources [4].
kW to power a submersible pump of 22 kW. The results obtained
from the simulated PV system indicate their compatibility with the Daily average solar radiation in Iraq is 15 to 22Mj/m2/daily which
actual results from the real system. The use of solar energy to pump is better compared to many nations who are working on solar
water is more economical and does not depend on the provision of energy on a large scale. So the generation of electricity from the
traditional energy sources such as diesel. alternative sources has become the urgent need for Iraq. Iraq
blessed with the availability of alternative energy creates
Keywords: Water pumping, PV system, Solar panels, Diesel generator, opportunities for the use of in power sector and renewable energy
Real-time monitoring
resources. Among different renewable energy sources, such as
wind, biomass, solar, and others, the availability of solar energy
makes it the most promising way to Iraq. Photovoltaic technology
I. INTRODUCTION
is widely and versatile used to generate electricity energy all over
Energy can be classified into renewable and nonrenewable energy the world for many applications, from small power level to large
sources. Renewable energy sources depend on the natural sources, power level. In small appliance like calculators we used an
such as solar, wind, water and geothermal, while nonrenewable individual solar cell. Large PV array are used to generate to the
energy sources are derived from finite sources, such as petroleum, utility grid. Photovoltaic energy has become one of the most
coal, and natural gas [1]. The renewable energy sources are important renewable energy resources Access to almost universal
naturally available, low cost, and have no carbon emission. While, cumulative installation capability of 75 GW in 2016, which is
nonrenewable energy sources are finite recourse, high cost, and enough to supply 1.8 percentages of the all world electricity
have high carbon emission. Therefore, the researchers focus their consumptions [5].
attention on renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuel
Renewable Energy system also can be used in the solar pump
sources [1,2]. Solar energy is the most popular type of renewable
system, can be applied to daily use (ground water), agricultural
energy resources. The photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the energy
irrigation, forestry irrigation, desert control, pasture animal
of sunlight directly to electrical signal [2]. Photovoltaic panels
husbandry, water supply for islands, wastewater treatment
produce electricity from sunlight using silicon cells, with no
engineering, and so on. Solar water pump System is dispensed
moving parts. They work well in cold or hot weather. They are so
with energy storing devices, and stores water instead of electricity.
reliable that most manufacturers give a 25 years warranty and life
It improves the reliability of the device, at the same time, it lowers
expectancy well beyond 30 years [3].
the construction and maintenance costs of the irrigation system
As in most developing countries, the energy situation in Iraq is dramatically [6].
very critical. The continuing unstable situation in Iraq, as well as
In recent years, as the use of new energy resources has been
the governments' lack of interest in providing the basic needs of
strengthened, the solar pumping system is being used more and
citizens, including generating electricity and water pumping.
more in cities and villages, as it is used to pump water into city
Iraqis depend between 50 to 70% of their daily electricity needs
squares, parks, tourist sites, hotels, and irrigation systems in
on private generators distributed in the residential area with a
residential areas as well as agricultural areas. In particular, there
monthly payment that may exceed $ 100, and these payments

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 is an increasing importance to produce sufficient electricity
directly from solar radiation (sunlight) to energy pumping
systems. The photoelectric pumping system has become one of the
most promising fields in photoelectric applications [7].
Abdulkareem et.al.[8] reported that a large number of urban and
rural settlements in Northern Nigeria are without reliable access
to a source of clean drinking water. They proposed a portable, PV-
based system that could provide enterprises with clean water
independent of the electrical network. In this case, reliable and
economical access to drinking water can be provided.
The main objective of the paper is to highlight the requirements of
the engineering design of the solar water pumping system and
compare that when using other energy sources, as well as through
an analytical study of the solar water pumping project in the city
of Erbil. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; the project
motivation is given in section 2. The design requirements of the Fig. 1: Daily average solar radiation in Iraq.
proposed system is given in section 3. The feasibility study of the
proposed system is discussed in section 4. The calculation of PV
powered pump system is given in section 5. The achievement of
implementing the project are discussed in section 6. Finally,
conclusion and some suggested are given in section 7.

II. PROJECT MOTIVATION

Iraq is situated 33.2232'N and 43.6793'E which is an ideal location
for abundant solar radiation. The maximum yearly, average
monthly, and average hourly of global radiation of (950 W/m2)
during June at noon time, diffuse radiation of (250 W/m2) between
10:00 AM to 2:00PM in May, 600W/m2 during July at noon time.
Figure 1 shows daily solar radiation in Iraq, while Fig.2 illustrates
the monthly radiation in Baghdad, which is much better compared
to many nations who are working on solar energy on a large scale
[10]. Solar panels do not require maintenance as is the case with
other energy sources, the solar panel is very durable and has a life
span of about 25-30 years, and the only maintenance you need to
do is wash and clean the plate twice in a year at least [1]. This
technology is ideal for the current situation in Iraq, which suffers
from a shortage of all services.
Iraq suffers, especially during the past two decades, from a major
shortage in electric power generation due to the country's unstable
conditions. Due to its distinguished location on the solar energy
map, it becomes necessary to use this clean energy in development
projects such as the water pumping project in the city of Erbil. The
Serbasti community in this project suffers from a clear shortage of
electrical energy as well as the amount of water it needs on a daily
basis. This community hosting more than 625 families (170 IDPs,
113 returnees and 342 health centers) suffering from acute
shortage of water to meet their main needs due to infrequent
access to electricity provided by the national grid. People in this
community depend on well water supplies that work for about two
hours a day. Each household receives only 0.7 cubic meters of
water per day, which is below the standard minimum of Dow
(1m3/family).
Fig. 2: Monthly radiation in Baghdad.

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 - The total tube length: it is the length of the tube from the pump
to the discharge point including any horizontal operation of
pipes such as from the wellhead to the storage tank that we use
to storage water [12].
All these information must take into consideration, even in our
implemented pump to avoid any mistakes when implementing the
PV solar pump system.
The deepness of the well in this project site is 250 meters. The
static water level is 29 meters, and the dynamic (motor deep) level
is 57 meters, with the quantity of 46 m3/h.

IV. FEASIBILITY STUDY

Fig. 3: Water pump system. The feasibility study is the first step to implement any project,
especially when the subject is using solar energy to pump water in
Addressing water shortages for homes is not limited to the city of an oil country that has the second largest reserves in the world.
Erbil, but rather reflects the general situation in Iraq, which suffers Diesel pumps in Iraq are being used to pump water, and the idea
from a severe shortage of services, especially electrical energy and of this project (based on solar energy) is a big challenge. As is
water supplies for homes from 2003 to the present. Global energy known, the initial cost of diesel pumps is low but the running cost
sources indicate that Iraq has proven oil reserves (112 billion of operation and maintenance is very high. When using solar
barrels), which is the second largest in the world, and also has energy to pump water, the initial cost is higher, but maintenance
about (220 billion barrels) of potential resources [9]. The and operating costs are very low. In terms of reliability, solar
difficulty in securing access to electricity from the national grid energy is easy to obtain, free of charge, continuous, and
has led to increased interest in using solar energy to pump water inexhaustible. In addition, diesel pumps need constant
for homes, factories, gardens, squares, and other community maintenance and may be subject to rust. As for solar panels, they
services. work for years without any touched [13].
The initial cost of solar energy in any project is often high for any
investor, so they plan to reach the largest number of users, and the
III. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS investment will be feasible over time because the operating cost
will be very little. The investor uses the renewable energy in the
Initially, a study was conducted to select the best project areas where the cost of diesel is high. The state of using solar
implementation site from several proposed sites in Erbil. The energy in Iraq despite the presence of diesel is mainly because the
implementation site was chosen where there is water, and there is national grid cannot guarantee the supply of electricity to the water
an appropriate place to implement the project, in addition to its pumping station. So using solar energy to pump water is a
proximity to a residential community that suffers from large water promising alternative to avoid diesel power sources. In fact, the
shortages. The process of designing a water pumping system from PV powered pump systems have several advantages over
a well requires obtaining some information about the existing or traditional diesel pump systems, such as easy installation, very
proposed well. Figure 3 illustrates some of the basic parameters low maintenance, and long life [1,2,13].
required in the design process including water level, discharge
height, pipe connections (such as valve type and thickness), total A. PV-Based System:
tube length and inner diameter [11]. Given the following:
- The initial cost for each PV unit is about 65,000 USD.
For existing wells, the well drilling often contains information
- Maintenance cost (3% year according to international
about the water level and the lowest depth of water in the well
(including any levels of clouds and seasonal variations). In fact, standards) is about 1,500 USD, including manual cleaning
these information do not indicate the level of the pump. The since it is installed on the ground.
following items must be considered in the design: - The production capacity of each unit = 33,000 Watts.
- Depth of the pump; it must be from the wall surface to below the - The average cost/produced power = 1.96 USD/Watt.
water level [12]. - Service life (Life span) is about 30 Years (according to the
- The draw-down is to reduce the water in the well, i.e. lowering PV Manufacture), then the cost/year is;
of the water level due to the seasonal variations. These variations 65000
are seasonal changes in the water level in the well and pumping ( ) + 1500 = 3666 𝑈𝑆𝐷/𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟
30
activity. While the discharge height is the height from the - The total cost including maintenance is:
ground level to the discharge point [6]. 65000 + (30 ∗ 1500) = 110000 𝑈𝑆𝐷

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 Photovoltaic solar system is a well-established system, and proven
technology with a large network of international companies. So,
relative to either expanding the electrical grid or using generators
in remote locations, PV is increasingly cost-effective. The cost of
solar panels has decreased dramatically over the past ten years as
manufacturing and production technology has evolved on a large
global scale. The impressive growth rate in solar energy has
reduced prices to less than 2 USD/W.

B. Diesel-Based System (50 KVA):

Given the following:
- Diesel generator: 50 KVA.
- Fuel consumption for 70% load is about 10 L/hr, then for 8 hours Fig. 4: PV solar and diesel pump cost feasibility.
the average fuel consumption/day is 80 Litres.
- The daily fuel cost is 40USD since the average unit price of - Since they have many moving parts, most of these devices
Gasoil/litre is 0.5 USD. Then the average fuel consumption is require high maintenance.
about 14400 USD/year according to oil prices in Iraq. - The country has poor grid power coverage; thus grid driven
- Estimated average cost for maintenance/repairing (includes pump cannot be used in most parts of the country.
engine oil and filters) is 6200 USD/year.
- The procurement initial cost is 12,000 USD. Since the service To solve these inconveniences, a solar powered water pumping
life is about (10-15) years, then the procurement or initial system needs to be designed and installed. The community hosts
cost/year is 1200 USD. more than 625 households who are suffering from lack of access
- The total cost for procurement, fuel and maintenance is 21,800 to adequate quantities of water due to the lack of access to national
USD/year. Therefore, the total cost for 30 years (assuming two grid electricity. People in this community rely on having borewell
diesel pumps are used for 30 years) is; water that operates for two hours a day; household receives only
(12000 ∗ 2) + [2 ∗ (14400 + 6200)] = 642000 𝑈𝑆𝐷 0.7 m3 of water per day (less than the minimum standard for the
DOW, which is 1 m3/ Family).
As shown in Fig. 4, the initial cost of the solar energy system is
five times higher than the diesel system, but when we take in In this selected location of Serbasti, the data sheet information of
consideration the annual maintenance and the diesel cost required the deep water well pump is;
for operate the diesel pump system and also taking into account - Existed submersible pump power= 22 KW
the operating life of the PV solar system between (25-30) years - The deep of the well= 250 meters.
and the life of the diesel pump that works In a maximum estimate - Static (water) level= 29 meters.
of fifteen years, the total cost of thirty years for the PV solar - Dynamic (Motor) deep level= 57 meters, with the quantity of 46
system is very small compared to the system operating with the m3/H.
diesel pump [13]. Because Iraq suffers from a lack of national electricity, the pump
For this reason, photovoltaic power is more cost-competitive works for only two hours a day.
when we take a simple look for the yearly running cost and the For solar panel power calculation, there is a loss may reach 30%
advantage of PV solar system specially the no need for due to efficiency of the solar panels, conduction, the quality of the
maintenance and the pollution free then we can decide the perfect wires and the resistance of the batteries used. Therefore, this loss
choice for our project is the PV Solar system. must be added to the total energy consumed during the day.
Normally, solar power supply should be 1.3 to 1.5 times more than
demand load. Then, the total energy to be installed must be 33
V. SOLAR PUMP SYSTEM DESIGN CALCULATION KW, since existed submersible pump load with 22 KW power.

There are many pumping water systems currently in use, including The number of required solar panels can be determined after
engine-driven pump, grid-driven pump, manual-driven pump, and calculating the total energy to be generated based on the capacity
generator powered pump. The inconveniences associated with of the solar panels available [7], and is given by;
these systems however are as follows:
- Because of the steady rise in fuel prices over the past few years, 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 =
most of these systems have become costly, leading to an increase 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
in water prices for domestic consumption and irrigation. 33000 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = = 132
250 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

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 For more reliable and efficient solar system, 140 solar panels will
be used in the design. The water pump system voltage is 380 Volt,
and the solar panel input voltage is between 400-780 Volts. For
maximum power point tracking (MPPT), the recommended
voltage will be 500 Volt.
The solar panel used in the implemented water pump system is a
250 Watt with the following voltage specification:
- The open circuit voltage is 38 Volt; it refers to the solar panel
output voltage without load.
- The maximum power point voltage is 30.55 Volt; it refers to the
voltage when the power output is the greatest.
.
To calculate the optimal number of series and parallel panel in our
Fig. 5: Solar pump system design.
solar system we must take in consideration that following basic
rules [14]: The general rule for locating solar panels in the northern
hemisphere is for the solar panels to be facing the true south. This
For series circuits, voltage increases and the current stays the
is usually the best way because the solar panels will receive direct
same;
light throughout the day. However, there is a gap that needs to be
V1 + V2 + V3 = 3V, and considered between the magnetic south and the real south [4]. In
fact, magnetic south is the "south" seen when using a compass,
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1I and it points to the south magnetic pole on Earth. However, solar
For parallel circuits, current increases, and the voltage stays the panels must face the solar or geographic south, which is the
same; direction towards the South Pole. By the same logic, if the solar
panel is situated in the southern hemisphere, the panel should
V1 = V2 = V3 = 1V, and instead face in the direction of the true north [8].
I1 + I2 + I3 = 3I An important consideration is the angle or tilt of the solar panel.
The minimum and maximum numbers of solar panels can be The fixation angle of the solar panel to obtain the most energy in
calculated as; a given year is determined by the geographical latitude. A general
rule for optimal annual energy output is to set the tilt angle of the
500 solar panel equal to the geographical latitude. If the solar array is
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = = 16.393
30.55 located at 50o latitude, the optimum tilt angle is also 50o. As
780 illustrated in Fig. 6, the right direction and the angel of our solar
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = = 20.52 water pump and the efficient distance between the panels and the
38
raw panels for absorbing a maximum radiation and for cleaning
Therefore, the series panels must be between 16-20 pieces of solar issue [16].
panels.
Since they tend to receive the most sunlight and are out of the way.
To implement an efficient solar system with 35000 Watt, 140 solar However, the angle must be aligned with the direction of the sun
panels (of 250 Watt) are required. These panels are organized in 7 and your peak load time. This will restrict you to becoming fully
rows (140/20), each row with 20 series panels, as illustrated in Fig. exposed only at certain times of the day.
5. In this case, 30 kW solar pump inverter is recommended for the
project.
In general the cost of a solar power pump system cost is less than
2 USD/Watt according to the international energy agency [5]. In
any given situation, is just as critical as what sort of solar panel is
used. When the Sun's rays strike its surface perpendicularly, a
solar panel can absorb the most power.
Ensuring the solar panels face the right direction and have a
suitable tilt will help ensure maximum energy is produced as they
are subjected to the highest sunlight intensity for the longest
period of time. Some solar panel system follows the Sun using
solar tracking systems which increase energy production
significantly [15].
Fig. 6: Solar water pump architecture design.

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 VI. ACHIEVEMENT AND DISCUSSION

The solar power system will produce around 8 hours in average

according to the sunshine duration, therefore, the water well
submersible pump supplied with 8 additional hours more
electricity via solar power during the day time which lead each
household receive more than 1.3 m3/Family which is more than
even DoE minimum standard (1m3/Family).
The project serves more than 625 families in the community about
3,125 beneficiaries. one of beneficiaries from the neighborhood
Mr. Yousif Hamad says (whos is said: “Before this project, we
suffered a lot from lack of water and we had to stay up late into
the night waiting for the return of water supply so we could fill up
our water tank. Sometimes we had to buy water from water tankers
to full fill our needs. Now there is adequate water supply during
the day and the night, and we can actually sleep at nights rather Fig. 9: Characteristics of the PV system at 1000 W /m2.
than being on the watch for water.”

Fig. 7: Photos during system implementation.

Fig. 10: Characteristics of the PV system at 25 ⁰C.

Figure 10 shows the impact of solar irradiance on the I-V and P-

V curves of the simulated PV system at ambient temperature of 25
⁰C and different radiation levels (1000, 500 and 100) W/m2. It is
clear that the generated current and power are increasing as the
radiation level increasing.
Fig. 8: The implemented system. The computer simulation of the PV system was tested with the real
PV powered pumping system, and the comparison was at the unit,
string and integrated system level. The obtained results
With PV arrays bound as parallel strings (Ns= 20 sequence demonstrate that the PV simulated system and the real system are
modules, Np= 7). The Characteristics of P–V and I–V under almost identical. This is necessary to complete the next stage of
constant irradiation (1000 W /m2) and constant ideal temperature this research by designing a real-time monitoring and intelligent
(25oc) and temperature (45oc) representing Erbil's average fault detection for the implemented PV pumping system.
summer temperature are given in Fig. 9. As an overview if the
irradiation increases, the voltage and current output decreases. VII. CONCLUSION
The P–V and I–V characteristics under temperature differ from
25oc to 45oc respectively, when the degree of irradiation remains On the recommendation of DoW, the International Organization
constant at 1000 W/m2.The current output increases slightly when for Migration decided to implement the solar pump system in Erbil
the operating temperature rises, but the voltage output decreases as the best solution to overcome the shortage of electricity. To
significantly. This leads to a net reduction in power output with operate a submersible pump (22 KW) using solar energy, 140
rise in temperature. solar panels of 250 watt panels were installed to generate a peak
power of 35 KW. In addition, a 30 KW hybrid solar pump motor

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