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The document discusses several key concepts in radiography including: 1) The half value layer is the thickness of shielding material required to reduce radiation intensity to half its original value. 2) Radiation intensity decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the radiation source. 3) Geometric unsharpness increases with larger source size and object thickness, and decreases with greater source-to-object distance. 4) Exposure time must increase with the square of increased source-to-film distance or decreased radiation intensity/current to maintain equivalent exposure.

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Sara Khalaf
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
188 views

RT Problems

The document discusses several key concepts in radiography including: 1) The half value layer is the thickness of shielding material required to reduce radiation intensity to half its original value. 2) Radiation intensity decreases with the inverse square of the distance from the radiation source. 3) Geometric unsharpness increases with larger source size and object thickness, and decreases with greater source-to-object distance. 4) Exposure time must increase with the square of increased source-to-film distance or decreased radiation intensity/current to maintain equivalent exposure.

Uploaded by

Sara Khalaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RT

Half value layer


The half value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a shielding material required to reduce the
intensity of radiation at a point to one half of its original intensity.

Example: HVL .24 mm of material to change 16 mr/hr. to 2 mr/ hr.

what thickness is required:

2^n=(16mr/hr)/(2mr/hr)

2ˆn=8 n=3

3HVL*0.24/HVL=0.72m

Distance
The amount of radiation an individual receives will also depend on how close the
person is to the source.
The Inverse Square Law: Point sources of x- and gamma radiation follow the inverse
square law, which states that the intensity of the radiation (I) decreases in proportion to the
inverse of the distance from the source (d) squared
Example: dose rate is 600mR/Hr. at 1 meter from a 1 Ci source of Ir192.what is the intensity
at 100 meter from a 10 Ci source

I= (10*600*1^1)/ (100^2)
I=0.6Mr/Hr.

geometric unsharpness

F=source size, T=specimen thickness, D=source to object distance and Ug=geometric


unsharpness

Example: Calculate geometric unsharpness for the following conditions: Source size = 2 mm
× 2 mm; SFD = 700 mm; test piece thickness = 25 mm

U=2*2*25/700=0.15mm

(a) 0.6 mm

(b) 0.06 mm

(c) 6,0 mm

(d) 0.15 mm
exposure time (T) and focus-film distance (D)

Example: A good Cobalt-60 shot is made on a 7.6 cm (3 inches) steel casting using an
exposure time of 10 minutes and a source-to-film distance of 91.5 (36 inches). If it is
necessary to change the source-to-film distance to 61 cm (24 inches), what exposure time
would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the same?
T=10*24^2/36^2=4.4minutes

(a) 1.6 minutes

(b) 4.4 minutes

(c) 6.4 minutes

(d) 8.8 minutes

Example: If an exposure time of 60 seconds and source to film distance of 365.7 m (1200
feet) is necessary for a particular exposure, what exposure time would be needed for an
equivalent exposure if the source- to-film distance is changed to 457.2 m (1500 feet)?

T=60*1500^2/1200^2=93.75 second

(a) 75 seconds

(b) 94 seconds

(c) 48 seconds

(d) 38 seconds

Reciprocity Law

Example: If the required X ray exposure time for a 225 kV, 5 mA exposure is 3 minutes,
approximately what exposure time would be required at 10 mA?

T=5*3/10=1.5 minute

(a) 1/2 minute

(b) 1 minute

(c) 1.5 minutes

(d) 3 minutes

radiographic density
D=Log (Io/It)
If the required exposure time for a 2220 GBq (60 curie) Ir-192 source is 2 minutes, what
exposure time would be required at 1110 GBq (30 curie) source: 60*2=30*t

(a) 2/3 minutes

(b) 60 minutes

(c) 2 minutes

(d) 4 minutes

If 37 GBq (1 Ci), of Ir-92 produces dose rate of 0.59 Gy/h (59000 mR/h) at 30.5 cm (1 foot),
how much dose in Gy/h (R/h) will 370 GBq (10 Ci) produce at the same distance?

(a) 0.59 Gy/h (59000 R/h)

(b) 0.0059 Gy/h (590 R/h)

(c) 5.9 Gy/h (590,000 R/h)

(d) 0.00059 Gy/h (59 R/h)

A radiograph is made using film X with an exposure of 10 mA-min. Film density obtained in
the area of interest is 1.0. If it is desired to achieve a density of 2.0 in the area of interest,
what exposure is required? (Log relative exposure = 1.1 for a density of 1.0 and 1.62 for a
density of 2.0)

(a) 41.67 mA-min

(b) 10 mA-min

(c) 12.6 mA-min

(d) 33.1 mA-min

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