INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease spread from one person to another principally by

airborne transmission. TB that affects the lungs is the most contagious type, but it usually only
spreads after prolonged exposure to someone with the illness. Usually the mycobacterium
comes from the Soil, bogs, surface water, ground water and sea water have been described as
natural habitats of environmental.
Tuberculosis has been known to mankind since ancient times. It is believed that the
genus Mycobacterium was present in the environment about 150 million years ago, and an
early variant of M. tuberculosis was originated in East Africa about 3 million years ago. A
growing pool of evidence suggests that the current strains of M. tuberculosis is originated from
a common ancestor around 20,000 – 15,000 years ago.
On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB).
Discovery of diagnostic methods) In 1907 – 1908, Clemens von Pirquet and Charles
Mantoux developed the tuberculosis skin test wherein tuberculin (extracts of the tuberculosis
bacillus) is injected under the skin, and body’s reaction was measured. In recent years,
advancement in tuberculosis diagnosis includes interferon-gamma release assays, which are
whole-blood tests to detect M. tuberculosis infection.
Discovery of vaccine a pioneering work toward the prevention of tuberculosis was made
by Albert Calmette and Jean-Marie Camille Guerin, who developed the Bacille Calmette-Guérin
(BCG) vaccine in 1921
(Discovery of therapeutic agents )Besides preventive vaccines, a major breakthrough in
tuberculosis treatment occurred with the discovery of antibiotics. In 1943, a tuberculosis
antibiotic streptomycin was developed by Selman Waksman, Elizabeth Bugie, and Albert Schatz.
Afterward, Selman Waksman received the Nobel prize in 1952.
In the recent era, four antibiotics namely isoniazid (1951), pyrazinamide (1952), ethambutol
(1961), and rifampin (1966) are used to effectively treat tuberculosis. With the improvement in
diagnostic procedures, therapeutic interventions, and preventive strategies, the World Health
Organization (WHO) has committed to eradicate M. Tuberculosis by the year 2050.
 NATURE OF THE DISEASE

TB germs are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat
coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can stay in the air for several hours, depending
on the environment. Not everyone who becomes infected with TB gets sick, but if you do get
sick you need to be treated.
Mycobacteria Tubercle bacilli are inhaled in aerosol droplets, enter into the lungs and, when
the host innate immune defenses fail to eliminate the bacteria, M. Tuberculosis start
multiplying inside alveolar macrophages and then spreads to other tissues and organs through
the bloodstream and lymphatics.
If you’re infected with the bacterium, but don’t have symptoms, you have inactive tuberculosis
or latent tuberculosis infection (also called latent TB). It may seem like TB has gone away, but
it’s dormant (sleeping) inside your body. If you’re infected, develop symptoms and are
contagious, you have active tuberculosis or tuberculosis disease (TB disease).
 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGAN

The function of the lung is to get oxygen from the air to the blood, performed by the alveoli.
The alveoli are a single cell membrane that allows for gas exchange to the pulmonary
vasculature. Every cell in your body needs oxygen to live. The air we breathe contains oxygen
and other gases. The respiratory system’s main job is to move fresh air into your body while
removing waste gases.
Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream and carried through your body. At
each cell in your body, oxygen is exchanged for a waste gas called carbon dioxide. Your
bloodstream then carries this waste gas back to the lungs where it is removed from the
bloodstream and then exhaled. Your lungs and respiratory system automatically perform this
vital process, called gas exchange
The lungs are located on either side of the breastbone in the chest cavity and are divided into
five main sections (lobes). The lungs are responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the
blood and adding oxygen to it.
When you take a breath through your nose or mouth, the air is warmed and humidified, and
then moved through your voice box and down the windpipe (Trachea). From there, it travels
down two bronchial tubes that enter the lungs. A thin flap of tissue, the epiglottis, blocks your
windpipe when you swallow to prevent food and liquid from entering.
There are a couple of muscles that help with inspiration and expiration such as the diaphragm
and intercostal muscles. Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are used for accessory
respiration when the patient is in respiratory distress or failure. The muscles help create a
negative pressure within the thorax, where the pressure of the lung is less than the
atmospheric pressure, to help with inspiration and filling of the lungs. Also, the muscles help
with creating a positive pressure within the thorax, where the pressure of the lung is greater
than the atmospheric pressure, to help with expiration and emptying of the lung.
The heart and lungs work together . When you take a breath, the pulmonary (lung) artery and
its branches bring blood containing lots of carbon dioxide and no oxygen into these vessels.
Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the air, and oxygen leaves the air and enters the
blood.
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ORGAN

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can cause infection in your lungs or

other tissues. It can be life-threatingly dangerous to the patient if left untreated.
Lung tissue is usually very thin and almost sponge-like because it is filled with air
in the alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged from the air into the blood.
The lung tissue affected by TB bacilli first becomes hard, making the oxygen
exchange impossible. This affect the structure of the lung tissue. Scarring or
inflammation of the tissue makes the lungs unable to expand fully (restrictive lung
disease). This makes it hard for the lungs to take in oxygen and release carbon
dioxide. People with this type of lung disorder often say they feel as if they are
“wearing a too-tight sweater or vest.
People with pulmonary TB cough a lot, because the destruction of tissue in the
lungs and affect the tubes (airways) that carry oxygen and other gases into and
out of the lungs. They usually cause a narrowing or blockage of the airways. . The
body reacts to inflammation by trying to eliminate the particle that caused it – if
this happens in the airway, the easiest way to eliminate the cause is to cough it
up. Initially, people with pulmonary TB have a dry, persistent cough.
As a second step, the cells that make up the lung tissue die. This is called necrosis.
Dead, or necrotic, tissue tends to tear and break down. In the lung, this is called
‘cavitation . It is thought that the TB bacilli destroy the lung tissue in a cave
formation, where more and more of them sit in the middle and slowly destroy
more tissue at the edges.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can cause infection in your lungs or

other tissues.

You may experience some or all of the following.

 Breathing difficulty
 Chest pain
 Cough (usually with mucus)
 Coughing up blood
 Excessive sweating, particularly at night
 Fatigue
 Fever
 Weight loss
 Wheezing
POSSIBLE COMPLICATION:
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can cause infection in your lungs or other tissues. The
bacterium can also affect other parts of your body besides the lungs, causing extrapulmonary
tuberculosis (or TB outside of the lung). It can be life-threatingly dangerous to the patient if
left untreated, including:

 (Meningitis) an inflammation of your brain.

 (Sterile pyuria) or high levels of white blood cells in your urine
 (Pott’s disease) also called spinal tuberculosis or tuberculosis spondylitis.
 (Addison’s Disease) an adrenal gland condition.
 (Hepatitis) a liver infection
 (Lymphadenitis in your neck), also called scrofula or TB lymphadenitis.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:

• Pulmonary – I is used to describe issues pertaining to the lungs. It is derived from the Latin
root word pulmo, which means lung.
• Alveolar – are microscopic balloon-shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory
tree
• Bloodstream –is a term that describes the blood flowing through the body of an organism
• Trachea- is often called the windpipe. It’s a key part of your respiratory system. When you
breathe in, air travels from your nose or mouth through your larynx.
• Macrophages – are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the human
immune system and carry out various functions including engulfing and digesting
microorganisms; clearing out debris and dead cells; and stimulating other cells involved in
immune function.
• Aerosol droplets- are defined as droplets between 1 and 8 micrometers in diameter
• Carbon Dioxide – a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic
compounds and by respiration.
•respiratory- relating to or affecting respiration or the organs of respiration.
•Sternocleidomastoid- is one of over 20 pairs of muscles acting on the neck.
• thorax- is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its
internal organs and other contents.
•oxygen- is a chemical element with an atomic number of 8 (it has eight protons in its
nucleus).
• Bronchial tube- are the two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs
•Nasal cavity – is the inside of your nose
• Bronchioles- are air passages inside the lungs.
DIETARY MANAGEMENT:

Dx Rational

Soft Diet Easy to swallow, less irritation of the

throat and airways.

High-protein Diet For immune support , tissue repair and

recovery

Low Fat Diet Reduce inflammation and for easier

digestion.
DIETARY INSTRUCTIONS

Food Allowed Food Avoided

 Fresh vegetable  Processed Foods
-cabbage -canned foods
-lettuce -packaged snacks
-potatoes -sugary cereals
-radish  High-Fat Meats
-carrots -red meat
-okra -sausage
 Limited intake of Leafy vegetables -bacon
 Fruits  Fried Foods
-Apple  Limited Refined Grain
- Pineapple -white bread
- papaya -pasta
-guava -rice
- Orange  Sugary Drinks
-kiwi -Beverages like soda
-banana -energy drinks
-avocado -sports drinks
 High protein  Salty Foods.
-Poultry  Dairy products
-Fish
 Cereals
-millet
-pulses
-Brown rice
One day Sample Menu:
Breakfast
 Banana
 Arozcaldo with Egg
 Water
Lunch:
 Chicken breast adobo
 Steam Okra
 Boiled Brown Rice
 Water
Dinner:
 Grilled Bangus
 Sauteed Squash
 Brown rice
 Apple juice

Conclusion and recommendations:

Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease that requires medical attention and a
comprehensive approach to treatment. By following a nutrient-dense diet, practicing good
hygiene habits, and following prescribed medication regimens, individuals can support their
immune systems and improve their chances of successfully managing and recovering from TB.
It’s important to remember that early detection and treatment are key to preventing the
spread of this disease and reducing its impact on individuals and communities