CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Statistical Quality Control Management Practices (SQCMP) is a process by

which manufacturers or producers seek to ensure that product quality is maintained or
improved. Quality control requires the company to create an environment in which
both management and employees strive for perfection. This is done by training
personnel, creating benchmarks for product quality, and testing products to check
for statistically significant variations. A significant aspect of quality control is the
establishment of well-defined controls. These controls help standardize both
production and reactions to quality issues. Limiting room for error by specifying which
production activities are to be completed by which personnel reduce the chance that
employees will be involved in tasks for which they do not have adequate training.

Production entails the creation of goods and services which is important to

humanity. The concept of statistical study encompasses the whole activities involved in
the process of collection, organization, analyzing, presentation and interpretation of the
numerical data collected. Quality control comprises the system of inspection analysis
and action applied to a manufacturing operation in inspecting a small portion of product
in a process to guarantee the quality of the entire production.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to Douglas, (2015), Quality control is made up of those activities and

techniques used to achieve and maintain a high standard of quality in a transformation
process at reduced cost. They may include systematic inspection of inputs and output at
various stage in their transformation to ensure that acceptable tolerances are not being
exceeded. They may also involve a statistical analysis of data generated by sampling
(particularly in line production), benchmarking, continuous improvement (CI) and
supplier partnering. In this ease, in traditional organizations, management has to
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balance the cost incurred against the customer goodwill. Quality control is also
concerned with finding and eliminating the causes of quality problems.

Hotelling, (2014) viewed quality as integral part of all product and service. It is
on important consumer decision criterion in selecting among competitive production to
perform its functions. Deming, (1986) saw quality as aiming at meeting the needs of
customers (present and futures), Kotler, (2016), viewed a product’s quality as the ability
to function. It includes the product’s overall durability, reliability, precision, ease of
operation and repairs and other valued attributes. Although, some of these attributes can
be measured in terms of buyer’s perception.

Burr (2017) showed evidence on this issue when he defined seven stages of
quality in Japan in order of increasing level of quality to include: product oriented,
process oriented, system oriented, humanistic, society, cost oriented and quality
function deployment (QFD). Juran defined quality as fitness for purpose. While Crosby
(2016), saw quality primarily as performance to requirement. Broh (2014) defined
quality as the degree of excellence at an acceptable price and control of variability at an
acceptable coat. However, quality improvement has become the key factor for the
success and growth of any business organization. Investment on quality improvement
gives rich returns. Japan is the best example. There are many different ways in which
quality can be approached, so one might wonder which one is the best for technical
documentation.

Quality is a necessary prerequisite for any company operating in today’s highly

competitive business environment, it therefore, implied that as quality varies company
to another, it also dependent on their mission policy and other element that guide the
company in the realization of its corporate goals. It is therefore, a common knowledge
that is in the manufacturing sector

Montgomery, (2020) Stated that a stable process is a basic requirement for process
improvement efforts. One of the most common methods used in order to achieve this
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goal is the quality control chart, Quality control charts are important due to the
following reasons.

a) It is a proven technique for improving productivity.

b) It is effective in defect prevention.

c) It prevents unnecessary process adjustment.

d) It provides information about process capabilities

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is not enough to focus on the finished products that consumers received. How
these products are produced i.e. the processes, also needs to be addressed most
especially in this era of strain on the resources and rising costs of manufacturing
/production. It becomes increasing apparent that decision must be made on fact, not just
opinion; consequently, data must be gathered and analyzed in order to help guild the
decision-making process and as such Statistical Process Control (SPC) technique would
help in analyzing the process quality of tiles production.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to investigate the quality control management practice on the
production of tile.

This work set out to specifically achieve the following objectives

 To understand the type of control charts in use.

 To determine from the available data for control chart whether or not the process is
out of control or not.
 To suggest possible areas of improvement as noting is too good that cannot be
improve upon.

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1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY

During the course of this research, the following limitations were encountered;

 TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work.
Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give
this research the needed attention.
 FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s
resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. We did
not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
 INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy
when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study
from private business organization .The staffs of West Africa Ceramics, Ajaokuta
find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was
collected through face-to-face interview, submitted questionnaire and getting the
published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other that was not
easy.

1.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined for clarity:

 Agency: This is a legal arrangement (which is not a trust), utilized especially in

business under which one person acted on behave of another.
 Consumer: Anyone impacted by our productions.
 Control: This means the power to influence people behavior to ensure the operations
of the organization in the prescribed lines or process. The idea of control arises when
it is found that the administration is not properly managed.
 Data: It can be seen as the real facts about an entity expressed in figures or is a raw
facts collected about an entity which is less frequently in words and peculiar to
research study.
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 Defect: a defect is a fault in an article which is not in itself serious enough to make
an article defective i.e. an incidence of lack of conformity to specification.
 Defective: Maybe defined as any article in bulk materials in a sample which fails to
conform with some necessary requirement is the requirement in the cause of
production is known as defective but defective item also contain a stated number of
defect
 Non-conforming: unfufilment of a production
 Process Control: This is the variations that occur in a product and process.
 Product Control: This is designed to accept or reject a lot produced for marketing
purpose
 Process capability: is the unit of accuracy to which a manufacturing process is
capable of constantly working.
 Quality: This is all of the features and characteristics of a product or serves that
contribute to the satisfaction of consumer’s needs.
 Quality control: This is the use of techniques and activities to achieve, sustain and
improve the quality of a product or services.
 Quality Assurance: This is all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that
a product or service will be satisfied consumer needs.
 Statistical Quality Control (SQC): is the use of statistical tools and techniques to
monitor and maintain product quality in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals
products building materials, controllable, etc. Statistical quality control may be
carried out as part of the production process, as a final quality control check or
during random checks by quality control departments.
 Specification Limit: This is the limit of accuracy within which the dimension of a
finished product must be before it can be acceptable.

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 REFERENCES

Adalaiye P.O (2021), Lecture note on “Statistical Quality Control” Unpublished

Deming, (1986) Total Quality Management, organization and strategy. United State

Thomas Learning

Douglas C. Montgomery, (2009), introduction to statistical quality control.

Hotelling, (2014) statistical quality control of manufactured products (A case study of

packaging at industry a quality approach”).

Kotler, (2016), Evaluating the Demining management model of total quality in services.

Decision

Lieberman, (2016)., are effective tools for the analysis of variation repetitive process.

Life span pharmaceutical limited)”.

Queen Sembery (1991) suggested the use of target specification for purpose parameters
for constructing control limits are generally not available prior to the start of a
production run and manufacturing.

Remington, (2018), “Application of statistical quality control tools in construction

Science,

T. Small Wood, (1998) “Application of statistical quality control techniques to pint and
half – gallon ice cream packaging operations”.