Chemistry - Grade 11 Free energy and entropy Worksheet #5

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term entropy of a system.

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(ii) Place one tick ( ) in each row of the table to show the sign of each entropy change, ∆S.

process ∆S is negative ∆S is zero ∆S is positive

NaCl dissolving in water


water solidifying to ice
[1]

 he evaporation of one mole of water has a standard Gibbs free energy change, ∆G o, of
(iii) T
+8.6 kJ at 25 °C.

Sketch a graph on the axes to show how ∆G o changes for this process between 25 °C and
150 °C at 101 kPa.

positive

G o
0 temperature / C
25 50 75 100 125 150


negative
[2]

(b) The reaction between A and B is feasible at low temperatures but is not feasible at high
temperatures.

A + B C + D

Deduce the signs of ∆H and ∆S for this reaction and explain why the feasibility changes with
temperature.

sign of ∆H = .............................. sign of ∆S = ..............................

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 (c) NH4IO3 is an unstable compound that readily decomposes when warmed. The decomposition
reaction is shown.
1 1 1
NH4IO3(s) → 2 N2 (g) + 2 O2(g) + 2 I 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) ∆H = –154.6 kJ mol–1

(i) U
 se the data in the table to calculate the entropy change of reaction, ∆S, of the decomposition
of NH4IO3(s).

compound S / J K–1 mol–1

NH4IO3 (s) 42
N2 (g) 192
O2(g) 205
I2 (g) 261
H2O(l) 70

 ∆S = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) This reaction is feasible at all temperatures.

 xplain why, using the data in (f) and your answer to (f)(i).
E

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2 (a) The standard entropies, S o, of three species are given in the table.

species S o / J K–1 mol–1

H2O(l) +70
H2(g) +131
O2(g) +205

(i) Calculate ∆S o for the reaction 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g).

 ∆S o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(ii) 
∆H o for the reaction 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) is +572 kJ mol–1.

Calculate ∆G o for this reaction at 298 K.

 ∆G o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Predict the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of this reaction.
Explain your answer.

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[Total: 9]

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 (b) The standard entropies, S o, of three species are given in the table.

species S o / J K–1 mol–1

HCl (g) +187
H2(g) +131
Cl 2(g) +223

(i) Calculate ∆S o for the reaction 2HCl (g) → H2(g) + Cl 2(g).

 ∆S o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(ii) 
∆H o for the reaction 2HCl (g) → H2(g) + Cl 2(g) is +185 kJ mol–1.

Calculate ∆G o for this reaction at 298 K.

 ∆G o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Predict the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of this reaction. Explain
your answer.

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[Total: 9]

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 (c) Silver chloride, AgCl, is sparingly soluble in water. The equation for the enthalpy change of
solution is shown.

AgCl (s) → Ag+(aq) + Cl –(aq) = +65.5 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

species AgCl (s) Ag+(aq) Cl (aq)

–

S o / J K–1 mol–1 +96.2 +72.7 +56.5

(i) Calculate the standard entropy change of solution, ∆S o.

∆S o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]


(ii) Explain, with the aid of a calculation, why AgCl is insoluble in water at 25 °C.

You should use data from this question and your answer to (b)(i).

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3 (a) State one natural and one man-made occurrence of oxides of nitrogen.

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(b) Under conditions of high pressure and a catalyst, nitrogen monoxide, NO, forms two other
oxides of nitrogen, dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, and dinitrogen trioxide, N2O3.

...... NO(g) ...... N2O(g) + ...... N2O3(g) ΔH o = –195.2 kJ mol–1

ΔG o = –102.8 kJ mol–1

(i) Balance the equation above for the formation of N2O and N2O3 from NO. [1]

(ii) State how the oxidation number of nitrogen changes during this reaction.

NO N2O from ............................... to ...............................

NO N2O3 from ............................... to ...............................

[1]

(iii) Calculate the entropy change for the reaction at 298 K. Include the units in your answer.

 ΔS o = ..............................

 units = ..............................
[2]

(iv) State whether the sign of ΔS o calculated in (iii) agrees with that predicted from your
balanced equation in (i). Explain your answer.

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4 (a) Explain what is meant by the term entropy of a system.

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(b) State and explain whether the entropy change of each of the following processes is positive or
negative. Do not consider the entropy change of the surroundings.

●● liquid water at 80 °C is cooled to 60 °C

The entropy change is ............................... because .................................................................

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●● solid calcium chloride is added to water and the mixture is stirred

The entropy change is ............................... because .................................................................

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●● the change corresponding to the lattice energy of calcium chloride, ΔHlatt CaCl 2(s), takes
place

The entropy change is ............................... because .................................................................

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[3]

(c) The reaction ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) is not spontaneous at room temperature.

(i) Give the full name for the term ΔG o.

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(ii) 
Describe how the temperature at which the reaction becomes spontaneous can be
calculated. Include an equation in your answer.

equation ...............................................................................................................................

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[2]

 [Total: 7]

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5 The table shows some standard entropy data. 9701/42/O/N/19

standard entropy, S o
substance
/ J K–1 mol–1
PbO2(s) 77
PbO(s) 69
O2(g) 205

Lead(IV) oxide, PbO2, decomposes to lead(II) oxide, PbO, and oxygen when heated.

2PbO2(s) 2PbO(s) + O2(g) ΔH o = +118 kJ mol–1

(a) Use the data to calculate the value of ΔS o for this reaction.

 ΔS o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(b) Use the value of ΔH o and your answer to (a) to calculate the temperature at which this reaction
becomes feasible.

 T = .............................. K [3]

(c) Solid lead(II) oxide can be made by heating lead metal in air.

Predict the sign of the standard entropy change of this reaction. Explain your answer.

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 [Total: 6]

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 (d) (i) Silicon tetrachloride can be prepared according to reaction 1.

reaction 1 Si(s) + 2Cl 2(g) SiCl 4(l) ΔS o = –225.7 J K–1 mol–1

standard entropy of silicon, S o Si(s) 18.7 J K–1 mol–1

standard entropy of silicon tetrachloride, S o SiCl 4 (l) 239.0 J K–1 mol–1

Calculate the standard entropy of chlorine, S o Cl 2(g). Show all your working.

S o Cl 2(g) = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) Explain why the entropy change for reaction 1 is negative.

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(e) The standard enthalpy change of formation of silicon tetrachloride, SiCl 4(l), is – 640 kJ mol‑1.

Reaction 1 is spontaneous at lower temperatures, but it is not spontaneous at very high

temperatures.

Calculate the temperature above which reaction 1 is not spontaneous.

temperature = .............................. K [2]

[Total: 13]

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7 Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

(a) Assume the entropy, S, for H2O is zero at 0 K.

Sketch a graph on the axes to show how the entropy changes for H2O between 0 K and 300 K.

S / J K–1 mol–1

0
0 100 200 300
temperature / K
[2]

(b) Place one tick () in each row of the table to show the sign of the entropy changes, ΔS.

ΔS is negative ΔS is positive

solid dissolving in water

water boiling to steam

[1]

(c) The equation for a reaction that produces methanol is shown.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

Use relevant bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, for
this gas phase reaction.

 ΔH = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

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 (d) At 298 K, both products of this reaction are liquid.

CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) ΔH o = –131 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

substance CO2(g) H2(g) CH3OH(l) H2O(l)

S o / J K–1 mol–1 +214 +131 +127 +70

(i) Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS o, for this reaction.

 ΔS o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(ii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG o, for this reaction at 298 K.

 ΔG o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the feasibility of this reaction.

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8 (a) Some values for standard enthalpy changes of formation, , and standard entropies, S o, are
given in the table.

/ kJ mol –1 S o / J K–1 mol–1

NH2Cl (g) +80.1 +241
NH3(g) – 45.9 +198
N2H4(g) +95.4 +237
HCl (g) –92.3 +187

(i) D
 efine the meaning of the term entropy.

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Hydrazine, N2H4, can be produced from chloramine and ammonia as shown.

NH2Cl (g) + NH 3(g) N2H4(g) + HCl (g)

(ii) Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS o, for this reaction.

 ΔS o = .............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔH o, for this reaction.

 ΔH o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

(iv) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG o, for this reaction at 298 K.

 ΔG o = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(v) 
Explain, with reference to ΔG o, why this reaction becomes less feasible at higher
temperatures.

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(b) Copper forms complexes with NH 3 and en according to equlibria 1 and 2.

equilibrium 1 Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3) 4]2+(aq)

equilibrium 2 Cu2+(aq) + 2en(aq) [Cu(en) 2]2+(aq)

An equilibrium is set up when both en and NH3 ligands are added to a solution containing
Cu2+(aq) as shown in equilibrium 3.

equilibrium 3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 2en(aq) [Cu(en)2]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq)

ΔS o values for equilibria 1 and 2 differ greatly, as can be seen in the table. All values are at a
(c) 
temperature of 298 K.

equilibrium ΔH o / kJ mol–1 ΔS o / J K–1 mol –1 ΔG o / kJ mol–1

1 –92 –60 –74
2 –100 +40

(i) Explain why is so different from .

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(ii) Calculate at 298 K.

= ........................................... kJ mol –1
[2]

(iii) What conclusion can be made about the relative feasibility of equilibria 1 and 2?

Explain your answer.

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(iv) Using data from the table, suggest a value of ΔH o for equilibrium 3.

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(v) State the type of reaction that is occurring in equilibrium 2.

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9 (a) The equation for the formation of magnesium oxide from its elements is shown.
1
Mg(s) + 2 O2(g) MgO(s) ΔH o = – 602 kJ mol –1

substance S o / J K–1 mol–1

Mg(s) 32.7
O2(g) 205
MgO(s) 26.9

Use the equation and the data given in the table to calculate ΔG o for the reaction at 25 °C.

ΔG o = .............................. units ..............................

[4]

(b) (i) Predict the sign of ∆S o for this reaction. Explain your answer.

2H2 S(g) + CH4(g) CS2(g) + 4H2(g) ∆H o = +241 kJ mol–1

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The free energy change, ∆G o , for this reaction at 1000 K is +51 kJ mol–1.

(ii) Calculate the value of ∆S o for this reaction, stating its units.

∆S o = ............................. units ............................. [2]

(c) How would the value of ∆G o , and hence the spontaneity (feasibility) of this reaction change as
the temperature increases? Explain your answer.

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 (d) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

Describe and explain what happens to the entropy of a gas when the temperature is increased.

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(e) The table shows four reactions.

(i) For each reaction, predict the sign of the entropy change, ∆S o. If you predict no entropy
change, write ‘no change’ in the table below. The first one has been done for you.

reaction sign of ∆S o
CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) negative
1
Mg(s) + 2 O2(g) → MgO(s)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4.5H 5O(s)

NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) → Na+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

[2]

(ii) Explain why the entropy change for the first process is negative.

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(f) Calculate the standard entropy change, ∆S o, for this reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Standard entropies, S o, in J K–1 mol –1 are given.

N2(g) H2(g) NH3(g)

+192 +131 +193

∆S o ............................ J K–1 mol–1 [2]

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(g) Whether or not a chemical reaction is spontaneous (feasible) can be deduced by calculating
the change in free energy, ∆G o, at a given temperature.

MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H o = +117 kJ mol –1

∆S o = +175 J K–1 mol –1

(i) Calculate the value of ∆G o at 298 K for the above reaction.

[2]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to explain whether or not this reaction is spontaneous at 298 K.

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 9701/41/O/N/16
10
The spontaneity (feasibility) of a chemical reaction depends on the standard Gibbs free energy
change, ∆G o. This is related to the standard enthalpy and entropy changes by the equation shown.

∆G o = ∆H o – T∆S o

(a) State and explain whether the following processes will lead to an increase or decrease in
entropy.

(i) the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid

entropy change . ..................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) solid potassium chloride dissolving in water

entropy change . ..................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) steam condensing to water

entropy change . ..................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Magnesium carbonate can be decomposed.

MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H o = +117 kJ mol–1
Standard entropies are shown in the table.

substance MgCO3(s) MgO(s) CO2(g)

S o / J mol –1 K–1 +65.7 +26.9 +214

(i) Calculate ∆G o for this reaction at 298 K.

Include a relevant sign and give your answer to three significant figures.

∆G o = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(ii) Explain, with reference to ∆G o, why this reaction becomes more feasible at higher
temperatures.

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 (c) On heating, sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate as shown.

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO 2(g) + H2O(g) ∆H o = +130 kJ mol–1

∆S o = +316 J mol–1 K–1

Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction becomes spontaneous (feasible).
Show your working.

temperature = ............................. K [2]

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 9701/42/O/N/16
(d) Iron(III) oxide can be reduced to iron metal using carbon monoxide at a temperature of 1000 C.

Fe2 O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO 2(g) H o = – 43.6 kJ mol–1

Some relevant standard entropies are given in the table.

substance Fe 2O3(s) CO(g) Fe(s) CO2(g)

S o / J K –1 mol–1 +90 +198 +27 +214

(i) What is meant by the term entropy ?

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(ii) Calculate the standard entropy change, S o, for this reaction.

S o = ............................. J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(iii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, G o, for this reaction at 25 C.

G o = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

(iv) Suggest why a temperature of 1000 C is usually used for this reaction, even though the
reaction is spontaneous (feasible) at 25 C. Explain your answer.

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