Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 1
Introduction To
Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Mahmoud Bassiouni

[email protected]
Course Details

Course Code AI 311 – ITF 308

Course Name AI311- Artificial Intelligence (New)

ITF 308 – Artificial Intelligence (old)
Term Semester 1 (Fall)

Level Undergraduate - Level 3 in all the three

specializations (AI, IT, and Data Science)

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About this Course

It is a course that depends on some prerequisites which

are:
• Introduction To Computers
• Programming Techniques (Data Science & AI) or Programming
Language (IT)
• Object Oriented Programming
• Data Structures
• Artificial Intelligence
• Selected Labs In AI
Announcements&
Course Materials

Required Resources:
The prescribed textbooks for the course are:
- Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach," 3rd Edition (2010), by Pearson Education Inc.
-George F. Luger, "Artificial Intelligence: Structures and strategies for
complex problem solving, " 6th Edition (2008), Pearson Education Limited.

Additional Textbooks:
- Wolfgang Ertel, "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence," 2nd Edition (2017)
- Miroslav Kubat, "An Introduction to Machine Learning," 2nd Edition (2017)
-Y. Abu-Mostafa, M. Magdon-Ismail, & H-T. Lin, "Learning from Data - A
Short Course," (2012)
- Max Bramer, "Principles of Data Mining," 3rd Edition (2016)
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Student assessments + Assessment Grades

• 10% (5% Attendance) + (5% Project)

• 20% Quizzes (2 quizzes each 10%)

• 20% Midterm Exam

• 50% Final Exam

Lab

o We recommend that students have experience with Java so that

they can be able to learn Python/ Matlab.

o Learning the basics of the Python.

o Implement different algorithms related to AI using Python.

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Class Project

o Work to be done in groups of 2-3 students, more details will be

announced later.

o Final report will include the analysis of your data, including code and
visual results.

o The students will be required to perform a ~5-10 mins demo of their

project.

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Outline
& Learning Objectives
.. of this course

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Learning Objectives of this Course

What you'll learn?

 This course gives a basic introduction to Artificial Intelligence

(AI) and Machine Learning (ML).
 Students receive an introduction to philosophical fundamental
problems and ethical questions related to ML/AI, as well as the
field's history.
 Then, We will study the core topics of knowledge
representation, reasoning, and learning.
 Later topics will include and introduction to machine learning,
& probabilistic reasoning, in addition to applications such as
robotics, computer vision, and natural language processing.

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Learning Objectives of this Course
. Continued..

What you'll learn?

 The course covers basic supervised classification (e.g.,

Artificial Neural Networks), as well as unsupervised learning
(Clustering), optimization (Evolutionary Algorithms and other
search methods), and tentatively regression and
reinforcement learning.
 Through an algorithmic approach, the students are given a
practical understanding of the methods being taught, in
particular through making their own implementations of
several of the methods.

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Topics Covered
The main contents of the course are:
▪ Main approaches to AI & Learning
▪ Task environment
▪ Performance measures
▪ Intelligent Agents
▪ Knowledge Representation
▪ Problem solving by searching
▪ Uninformed search
▪ Informed search
▪ Beyond classical search: Evolutionary Algorithms
▪ Machine learning
▪ Supervised learning versus Unsupervised learning
▪ Decision trees
▪ Neural networks
▪ Support vector machines
▪ Cross validation

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Lecture 1: An introduction to Artificial Intelligence [AI]
1.1 What is Intelligence 1.3 AI as the Study & Design of Intelligent

▪ Some Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Agents

▪ What is Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think like Humans

▪ What is Artificial Intelligence? ▪ Systems that Think Rationally

1.2 Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Challenges to Systems that Think Rationally

▪ Systems that Act Like Humans ▪ Systems that Act Rationally

▪ Turing Test (the Imitation Game)?

▪ Total Turing Test?

▪ The Chinese Room Argument

▪ Strong Vs. Weak AI

▪ Where are we?

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An Introduction
to Artificial
Intelligence
 • This lecture covers the following
chapters:
• Chapter 1 (Introduction) from
Stuart J. Russell and Peter
Norvig, "Artificial Intelligence:
A Modern Approach," Third
Edition (2010), by Pearson
Resourcesfor Education Inc.
thislecture .. AND ..
• Chapter 1 (AI: History and
Applications) from George F.
Luger, "Artificial Intelligence:
Structures and strategies for
complex problem solving, "
Fifth Edition (2005), Pearson
Education Limited.

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 SOME FOUNDATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Philosophy Economics
• Can formal rules be used to draw valid • How should we make decisions so as
conclusions? to maximize payoff?
• How does the mind arise from a • How should we do this when others
physical brain? may not go along?
• Where does knowledge come from? • How should we do this when the
• How does knowledge lead to action? payoff may be far in the future?
Mathematics Computer Engineering
• What are the formal rules to draw valid • How can we build an efficient
conclusions? computer?
• What can be computed? Control theory and cybernetics
• How do we reason with uncertain • How can artefacts operate under their
information? own control?
Neuroscience Linguistics
• How do brains process information? • How does language relate to thought?
Psychology
• How do humans and animals think and
act? 6
 What is Intelligence?
Intelligence:
• Judgment, otherwise called “good sense,” “practical sense,” “initiative,” the
faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances .. auto-critique ~ Alfred Binet
(July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the
first practical intelligence test (An intelligence quotient (IQ); a total score derived
from one of several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence)
• “.. the resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving,
combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and
conceptual skills.” ~Lloyd G. Humphreys (December 12, 1913 – September 7,
2003) was an American psychologist
• “ .. the capacity to learn and solve problems ..” (Webster’s dictionary)
• in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans 7
 What is Artificial Inteligence?

JohnMcCarthy*,StanfordUniversity
What is artificial intelligence?
It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using
computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine
itself to methods that are biologically observable; “.. The goal of AI is to
develop machines that behave as though they were intelligent. ..”
More in: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html

* John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist & cognitive
scientist. McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence. He coined the term
"artificial intelligence" (AI).

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 What is Artificial Inteligence?

by Encyclopedia Britannica (1991)

".. AI is the ability of digital computers or computer-controlled robots to solve

problems that are normally associated with the higher intellectual processing

capabilities of humans.“

by E l a i n e R i c h .. A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e . M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 8 3

".. Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at

which, at the moment, people are better."

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 What is Artificial Inteligence?
Four Main Approaches that have been followed, each by different
people with different methods.

Thinking Acting
Humanly Humanly

Thinking Acting
Rationally Rationally

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 What is Artificial Inteligence?

Systems that act like humans Systems that think rationally

“The study of how to make computers do “The study of mental faculties through the
things at which, at the moment, people are use of computational models” (Charniack
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991) and McDermott, 1985).
“The art of creating machines that perform “The study of the computations that make it
functions that require intelligence when possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) (Winston, 1992)

Systems that think like humans Systems that act rationally

“The automation of activities that we

associate with human thinking, such as “AI .. is concerned with intelligent behavior
decision making, problem solving, learning” in artifacts (Nilsson, 1998)
(Bellman, 1978)
“Computational Intelligence is the study of
“The exciting new effort to make computers the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et
think … machines with minds, in the full al., 1998)
and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
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 Exercises
What have we learned?
▪ What is intelligence?
▪ What is artificial Intelligence based on JohnMcCarthy point of view?
▪ Describe briefly in a point or two how the
following disciplines contribute/d to AI:
▪ Psychology
▪ Computer Engineering
▪ Neuroscience
▪ Economics
▪ What are the four Approaches to AI according to Russell & Norvig?
THANK YOU