UNIT-5

PHASE CHANGE AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

BOILING AND CONDENSATION

Pool Boiling-Regimes-Calculations on Nucleate Boiling, Critical Heat Flux and
Film Boiling.
Film wise and Dropwise Condensation-Nusselt’s Theory of condensation on a
Vertical Plate- Film Condensation on Vertical and Horizontal Cylinders Using
Empirical Correlations.
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Classification of Heat Exchangers- Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Fouling
Factor, Concepts of LMTD and NTU methods - Problems .
Short Answer Questions
1. Define the terms boiling and fouling.
2. What do you mean by sub-cooled boiling?
3. How does radiation play an important role in boiling heat transfer?
4. What is burnout point?
5. Differentiate between pool boiling and forced convection boiling.
6. Enumerate the applications of boiling heat transfer.
7. Write expression for nucleate boiling.
8. Write a short note on condensation mechanism.
9. In the design of condensers, which of the two types of condensation is usually
selected? Why?
10.State some method to promote dropwise condensation.
11.Explain the critical diameter of bubble.
12.Discuss how the condensate film thickness on a vertical plate influenced by
different parameters is analyzed?
13.Why heat transfer coefficient in condensation and boiling are very high
compared to those in forced convection without phase change.
14.Give comparison of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. Why are
counter flow heat exchangers mostly used?
15.Define and explain ‘heat exchanger effectiveness’.
16.What is the important of the heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger?
17.Discuss the importance of heat exchangers for industrial use.
18.State the assumptions made in LMTD method.
 19.Discuss the advantages of NTU method over LMTD method of heat
exchanger design.
20.Write the applications of LMTD correction factor.
21.When one of the two fluids undergoes phase change, show that the
effectiveness values for both parallel flow and counter flow exchangers are
equal and given by ∈= 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝−𝑁𝑇𝑈
22.Define heat capacity ratio.
23.During the boiling of saturated water at 1000C with an electric heating element
the heat flux of 500W/m2 is achieved with a temperature difference of 9.30C.
What is the value of the coefficient Cst?
24.Water at atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in polished copper pan. The
diameter of the pan is 350 mm and is kept at 1150C. Calculate the following:
a. Power of the burner.
b. Rate of evaporation in kg/h
c. Critical heat flux for these conditions.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

BOILING

1. Explain the different stages of the boiling with neat sketch.

Or
Explain briefly the various regimes of saturated pool boiling.
Or
Draw the boiling curve for the water and explain the salient features.
2. Explain pool boiling. How does it differ from forced convection boiling?
3. Explain partial or unstable film boiling.
4. What is Leidenfrost point? What is its significance?
5. When does bubble growth or collapse as it moves up through the liquid?
6. Write a note on subcooled boiling, saturated boiling and film boiling.
7. What do you understand by nucleate boiling? Explain subsequent growth and
motion of bubbles.
8. A heated nickel plate at 1100C is submerged in water at one atmosphere
pressure. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit area. For nucleate
boiling, assume Cs,f = 0.006 and n=1.
9. Water is boiled at rate of 30 kg/h in a copper pan 30 cm in diameter, at
atmospheric pressure. Estimate the temperature of the bottom surface of the
pan assuming nucleate boiling conditions. Also determine the burnout heat
flux.
10.A wire of 1 mm diameter and 150 mm length is submerged horizontally in
water at 7 bar. The wire carries a current of 131 A with an applied voltage of
 2.15 V. If the surface of the wire is maintained at 180 0C, calculate: (i) The
heat flux (ii) The boiling heat transfer coefficient.
CONDENSATION
1. Define and explain the film and dropwise condensation.
Or
Distinguish between mechanism of film wise condensation and dropwise
condensation.
Or
Distinguish between film wise and drop wise condensation. Which of the two
gives a higher heat transfer coefficient? Why?
2. Discuss the phenomenon of film condensation on Horizontal plate and
describe the mechanism.
3. Discusses the effect of non-condensable gasses on condensation.
4. Derive the expression for average heat transfer coefficient over a vertical plate
for film wise condensation.
5. What are the four significant dimensionless numbers in boiling and
condensation?
6. Dry saturated steam at 1200C saturation temperature condenses on a vertical
plate, 100 mm in height and 50 mm in width having a uniform surface
temperature of 1000C. Estimate the average condensing film coefficient, heat
transfer rate to the plat and the steam condensation rate.
7. Saturated steam at1 atm is exposed to a vertical plate 1 m high and 0.5 m wide
having a uniform surface temperature of 800C. Estimate the heat transfer rate
to the plate and the steam condensation.
8. Dry saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on the surface of
horizontal tube of 35 mm diameter. What should be the surface temperature
of the tube if the rate of heat flow is required to be 6× 104 W/m2? Also,
determine the heat transfer coefficient under these conditions.
HEAT EXCANGERS
1. What is heat exchanger? Name their types.
Or
Write about classification of heat exchangers.
Or
How are the heat exchangers classified?
2. How does a cross flow heat exchanger differ from a counter flow one?
What is the difference between mixed and unmixed fluids in cross flow?
3. Draw the temperature profiles of a counter flow heat exchanger when,
a. Hot fluid condenses
b. Cold fluid boils.
4. What is meant by fouling factor? How does it affect the performance of a
heat exchanger?
5. Explain the terms LMTD and NTU.
6. Under what conditions is the effectiveness NTU method preferred over
LMTD method in the analysis of a heat exchanger?
7. Derive the expression for the LMTD of parallel flow heat exchangers.
State clearly assumptions.
8. Derive the expression for the LMTD of counter flow heat exchangers.
State clearly assumptions.
9. Derive the expression for effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger
using NTU method.
10. Derive the expression for effectiveness of a counter flow heat exchanger
using NTU method.
11. Derive an expression for LMTD in case of a counter and parallel-current
flow double pipe heat exchanger.
12. Derive expressions for effectiveness by NTU method for the following
cases:
a. Parallel flow
b. Counter flow heat exchangers
13. It is desired cool 0.5 kg/s of oil from 1050C by using an equal flow rate of
cooling water. The cooling water is available at 200C. The specific heat of
oil and water are 2.8 kJ/kg.K and 4.2 kJ/kg.K, respectively. The two double
pipe heat exchangers are available.
Heat exchanger 1: U= 500 W/m2 K; A = 4.5 m2
Heat exchanger 2: U= 800 W/m2 K; A = 2 m2
Which heat exchanger should be used for a parallel-flow arrangement?
14. Oil at 1000C (Cp = 3.6 kJ/kg oK) flows at a rate of 30,000 kg/hr and enters
into a parallel flow heat exchanger. Cooling water (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg oK)
 enters the heat exchanger at 10oC at the rate of 50,000 kg/hr. The heat
transfer area is 10 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m2K.
Calculate the outlet temperature of oil and water.
15. Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a one shell pass and eight tube passes
heat exchanger. The tubes are thin walled and made of copper with an
internal diameter of 14 mm. The length of each tube pass is 5 m and U 0 =
310 W/m2K. Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s and oil
through the tubes at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at
temperatures of 200C and 150oC respectively. Determine the rate of heat
transfer and the exit temperatures of the water and the oil.
16. A cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed is used to heat
water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg K) from 500C to 900C, flowing at the rate of 1.0
kg/s. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient if the hot engine oil
(Cp = 1.9 kJ/kg K) flowing at the rate of 3 kg/s enters at 100 0C. The heat
transfer area is 20 m2.
17. A heat exchanger is required to cool 55,000kg/h of alcohol from 66 0C to
400C using 40,000 kg/h of water entering at 50C. Calculate the surface area
required for
a. Parallel flow mode
b. Counter flow mode
Take U (over all heat transfer coefficient) = 580W/m2K, Cp for alcohol =
3760 J/kg K, Cp for water = 4180 J/kg.K.
18. The oil makes a single pass, entering at 1500C and leaving at 950C with an
average heat transfer coefficient of 400 W/m2.K, the water flows through
10 thin walled tubes of 25 mm diameter with each tube making 8 passes
through the shell. The heat transfer coefficient on the water side is 3000
W/m2.K. Find the length of the required for the heat exchanger.
19. Water is evaporated continuously at 1000C in an evaporator by cooling 500
kg of air per hour from 2600C to 1500C. Calculate the heat transfer surface
area required and the steam evaporation per hour, if the liquid enters at
1000C. Take U0 = 46 W/m2.K and Cp of air 1.005 kJ/kg K. At 1000C, hfg
= 2257 kJ/kg